scholarly journals Crime under Lockdown: The Impact of COVID-19 on Citizen Security in the City of Buenos Aires

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago M. Perez-Vincent ◽  
Ernesto Schargrodsky ◽  
Mauricio García Mejía

This paper studies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown on criminal activity in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. We find a large, significant, robust, and immediate decline in crime following quarantine restrictions. We observe the effect on property crime reported to official agencies, police arrests, and crime reported in victimization surveys, but not in homicides. The decrease in criminal activity was greater in business and transportation areas, but still large in commercial and residential areas (including informal settlements). After the sharp and immediate fall, crime recovered but, as of November 2020, it did not reach its initial levels. The arrest data additionally allow us to measure the distance from the detainees address to the crime location. Crime became more local as mobility was restricted.

Author(s):  
Santiago M. Perez‐Vincent ◽  
Ernesto Schargrodsky ◽  
Mauricio García Mejía

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e044592
Author(s):  
Alejandro Macchia ◽  
Daniel Ferrante ◽  
Gabriel Battistella ◽  
Javier Mariani ◽  
Fernán González Bernaldo de Quirós

ObjectiveTo summarise the unfolding of the COVID-19 epidemic among slum dwellers and different social strata in the city of Buenos Aires during the first 20 weeks after the first reported case.DesignObservational study using a time-series analysis. Natural experiment in a big city.SettingPopulation of the city of Buenos Aires and the integrated health reporting system records of positive RT-PCR for COVID-19 tests.ParticipantsRecords from the Argentine Integrated Health Reporting System for all persons with suspected and RT-PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between 31 January and 14 July 2020.OutcomesTo estimate the effects of living in a slum on the standardised incidence rate of COVID-19, corrected Poisson regression models were used. Additionally, the impact of socioeconomic status was performed using an ecological analysis at the community level.ResultsA total of 114 052 people were tested for symptoms related with COVID-19. Of these, 39 039 (34.2%) were RT-PCR positive. The incidence rates for COVID-19 towards the end of the 20th week were 160 (155 to 165) per 100 000 people among the inhabitants who did not reside in the slums (n=2 841 997) and 708 (674 to 642) among slums dwellers (n=233 749). Compared with the better-off socioeconomic quintile (1.00), there was a linear gradient on incidence rates: 1.36 (1.25 to 1.46), 1.61 (1.49 to 1.74), 1.86 (1.72 to 2.01), 2.94 (2.74 to 3.16) from Q2 to Q5, respectively. Slum dwellers were associated with an incidence rate of 14.3 (13.4 to 15.4).ConclusionsThe distribution of the epidemic is socially conditioned. Slum dwellers are at a much higher risk than the rest of the community. Slum dwellers should not be considered just another risk category but an entirely different reality that requires policies tailored to their needs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3854
Author(s):  
Luis Alfonso Escudero Gómez

Historic centers have become first-line tourist destinations. In order to achieve sustainable development, it is essential to get to know the opinions of the host community on the impact of tourism, the positives, as well as the negatives. This paper aims to understand the residents’ opinions and perceptions of destinations as the historic cities. This research looks into the residents’ opinions on the impact of tourism in the historic city of Toledo, Spain. The results of a quantitative survey among 442 residents in the city of Toledo are presented. The study is a revision of the literature and analysis and explanation of an empiric study’s results. Descriptive statistics have been used, as well as factor analysis and non-parametric tests to analyze data. The main results point out that residents have a positive vision of tourism development, rather than negative. The economic importance of tourism and its ability to create jobs stand out. However, they also think that the historic center is being turned into a museum for tourists. Analyzing their opinions according to certain demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, some major differences come up, such as that the inhabitants of residential areas have a more positive opinion than those who live in the historic center. Understanding the perspective of the residents can help the managers and planners of the tourism in the city to play down the potential negative impact of tourism and to achieve support from the host community in regards to tourism.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Gabby Lee ◽  
Ian Williams

Criminal activities are often unevenly distributed over space. The literature shows that the occurrence of crime is frequently concentrated in particular neighbourhoods and is related to a variety of socioeconomic and crime opportunity factors. This study explores the broad patterning of property and violent crime among different socio-economic stratums and across space by examining the neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions and individual characteristics of offenders associated with crime in the city of Toronto, which consists of 140 neighbourhoods. Despite being the largest urban centre in Canada, with a fast-growing population, Toronto is under-studied in crime analysis from a spatial perspective. In this study, both property and violent crime data sets from the years 2014 to 2016 and census-based Ontario-Marginalisation index are analysed using spatial and quantitative methods. Spatial techniques such as Local Moran’s I are applied to analyse the spatial distribution of criminal activity while accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Distance-to-crime is measured to explore the spatial behaviour of criminal activity. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) linear regression is conducted to explore the ways in which individual and neighbourhood demographic characteristics relate to crime rates at the neighbourhood level. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is used to further our understanding of the spatially varying relationships between crime and the independent variables included in the OLS model. Property and violent crime across the three years of the study show a similar distribution of significant crime hot spots in the core, northwest, and east end of the city. The OLS model indicates offender-related demographics (i.e., age, marital status) to be a significant predictor of both types of crime, but in different ways. Neighbourhood contextual variables are measured by the four dimensions of the Ontario-Marginalisation Index. They are significantly associated with violent and property crime in different ways. The GWR is a more suitable model to explain the variations in observed property crime rates across different neighbourhoods. It also identifies spatial non-stationarity in relationships. The study provides implications for crime prevention and security through an enhanced understanding of crime patterns and factors. It points to the need for safe neighbourhoods, to be built not only by the law enforcement sector but by a wide range of social and economic sectors and services.


2020 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Justyna Olesiak

W wielu obszarach miejskich widoczna jest skrajna segregacja przestrzeni publicznej oraz fakt, że wiele dzielnic mieszkaniowych jest przestrzennie odizolowanych od miasta jako całości. Ponieważ tradycyjne metody analiz urbanistycznych dają słabe wytyczne w tym kontekście, podjęta zostanie próba ujęcia problemu i odmiennego podejścia do segregacji w projektowaniu urbanistycznym. Niniejszy artykuł bada, w jaki sposób teorie i metody analizy Space Syntax mogą przyczynić się do stworzenia bardziej dopracowanych opisów relacji przestrzennych w różnych dzielnicach i całym mieście. Przyjęto metodę badawczą: analizę literatury fachowej (krajowej i zagranicznej) oraz dostępnych publikacji. Analiza urbanistyczna oparta na teorii Space Syntax umożliwia wykazanie zasadniczych różnic strukturalnych między dzielnicami i określenie wpływu form urbanistycznych na zalety przestrzenne różnych obszarów miasta. Otwiera to nowe możliwości rozwiązania problemu segregacji w zakresie projektowania urbanistycznego oraz sformułowanie bardziej skutecznych interwencji antysegregacyjnych. Space Syntax analysis in the Face of the Phenomenon of Social Segregation and Spatial Isolation of Residential Areas In many urban areas there is an observable extreme segregation of public space, in addition to the fact that many housing districts are spatially isolated from the city as a whole. As traditional methods of urban analysis provide poor guidelines in this context, an attempt to investigate this problem and present a different approach to segregation in urban design was made. This paper presents an investigation about how Space Syntax theories and methods can contribute to creating more detailed descriptions of spatial relationships in different districts and in the entire city. The research method employed was an analysis of the literature (both domestic and trade). Space-Syntax-based urban analysis enables demonstrating significant structural differences between districts and to determine the impact of urban forms on the spatial advantages of different areas of the city. It provides new opportunities to address segregation in urban design and formulate more effective anti-segregation interventions.


2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Pírez

El presente artículo se refiere a la ausencia de respuesta institucional en Argentina, como consecuencia de la falta de reconocimiento de la ciudad como objeto real de gobierno. Se entiende que lo metropolitano es el resultado de la intersección de una dimensión urbano territorial (crecimiento y expansión de la ciudad) y otra político territorial (la organización territorial del estado).La configuración metropolitana, desde que se iniciaron los procesos de expansión propios de la industrialización sustitutiva de importaciones hasta que se resintió el impacto de la reestructuración y la globalización, ha transformado el territorio acentuando las diferencias y las desigualdades, las fragmentaciones y las zonas excluyentes que pese a todo se complementan.Esas desigualdades se concretan en tres contradicciones fundamentales; la primera entre el ámbito territorial de los problemas y el relativo al gobierno y a la gestión local; la segunda entre el ámbito territorial de las necesidades y el de la representación política; y la última entre el ámbito territorial de las necesidades y el de los recursos. Tales contradicciones en tanto no son resueltas tienden a configurar desigualdades que se polarizan territorialmente.La cuestión metropolitana se convierte en un asunto de gobernabilidad como falta de orientación o conducción gubernamental, que deriva en problemas metropolitanos como la “ilimitada” expansión urbana, las desiguales condiciones de la calidad de vida urbana y de la seguridad ciudadana, la distribución no equitativa de los recursos financieros, la mala gestión de los servicios, las dificultades para la gestión ambiental, y la falta de un ejercicio democrático que legitime las decisiones que afectan el ámbito metropolitano.Frente a esos problemas existen alternativas institucionales que, desde la fragmentación hasta la consolidación, intentan una gobernabilidad metropolitana. No todas esas formas tienen conexión con las condiciones reales del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Su complejidad político institucional y su peso (demográfico, económico y político) en el contexto nacional, relativizan una posible solución hacia la consolidación. Frente a esas dificultades, procesos de centralización estatal y de transferencia de decisiones al mercado caracterizan la gestión urbana en esa Área Metropolitana, fortaleciendo sus contradicciones y dificultando la gobernabilidad. AbstractThis article concerns to the lack of institutional response in Argentina, as a result of the failure to recognize the city as the real object of government. Metropolitan affairs are understood to be the result of the intersection between a territorial urban dimension (growth and expansion of the city) and a territorial, political dimension (the territorial organization of the state).From the time when the processes of expansion characteristic of import- substitution industrialization began until the impact of restructuring and globalization was felt, the metropolitan configuration has transformed the territory by accentuating differences and inequalities, fragmentation and the exclusive zones which, nonetheless complement each other. These inequalities are expressed in three fundamental contradictions: the first between the territorial sphere of problems and that of government and local management, the second between the territorial sphere of needs and that of political representation and the last between the territorial sphere of needs and that of resources. As long as these contradictions remain unresolved, they tend to configure inequalities that become territorially polarized.The metropolitan issue becomes a matter of governance in the sense of the lack of government orientation or management, which leads to metropolitan problems such as “unlimited” urban expansion, unequal conditions as regards the quality of urban life and safety on the streets, the unfair distribution of financial resources, poor administra­tion of services, difficulties in environmental management and the lack of a democratic exercise legitimizing the decisions that affect the metropolitan environment.In order to deal with these problems, institutional alternatives have been created which, from fragmentation to consolidation, attempt metropolitan governance. Not all these methods, however, are linked to the actual conditions of the Buenos Aires Metro­politan Zone. Its institutional and political complexity and its demographic, economic and political importance within the national context limit possible solutions to consolida­tion. Given these difficulties, processes of state centralization and the transferal of decisions to the market characterize urban management in this metropolitan area, reinforcing its contradictions and hindering governance.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTEKS Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur ◽  
Frengky Benediktus Ola

The effect of noises toward human body not only disturb the hearing organs, it can also disturb other human body parts and in some cases may results in reduction of work’s efficiency. This study aims to assess the noise level in residential areas on the edge of the city of Yogyakarta highway and to find any indication of the impact on building design and barriers by homeowners to reduce noise. This research is quantitative associative. Data obtained from measurements and field observations. The results showed that the noise level in residential areas on the edge of the highway, class II street and local roads in the city of Yogyakarta did not meet the standard values of LTNI and LNP. The design of buildings and barriers as a noise reduction factors for the highway was found with a percentage of 100% on the Jalan Bung Tarjo segment, 85.7% on the Jalan Ki Penjawi segment, 20.83% on the Jalan Juminahan segment, 52.08% on the Jalan Bausasran segment, 13.37% on the Jalan Suryodiningratan segment, and 10.7% on the Jalan Mangkuyudan segment. Therefore, the people of Yogyakarta are not fully aware of the high level of road noise.


2020 ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
Catherine Anstett

Seattle has become known in recent years as the city with the most construction cranes in the nation. But in March 2020, the city grew quiet. The Seattle area was one of the first in the United States to be hit with the coronavirus and on March 16 Governor Jay Inslee closed restaurant dining rooms statewide. On March 23, he issued a stay-at-home order. Stores and restaurants closed; streets and sidewalks became empty. Property crime went down in residential areas because people were at home, but businesses and storefronts became targets. In some areas, windows were covered with plywood as a security measure. Artists began to paint the shuttered storefronts and then one after another businesses requested the murals. Business groups in several communities sponsored murals and offered stipends to artists, prioritizing artists from the local neighborhood. These neighborhood streets became outdoor museums. By early May, there were nearly 200 murals. A virtual community formed as artists, photographers and friends shared videos and photos on social media. AP and Reuters photographers posted images that reached as far as Mumbai. The Seattle Office for Arts and Culture said, “Throughout this crisis, we have seen community come together and hold each other up like never before. We have watched organic movements take hold that are devoted to supporting those in need financially, emotionally, spiritually, and creatively.” The murals were an important part of this effort, for the artists, businesses, and the larger community. A book documenting the murals was published. As Seattle artist B Line Dot said, “Art marks moments... this is a moment.”


Author(s):  
Francesca Ferlicca ◽  

In Latin American cities informal settlements and insecure land tenure are the result of an exclusionary planning and urban management system which fails to provide legal and secure housing for lower-income groups. Against this backdrop, the State implemented land-title and urban regulatory policies, in order to improve the housing conditions of these neighbourhoods and integrate their residents into the legal regime. This paper proposes to address the conflicts implied in the processes of urbanization and regularization of the villas of the city of Buenos Aires during the first government of Rodríguez Larreta (2015-2019). In the official political discourse, the urbanization of informal settlements is considered one of the main axes of local management. Within this framework, institutional changes are being carried out, such as the creation of the Ministry of Social and Urban Integration. This report proposes to address the participation implied in the process of urbanization and regularization of Villa 20 in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. This process have raised many challenges in the interaction between government decision-making and the needs of inhabitants of informal settlement. These challenges are linked to a) the democratic participation of the inhabitants in the decision-making process at all stages, b) land management policies and domain regularization; c) the modalities and logic of relocation of inhabitants; d) the provision and access to infrastructure services and public spaces; e) the treatment of tenants and other more vulnerable groups. Based on the analysis of the case study, we propose to account for the limits and scope of the implemented urbanization policy as well as for the opportunities to expand the horizon of tools and intervention modalities promote the right to the city and reduce territorial inequalities


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