scholarly journals Natural products as drugs source in the Ecuador´s essential medicines list

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Pablo Andres Cisneros Perez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Chemical Classification ◽  
Essential Medicines List

This paper presents the analysis of the origin of 391 active ingredients (AIs) of the 9th list of essential medicines in Ecuador, using the system proposed by Newman and Cragg with certain modifications. The AIs of natural origin represent 54.2% of the list and have greater importance in the categories H, R and B of the Anatomical, Therapeutic and Chemical classification system for pharmacological substances and medicines. In addition, the influence of natural products was analyzed in the categories with the highest amount of IAs J, L and N, as well as in category C, which is associated with the main cause of death in Ecuador.

scholarly journals Classification of WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose-Manuel delMoral-Sanchez ◽  
Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez ◽  
Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez ◽  
Andres Navarro ◽  
Marival Bermejo
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Biopharmaceutics Classification System ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Biopharmaceutics Classification

The objective was using the Essential Medicines List for children by the World Health Organization (WHO) to create a pediatric biopharmaceutics classification system (pBCS) of the oral drugs included in the Essential Medicines List by the World Health Organization and to compare our results with the BCS for adults (aBCS). Several methods to estimate the oral drug dose in different pediatric groups were used to calculate dose number (Do) and solubility (high/low). The estimation of the gastrointestinal water volume was adapted to each pediatric group. Provisional permeability classification was done by comparison of each drug lipophilicity versus metoprolol as the model drug of high permeability. As a result, 24.5% of the included drugs moved from the favorable to unfavorable class (i.e., from high to low solubility). Observed changes point out potential differences in product performance in pediatrics compared to adults, due to changes in the limiting factors for absorption. BCS Class Changes 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 are indicative of drugs that could be more sensitive to the choice of appropriate excipient in the development process. Validating a pBCS for each age group would provide a valuable tool to apply in specific pediatric formulation design by reducing time and costs and avoiding unnecessary pediatric experiments restricted due to ethical reasons. Additionally, pBCS could minimize the associated risks to the use of adult medicines or pharmaceutical compound formulations.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Antimicrobial Market in Pakistan: Is It Really Necessary Such a Vast Offering of “Watch” Antimicrobials?

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrukh Malik ◽  
Albert Figueras
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Single Chemical ◽  
Excessive Number

Understanding antimicrobials (AM) on offer in a pharmaceutical market, with a particular reference to drugs categorized as “Watch” active ingredients, is one of the important first steps to prevent their potentially inappropriate use. The March 2019 data of all AM containing registered brands and presentations currently being sold in the country for the J01 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) subgroup from IQVIA Pakistan was used. Each AM was categorized as “Access,” “Watch,” or “Reserve,” according to the WHO AWaRe classification. There were 59 single chemical entities and 14 combinations with 1869 brands and 4648 presentations. The WHO Essential Medicines List included 35 J01 AM while an additional 38 single and combination AM with 425 brands and 977 presentations were present in the country. Looking at the whole list of marketed AM, 8 of the 10 AM with more than 60 brands were classified as “Watch”, offering 962 brands and 2418 presentations. Most AM marketed in Pakistan, of which there are an excessive number of brands, belong to the “Watch” AWaRe category. The higher the number of brands, the higher the marketing pressure on prescribers and pharmacists will be which implies more potential confusion. One vital step to rationalize the use of AM lies in reviewing their market offer.

scholarly journals Insufficient Stability of Clavulanic Acid in Widely Used Child-Appropriate Formulations

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ines Mack ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
Janneke M. Brussee ◽  
Sophia Rehm ◽  
Katharina Rentsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Dispersible Tablets ◽  
The Stability

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) belongs to the WHO Essential Medicines List for children, but for optimal antimicrobial effectiveness, reconstituted dry powder suspensions need to be stored in a refrigerated environment. Many patients in low- and middle-income countries who are sold AMC suspensions would be expected not to keep to the specified storage conditions. We aimed to assess the stability of both ingredients in liquid formulations and dispersible tablets, combined with nationally representative data on access to appropriate storage. Degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic-acid (CLA) was measured in suspensions and dispersible tablets commercially available in Switzerland at different ambient temperatures (8 °C vs. 28 °C over 7 days, and 23 °C vs. 28 °C over 24 h, respectively). Data on access to refrigeration and electricity were assessed from the USAID-funded Demographic and Health Survey program. In suspensions, CLA degraded to a maximum of 12.9% (95% CI −55.7%, +29.9%) at 8°C and 72.3% (95% CI −82.8%, −61.8%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature during an observation period of 7 days. Dispersible tablets were observed during 24 h and CLA degraded to 15.4% (95% CI −51.9%, +21.2%) at 23 °C and 21.7% (−28.2%, −15.1%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature. There is relevant degradation of CLA in suspensions during a 7-day course. To overcome the stability challenges for all active components, durable child-appropriate formulations are needed. Until then, prescribers of AMC suspensions or pharmacists who sell the drug need to create awareness for the importance of proper storage conditions regarding effectiveness of both antibiotics and this recommendation should be reflected in the WHO Essential Medicines List for children.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Discovery of Lead Structures from Microbial Natural Products: Genomics- and Metabolomics-Guided Acceleration

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2542
Author(s):  
Linda Sukmarini
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Drug Discovery And Development ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Analytical Instrumentation ◽  
Microbial Natural Products ◽  
Drug Leads

Natural products (NPs) are evolutionarily optimized as drug-like molecules and remain the most consistently successful source of drugs and drug leads. They offer major opportunities for finding novel lead structures that are active against a broad spectrum of assay targets, particularly those from secondary metabolites of microbial origin. Due to traditional discovery approaches’ limitations relying on untargeted screening methods, there is a growing trend to employ unconventional secondary metabolomics techniques. Aided by the more in-depth understanding of different biosynthetic pathways and the technological advancement in analytical instrumentation, the development of new methodologies provides an alternative that can accelerate discoveries of new lead-structures of natural origin. This present mini-review briefly discusses selected examples regarding advancements in bioinformatics and genomics (focusing on genome mining and metagenomics approaches), as well as bioanalytics (mass-spectrometry) towards the microbial NPs-based drug discovery and development. The selected recent discoveries from 2015 to 2020 are featured herein.

Reproductive Risk Information Missing from Assessment of Drugs in the WHO's Essential Medicines List

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Janine Polifka ◽  
Hamid Ferdosi ◽  
Isabella Boroje ◽  
Steven H. Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Information ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Reproductive Risk ◽  
Essential Medicines List

Novel and less explored chemotypes of natural origin for the inhibition of Hsp90

MedChemComm ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 2063-2075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Pellati ◽  
Giulio Rastelli
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Hsp90 Function

This review focuses on novel classes of natural products whose structures have not yet been thoroughly explored for medicinal chemistry purposes. These novel chemotypes may be useful starting points to develop compounds that alter Hsp90 functionvianovel mechanisms.

scholarly journals Combining retrosynthesis and mixed-integer optimization for minimizing the chemical inventory needed to realize a WHO essential medicines list

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-376
Author(s):  
Hanyu Gao ◽  
Connor W. Coley ◽  
Thomas J. Struble ◽  
Linyan Li ◽  
Yujie Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Integer Optimization ◽  
Mixed Integer Optimization ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Multiple Products ◽  
On Demand

Retrosynthetic pathways suggestions are optimized to minimize the number of unique chemicals required to synthesize multiple products as would be useful for on-demand manufacturing.

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