Schema Games - An Extension of Wittgenstein’s Language Games

Annals of Behavioral Neuroscience ◽

10.18314/abne.v2i1.1676 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 163-167

Author(s):

Lenk H

Keyword(s):

Action Theory ◽

Language Games ◽

Human Beings

Methodological-epistemological PrologueFor more than three decades I developed a rather methodological philosophy of a comprehensive “schemainterpretationism” [1] including an epistemology, action theory as well as cognitive, social and cultural approaches. There is also a Kantian flavor involved - though more flexible than his categories and “schematism”. Human beings do cognize and act only by schematizing, i.e. by activating or using schemes. They are essentially schematizing beings and even, characteristically, meta-schematizing creatures: they would not only use schemata but can and do also talk about such schemes, patterns, structures, frames, conceptual schemata, configurations, constructions etc. on higher meta-levels. Activating and using schemes may be understood as interpreting. Forming, activating, understanding and applying schemes in the widest possible sense, are processes, if structural or exploratory etc. These are interpretative activities (see diagram below) or even conscious goal-oriented or ritualized acts proper.

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Attention, Not Self

10.1093/oso/9780198757405.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jonardon Ganeri

Keyword(s):

Philosophy Of Mind ◽

Action Theory ◽

Social World ◽

States Of Mind ◽

Human Beings ◽

Mental Action ◽

Directed Attention ◽

The World ◽

Epistemic Standing

Attention is of fundamental importance in the philosophy of mind, in epistemology, in action theory, and in ethics. This book presents an account in which attention, not self, explains the experiential and normative situatedness of human beings in the world. Attention consists in an organization of awareness and action at the centre of which there is neither a practical will nor a phenomenological witness. Attention performs two roles in experience, a selective role of placing and a focal role of access. Attention improves our epistemic standing, because it is in the nature of attention to settle on what is real and to shun what is not real. When attention is informed by expertise, it is sufficient for knowledge. That gives attention a reach beyond the perceptual: for attention is a determinable whose determinates include the episodic memory from which our narrative identities are made, the empathy for others that situates us in a social world, and the introspection that makes us self-aware. Empathy is other-directed attention, placed on you and focused on your states of mind; it is akin to listening. Empathetic attention is central to a range of experiences that constitutively require a contrast between oneself and others, all of which involve an awareness of oneself as the object of another’s attention. An analysis of attention as mental action gainsays authorial conceptions of self, because it is the nature of intending itself, effortful attention in action, to settle on what to do and to shun what not to do.

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PEMBINAAN KENAKALAN ANAK OLEH YAYASAN SINAI DI SUKOHARJO

Journal of Development and Social Change ◽

10.20961/jodasc.v2i1.41658 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Agustin Fatikasari ◽

Supriyadi Supriyadi

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Delinquency ◽

Family Environment ◽

Social Action ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Action Theory ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Human Beings ◽

Analysis Model ◽

The Road ◽

Interactive Analysis

Juvenile delinquency is getting more worrying in both developed and developing countries over times. Juvenile delinquency is also a problem with which any family often complains. One of attempts to be taken to deal with juvenile delinquency is to conduct rehabilitation or mentoring. This research aimed to analyze the type of juvenile delinquency and its cause, to find out the form of building and the factors supporting and inhibiting the mentoring. This research employed Max Weber’s Social Action theory. This qualitative research with case study was conducted in Sukoharjo. The sampling technique employed was purposive sampling technique. The informant of research consists of Chairperson and Mentors of Children in SINAI Foundation of Sukoharjo, and children who have ever committed delinquency and live in SINAI Foundation. Data was collected through observation, in-depth interview, and documentation. To validate the data, source triangulation was used. Technique of analyzing data used was Miles and Huberman’s interactive analysis model. The result of research showed that type of delinquency committed by children residing SINAI Foundation is non-conform action including escaping from home or foundation and playing truant, and antisocial or asocial action including not paying transportation ticket or cost when going by public transportation and large vehicles crossing the road. The cause of delinquency committed by children residing SINAI Foundation included internal and external factors. Internal factor included wish coming from inside. External factor included family environment, economic condition, and friendship environment. The form of children mentoring conducted by SINAI foundation included mental spiritual building, skill building, and discipline building. The factor supporting the mentor was a belief inside assuming that mentoring the needy children was the form of worship to God and that fellow human beings should help each other. Meanwhile the factors supporting the child to attend the mentoring were the presence of complete and feasible facilities for residence and the fulfilled daily need, the access to education and the presence of friends or relatives living there. The factor inhibiting the Mentor included queer SINAI Foundation resident’s queer behavior and sometimes accident occurring during mentoring or treatment. The factor inhibiting the children attending the mentoring was the Mentor’s resoluteness making them sometimes upset and longing for seeing their parents.

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Habits and other Anchors of Everyday Life That People with Psychiatric Disabilities May Not Take for Granted

OTJR Occupation Participation and Health ◽

10.1177/15394492070270s108 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 27 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 60S-68S ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Larry Davidson

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Action Theory ◽

Mental Illnesses ◽

Psychiatric Disabilities ◽

Psychiatric Research ◽

Human Beings ◽

Occupational Science ◽

Basic Principles ◽

Research And Practice ◽

Serious Mental Illnesses

This article argues for the adoption of action theory as the foundation for rethinking psychiatric research and practice as it relates to individuals with serious mental illnesses. Action theory involves viewing human beings as agents who are active in creating their experiences and environments at the same time as they are shaped by them. Rather than following from insight, actions are viewed as preceding and generating insight. When viewed in this manner, the chronicity formerly associated with psychosis is reinterpreted as habits stemming from institutionalization, while recovery is understood as developing new habits based on the person's need to establish caring relationships and focus on being grounded in the present. What results is a strengths-based approach to practice that shares many basic principles with occupational science and therapy, leading us to call for a renewed interest in mental illness among investigators and practitioners within this discipline and profession.

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The philosophy of the text as texts of philosophy

Slovo ru Baltic accent ◽

10.5922/2225-5346-2019-4-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 7-17

Author(s):

G. L. Tulchinskii

Keyword(s):

System Of Systems ◽

World Society ◽

Self Determination ◽

Language Games ◽

Self Awareness ◽

Human Beings ◽

Visual Activity ◽

The World ◽

Per Se ◽

Ethnic Factors

The conceptualization of the philosophy of the text requires a preliminary idea about the ways of the textual presentation of philosophy as such. At the same time, philosophical views per se are difficult to classify and systematize — at best, they are arranged by eras and cultural-ethnic factors. In this regard, it seems fruitful and justified not to build various rationalistic constructions but to take an open look at the very existence of philosophizing. From such perspectives, philosophy appears not so much a single, monolithic, and strictly ordered system as a ‘system of systems’ that are interrelated, interconnected, and reminiscent of Ludwig Wittgenstein's ‘family of language games’. Philosophy is a universal, ultimate understanding of the world, society, human beings, and their self-determination in this reality. In this interpretation, being in itself appears as a text. Philosophizing as such is realized in various forms of textualization, which are the focus of this article. Verbal textualization (single words, paremia, aphoristics, parables, detailed plots, hermeneutic interpretations, conceptual systems) does not exclude visual, activity-driven textualizations and their mutual translations. Philosophy is capable of taking on diverse, dissimilar forms. It is as diversified as the paths of human self-determination, self-awareness, self-explanation, and self-justification. Therefore, the claims to exclusiveness and validity of any one way to textualize philosophizing do not seem justified.

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استراتيجية تعليم اللغة العربية في عصر العولمة

Studi Arab ◽

10.35891/sa.v10i2.1857 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 131-150

Author(s):

Rizal Firdaus ◽

Kurnia Afandi Al Farisi ◽

Robi Mandala

Keyword(s):

Language Learning ◽

Language Skills ◽

Teaching Strategy ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Language Games ◽

Human Beings ◽

Short Text ◽

Sentence Recognition ◽

Reading Errors ◽

Correct Reading

Arabic is the only high language that has been valued to maintain its entity and become scientific. The book shows a correct and accurate understanding and taste only in Arabic, and the heritage books of Islamic sciences are written in that language. As time fluctuates like the ball, the situation has changed in times and in our present time human beings live in the era of globalization where western countries dominate all parts of the world and in all their fields such as the field of economy and education, the Islamic countries were affected by the entry of Western ideas, culture and traditions that lead to the weakness of the Arabic language. Therefore, teaching Arabic in the age of globalization requires a variety of and appropriate means, methods and methods, and this research aims to develop the appropriate methods and teaching strategy for teaching The Arabic language in the age of globalization, and one of the ways that can be used in the age of globalization are language games, which are designed for the purpose of Language learning, expanding or developing certain concepts to understand historical or cultural events or to help children acquire language skills through play. Language games are divided into multiple types, divided according to basic language skills, namely oral games and reading games. In this research, the authors will show about different language games that can be used in the teaching of Arabic language in the age of globalization depending on language skills, including: (1) character, word and sentence recognition games. (2) Reading training games from right to left. (3) Training games to read a word or phrase and short text. (4) Games to recognize and correct reading errors. (5) Vocabulary absorption training games, short phrases or short text.

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Introduction

10.1093/oso/9780198779650.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Anik Waldow ◽

Nigel DeSouza

Keyword(s):

Political Philosophy ◽

Political Theory ◽

Philosophical Anthropology ◽

Current Work ◽

Language Games ◽

Human Beings ◽

Human Culture ◽

Scientific Terms ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

This interview explores Charles Taylor’s understanding of philosophical anthropology and its relationship to Herder. Taylor argues that human culture can be properly understood only in a genetic fashion, through hermeneutics and phenomenology, and names Herder as an important precursor here. Taylor illustrates this through the difference between a purely normative political theory and a contextual political philosophy. On the relationship between naturalism and philosophical anthropology, Taylor identifies what he calls a “good naturalism,” associated with Herder, that explains what kind of animal human beings are, and a “bad naturalism” that explains human beings in reductive, natural scientific terms. Finally, Taylor outlines his current work on language, in which a similar opposition arises, between language as necessarily emerging as a rich set of language games/practices and language as pure description. Theories of language that interpret it only in terms of the latter are thus fundamentally flawed and inaccurate.

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Performative Change

10.5771/9783845293295 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Duschlbauer

Keyword(s):

Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽

Paradigm Shift ◽

The Other ◽

Language Games ◽

Human Beings ◽

Organisational Theory ◽

Other Hand ◽

Recent Developments ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Ideal

Due to the phenomena of digitalisation, a new inventory regarding fundamental questions of organisation and communication has taken place, which has ultimately led to a plea for a paradigm shift. For if one follows recent developments in organisational theory and rethinks it radically, the relationship between the means and the purpose—that is, between production and the product and between creation and the artefact—is also reversed. With that relationship seen in this manner, it is not necessarily the organisation and socialisation of human beings that enables them to create artefacts, but it is rather the artefact that may serve to bring people together, enable them to acquire new skills and knowledge, and finally bring organisation to the level that we are now familiar with. Transferred to communication, this would also call into question the ideal of a consensus and, on the other hand, give more prominence to the idea of language games—as first formulated by Ludwig Wittgenstein.

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Moral Theological Analysis of Direct versus Indirect Abortion

The Linacre Quarterly ◽

10.1080/00243639.2017.1320888 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 248-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John M. Haas

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Action Theory ◽

Direct Action ◽

Double Effect ◽

Physical World ◽

Illustrative Case ◽

Human Beings ◽

Moral Norms ◽

Principle Of Double Effect ◽

Mother And Child

Cases of a vital conflict, where the lives of both the mother and child are at risk during pregnancy, have been the subject of recent vigorous debate. The basic principles put forth in the Ethical and Religious Directives are reviewed, as is the principle of double effect. An illustrative case of severe cardiomyopathy in a pregnant woman is described and it is noted that the principle of double effect would not apply. Counter arguments are noted, focusing on Martin Rhonheimer who posits that in the case of vital conflicts, such as performing a craniotomy on a baby stuck in the birth canal, taking the baby's life does not constitute a direct abortion because moral norms do not apply in the extreme conflict situation where both mother and child will die. He states that the death of the fetus is not intentional in these cases. He overlooks “how the life is being saved” and that a choice has been made, which implies a moral act, not just a physical one. Rhonheimer wants to make his moral judgment solely on the basis of intention, prescinding from what actually occurs in the physical world of cause and effect. This is clearly against the teaching in Evangelium vitae. Ethics deal with the deliberate chosen actions in space and time of embodied human beings; it deals inescapably with material actions, with specifications of intentions. Rhonheimer states, “a killing or an abortion is ‘direct,’ not because the death of the fetus is caused in some physically direct way, but because it is willed as the means to an end.” However the death of the child cannot be excluded from the act and is therefore of necessity included in it. What the acting person chooses includes what happens physically in this act. If the action theory proposed by Rhonheimer is accepted, it could be very difficult to avoid death-dealing actions from taking place in Catholic hospitals. Summary This is a moral analysis of cases of “vital conflicts,” where the lives of both the mother and child are at risk during a pregnancy. It is stated by some ethicists that directly killing the baby to save the life of the mother is morally justified, even when the direct action of the doctor is to kill the baby. Examples are provided to illustrate how Catholic moral principles apply. It is concluded that direct killing, regardless of the intention, is not justified. The doctor should always work to try and save the lives of both the mother and the child. One should never be directly killed even if the intention is to save the life of the other.

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