scholarly journals French proper nouns in the Czech press of the XVIIIth century

XLinguae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Zdenka Schejbalova
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Common People ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Phonetic Transcription ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

Václav Matěj Kramerius (1753-1808) was a Czech publisher, writer, playwright and journalist, founder of modern Czech journalism. His newspaper, named Krameriusovy c. k. vlastenecké noviny (Kramerius' ImperialRoyal Patriotic Newspaper), published since 1789, focused mainly on enlightenment of the common people, on national emancipation. Their main sections included official notices, announcements, foreign and domestic news, literature and theater news. One of the most important news were reports of revolutionary events in France at the end of the XVIIIth century (Great French Revolution). The subject of this article is an analysis of the transcription method of French proper nouns in this Czech newspaper published by Kramerius. In order to simplify the reading of foreign names and place names, Kramerius tried to approximate their pronunciation as much as possible using the spelling system of the Czech language of his time. He used different ways such as phonetic transcription using Czech letters, changing or omitting French diacritics, using Czech diacritics (e.g., vowel length), changing the order of letters, omitting letters. Some proper nouns remain indeclinable, others are declinated according to their classification into declination types. Kramer's transcription also informs us about the pronunciation of French at that time, e.g., soft l /λ/ is still in use, /wɛ/ is already pronounced as /wa/. Kramerius' newspaper is not only an important historical testimony of its time, but also provides valuable insights into the development of the Czech language.

THE PROMULGATION OF LAW IN QIN AND WESTERN HAN CHINA

Early China ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Li Jingrong ◽  
Chen Songchang
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Common People ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Past Action ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Local Courts ◽  
And Function

Abstract This article studies the promulgation of law in Qin and Western Han China (221 b.c.e.–9 c.e.) based primarily on excavated legal and administrative texts. It shows that a new law was handed down from the emperor to the relevant offices on the day of enactment. The article argues that, to an extent, the subject matter and function of a law determined for whom it was passed and promulgated. Depending upon the location, rank, and official duties of the offices, the laws known and used could be quite different. Although it was required that documents of imperial decisions be forwarded swiftly and safely by courier at the prescribed speed, delays in forwarding such documents to distant local offices were probably common in Qin and Western Han China. Evidence indicates that district- and prefecture-level officials publicized laws that needed to be made known by the common people, by reading them aloud in local gatherings, for example, or posting them in conspicuous places. The article further argues that a law came into effect in offices on the day it arrived at local courts or on the day it was enacted in the central court, depending on the existence of related extant laws. It concludes that a new law in Qin and Western Han China was ex post facto, as it reached backwards to a past action and retroactively attached liabilities to the action at the point when it was performed.

The New Elites. Questions about Political, Social, and Cultural Reconstruction after the Terror

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Chappey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Common People ◽  
Cultural Reconstruction ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The Common ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
The French Revolution

Was the French Revolution the victory of an all-conquering bourgeoisie that made up the foundation of the nineteenth-century France of the ‘notables’? How far did the older elites of the ancien régime succeed in taking part in the political, social and cultural reordering of the first decades of the new century? This chapter examines the significance of these questions in relation to the construction and legitimation of elite power after the fall of Robespierre. Exploring both political and intellectual developments, it reveals the dynamics which account for the major rupture between the dominance of a republican elite under the Directory, and the foundations of the power of the Empire’s so-called ‘Granite masses’. Study of the various components of elite domination involves not merely scrutiny of the role played by the state, but also of changing attitudes towards the common people, against whom the evolving position of the elite was constructed.

scholarly journals IX. An Account of a Distemper, by the common People in England vulgarly called the MUMPS

1790 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Common People ◽  
General Account ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

The mumps, or what I beg leave to call angina maxillaris, is an epidemic disease of a very singular nature. It has appeared sometimes to be pretty general; but this has not been the case for many years in this place. It seems to be analogous to, if not the same distemper with that called the branks, by the common people in Scotland. In the general account of epidemics, in the first volume of the Medical Essays of Edinburgh, a disorder is mentioned which seems to have been a flight degree of that which is the subject of the following paper. I have had much practice in this disease, and indeed was once reduced to the utmost danger by it myself.

scholarly journals The Pure and Powerful

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Heba Raouf Ezzat
Keyword(s):  
Political Movements ◽  
Common People ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Islamic Resurgence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

While most of the literature on Islam over the past two decades has concentratedon the issue of Islamic resurgence, focusing mainly on the nature andworkings of political movements and militant Islamic groups, this book examinesinstead the beliefs and practices of ordinary Muslim, exploring an intricateweb of social relationships involving the 'ulama, government, Islamic institutions,Sufis, and the people Jiving in the rural and city areas of the country.The analysis demonstrates how in order to further our understanding ofMuslim society, we must gather fieldwork data on the relationship of the commonperson's Islamic practices to those of the Islamic tradition and apply therelevant analytical concepts to examine them. It further challenges the existingethnography of Muslim society which is not only based mainly on limitedempirical data but also conceals issues worthy of study and is, moreover, fullof assumptions oversimplifying the nature of the complex social relationshipsinvolved. For instance, anthropology implicitly assumes that the "native" is anaive and ignorant person who, as a corollary of this, is ignorant of his ownreligion. The consequence of this supposition has been that anthropologistswho have written on the subject have not found it necessary to examine howthe Islamic practices of the common people have been related to the Islamictradition.It was also often assumed that the Islamic knowledge of the 'ulama, and theirstatus as the learned ones, somehow separated them from the lives of the commonpeople. Only recently have researchers started studying the effect of theirfa tawa on society and people, little work having been done before on their livesand influence. This work refutes the assumption that the Islamic text is outsidesociety and that the 'ulama are an entity separate from the people.The author re-examines the view that different societies contain differentversions of Islam and points out that this type of thinking does not of itselfadvance our knowledge of the subject, nor does it offer a viable criteria for ...

scholarly journals Hydro-landscape vocabulary of the Udmurt language

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-276
Author(s):  
Anatoly N. Rakin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Research ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
External Sources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

Introduction. Landscape vocabulary refers to the basic vocabulary of any natural language. It nominates both natural geographical and anthropogenic objects that have arisen as a result of human activity. In accordance with the substantial signs (water, land) as part of the landscape vocabulary, it is possible to distinguish two macrosystems, namely hydro-landscape vocabulary and the vocabulary of the land. Each of these components has its own internal structure, which differ from each other both by composition and quantitative indicators. Materials and Methods. The subject of linguistic analysis in the article is the hydro-landscape vocabulary of the Udmurt language (239 items), which does not refer to the category of proper nouns. These are nominal words that can find in the dictionaries of general vocabulary. The paper employed comparative, historical, synchronously comparative, descriptive and statistical research methods. Results and Discussion. Based on the subject-conceptual content of nominative units, two categories of hydronyms are distinguished and considered in the work. One of them is system-forming or dominant; it represents the designations of the main types of water bodies in a given territory. The second group is concentrated around the dominant units and acts in relation to them as intrasystem formations. The basis of hydro-landscape vocabulary of the Udmurt language are of primordial origin. Ancient layer of nominative units, consisting of proto-Uralic, proto-Finno-Ugrian, proto-Finno-Permian and proto-Permian words, has genetic correspondence in the Permian, and in the majority of modern Finno-Ugric languages. Later units appeared in the period of independent existence of the language, after its divergence with the closely related Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permian languages. The beginning of the formation of a foreign-language component refers to the common-Permian epoch, most of the non-original names are late borrowings that penetrated from the Russian and Turkic languages. Other types of borrowings (Baltic-Finnish, Ob-Ugrian, Samoyed) are not available here. Conclusion. The formation and development of the hydro-landscape vocabulary of the Udmurt language took place for many millennia on the basis of internal resources. Ancient Iranian, Turkic and Russian languages served as external sources of its replenishment.

Subject States and Tribute Provinces: The Aztec Empire in the Northern Valley of Mexico

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Core Area ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Common People ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Aztec Empire

AbstractThe Aztec empire was composed of at least two kinds of entities, subject states and tribute provinces, and these were administered through at least two separate hierarchies. Imperial tribute, which was extracted from the common people, was not delivered through the same channels as those through which subject rulers interacted with their imperial overlords. This arrangement enabled the latter to deal with the subject rulers not as tribute-givers, but as allies and colleagues, while extracting a heavy tribute from their commoner subjects. In the core area of the Aztec empire, which included the northern Valley of Mexico, the boundaries of the subject states and tribute provinces did not coincide, and this contributed to the economic and political integration of the core area. The tribute provinces consisted only of those communities within a region that gave tribute to the empire, and the elimination of such obligations after the Spanish conquest effectively liquidated the tribute provinces.

Summi fastigii vocabulum: the Story of a Title

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Common People ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Formula

Tacitus described tribunician power (tribunicia potestas, trib. pot. hereafter) as the title of the highest pinnacle (sc. of power) in the Roman world (summi fastigii vocabulum), and Augustus counted his years of trib. pot. from 23 B.C. So much may be stated with confidence and without dispute. In 23 B.C. however trib. pot. was introduced quietly, so quietly that the exact date of the law by which it was conferred (if it was conferred in 23 B.C.) is unknown; and the title itself made so little impact on contemporary opinion that the reaction of the common people of Rome, for whose protection Tacitus says Augustus took the power, was negative—so negative that they spent the next five years trying to re-elect Augustus to the consulate which he had resigned at or about the time that the era of trib. pot. began. We must conclude that the conferment of trib. pot. (if there was any ceremony at all in 23 B.C.) was not made the subject of a great celebration designed to win popular acclaim for this new institution (if it was a new one), nor was it immediately advertised widely as a new formula for the government of the Roman world.

The Unity Of The Aramaic Acts

1918 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-335
Author(s):  
William Jerome Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Common People ◽  
Interesting Contribution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Book Of Acts

The most interesting contribution to New Testament criticism in recent times has come from a scholar in another field. Professor Torrey, a student of Semitics and particularly of the Aramaic, the language of the common people in Palestine before and after the Christian era, has propounded a new theory regarding the Book of Acts. Chapters 1 1b —15 35 are thought by him to have comprised an Aramaic book written about 49 or 50 A.D., which Luke later procured in Palestine and translated as faithfully as he was able, at the same time adding the remaining chapters himself in Greek on the basis of his own knowledge and investigation. The two parts of the book are accordingly designated I and II Acts, respectively. The evidence for the hypothesis is primarily linguistic. A striking series of Aramaisms and of mistranslations which can be plausibly corrected on the basis of the Aramaic, is found in I Acts, while in II Acts the reflections of Aramaic idiom are rare and instances of mistranslation are wholly lacking. The literature of the subject is not yet large, but a careful résumé and discussion of the new theory has appeared from the pen of Professor Foakes-Jackson. Since he questions the validity of Professor Torrey's more important deductions—conclusions whose correctness had been accepted almost without qualification by the present writer—a further consideration of their claims to credence may be permissible.

scholarly journals Da'wah in the early era of Islam: A review of the Prophet's Da'wah Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Jaffar ◽  
Dr. Nasir Ali khan
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Common People ◽  
Common Values ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Way

The life of Holy Prophet (PBUH) is a beacon of light not only for Muslims but for all of humanity. There is no such aspect of life for which we do not have guidance from the life of Holy Prophet (PBUH). Whether it is personal life or social life. One of these aspects is the Da'wah strategy of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in Makki era. This article elaborates the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) strategies adopted for the preaching of the Islam during the Makki era. The basic elements of his missionary strategies such as the way of argumentations, parlance and dialects are made the subject of discussion. It highlights the diverse and distinct communication strategies to make the message of Islam intelligible to the common people even, which include: common values, courtesy, non-violence, intellectual stature of the audience, evolutionary process, the psychological intelligibility of addressee, sense of responsibility and proportionality, capacity to perform missionary activity, intimacy with newly converts, concealment of the faith, migration, and strong assertion of faith. The methodology deployed in construing this discourse is descriptive-cum-analytical.

1. On the Expiatory and Substitutionary Sacrifices of the Greeks

1875 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 535-537
Author(s):  
Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Food And Drink

The author gives the results of his examination of the subject in the following propositions:—1. That the sacrifices of the Greeks were offered to the gods with the idea that the food and drink would gratify them, and that the other offerings would in some way or other be pleasing to them; that the common ′people continued to offer up sacrifices with this belief till the end of Paganism; but that as the more cultivated classes came to believe that the gods did not stand in need of food, drink, or of gifts from them, substitutions became more and more general with them.

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