Major trading partner Three largest trade partners as a percentage of total international merchandise trade in US dollars, as at 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 322-336
Keyword(s):  
Trading Partner ◽  
Major Trading Partner ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Trade Partners

scholarly journals A Conceptual Forecasting Analysis of International Trade Aspects Based on Globalization Impact Issues

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 2881-2887
Author(s):  
Stamatis Kontsas ◽  
Stavros Kalogiannidis
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Forecasting Analysis ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Similar Depth

Global GDP is really important for trade, since the larger the global economy, the more goods and services available for trade. Global GDP grew by around two-thirds in real terms between 2000 and 2020 – or 2.6% per year on average.2020 saw some of the largest trade reductions and output volumes for both industrial production and goods trade since WWII. The year 2020 was marked by some of the largest reductions in trade and output volumes since WWII. The declines in both world industrial production and goods trade in the first half of 2020 were of similar depth to those at the trough of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). In addition, trade and production impacts across specific goods, services and trade partners were highly varied. Initial pandemic-era expectations for a double-digit decline in world merchandise trade in 2020 did not materialise. Global trade turned out to recover from the shock at an extraordinarily fast pace from around mid-2020.

An evaluation of the effects of major trading partner growth using a GMM system

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Edwards ◽  
Marshall W. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Trading Partner ◽  
Major Trading Partner

scholarly journals The Impact of Trade Deficit in Nepalese Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Jabed Mansuri
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Major Trading Partner ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to explore more information about the economic performance of Nepal and the impact on the economy caused by foreign trade. The trade deficit impacted directly on the financial performance of the country. It affected the GDP of the nation, supply side, interest rate, price of commodities and FDI. The article has discussed the relationship with the major trading partner of Nepal and other countries. Besides this, a quantitative research method was used in this research paper. Information in this article was collected from a secondary source of data. The reliability of this study depended on the reliability of secondary data. The analysis was based on a simple statistical tool. Concerning the methodology, it is based on exploratory data analysis. The comparison has been made in this paper with primary trading partner countries India, China and other countries. This study has found the deficient export performance of Nepal, which has created the problem of rapidly increasing trade deficit. Trade deficit became one of the major causes that lead the national economy to downturn side.

scholarly journals QUARTERLY ANALYSIS: The Progress of Monetary, Banking and Payment System Quarter IV – 2012

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Author Team of Quarterly Report Bank Indonesia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Fourth Quarter ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Previous Period ◽  
Major Trading Partner

Indonesia’s economic growth in the fourth quarter 2012 was still going strong, although it was slower than the previous quarter. Indonesia’s economic growth in the fourth quarter of 2012 reached 6.11%, while for the whole of 2012 it reached 6.23%. Good economic growth was supported by quite strong domestic demand. Consumption and investment performance still grew strong during this quarter, though it was moderate compared with the previous period. Export performance began to show improvement in line with the economic recovery in some major trading partner countries. Imports recorded a high growth along with the strong domestic demand. Looking ahead, for the whole of 2013, economic growth is expected to reach the range of 6.3% - 6.8%.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Kemiskinan Indonesia: Analisis Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan pada Mitra Dagang Utama

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
Neli Aida ◽  
◽  
Feri Dwi Riyanto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Major Trading Partner ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Empirical Contribution ◽  
Japan And China

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effect of trade liberalization on Indonesia's exports by involving the three (South Korea, Japan, and China) major trading partner countries. Research Methodology: This study used the concept of a gravity model, with panel data samples from 1996 - 2019. This study used independent variables such as tariffs, level of openness, exchange rates, poverty, economic growth (GDP), inflation, and distance. Results: The study results found that tariffs and the level of openness have a significant effect on exports. It can be said that trade liberalization has an effect on exports. In addition, the variables GDP, poverty, and the exchange rate also have a significant effect on exports. Meanwhile, the two variables of inflation and distance have no effect on Indonesian exports. This condition shows the same thing among the three trading partner countries. Limitations: Other elements were not included in this study, such as digitalization and international trade technology. Contribution: The theoretical contribution of this research provides scientific contributions in the field of economic liberalization and poverty, and the empirical contribution shows that Indonesia's macroeconomic conditions are still dependent on trade with neighboring countries.

Gravity Perspective of Trade Realignment: Assessing China’s Engagement in West Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nnanna P. Azu ◽  
Benedette Nneka Okezie ◽  
Amatus Hirwa
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
West African ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trade Partners

This article examines the impact of emerging West African trade partners—China and India with respect to the traditional trade partners. In this regard, we augmented the gravity model and used dummy to capture bilateral trade effects. This allowed trade to be represented from both sides of its occurrence—import and export—while also accounting for the percentage increase as well as the volume of trade. Applying poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) technique, we observed a growth in the coefficient of emerging trading partners concerning China in the import direction and India in the export direction, while that of the traditional trade partners remained positive but decreasing. Therefore, West Africa is witnessing a partial and imperfect realignment of trade with China, predominantly on import. As China continues to provide better prices and aids for trade, merchandise trade activities with the traditional partners may start to negatively impact when competing with emerging China.

Level Playing Field? Adjudication by Developing Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Small States ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Trade Partners

This chapter examines the effectiveness of adjudication as a tool for developing countries by comparing dispute settlement with alternative strategies in the context of asymmetrical bargaining between a small state and a larger trading partner. Two case studies involving Peru and Vietnam, which challenged labeling policies that hindered their fish exports to major trade partners, provide evidence that adjudication can also be effective for small states. Although less attention is given to domestic politics of the complainant state in this chapter, the cases show how adjudication adds leverage to overcome domestic resistance against removal of a protection barrier in the defendant state.

Globalization and wartime trade

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Sadeh ◽  
Nizan Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Interstate Disputes ◽  
Vertical Fdi ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Militarized Interstate Disputes

This article argues that on balance globalization does not increase, and may even reduce, the opportunity cost of Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs), as measured by foregone merchandise trade. Specifically, globalization makes it easier for states to substitute trade partners, makes it difficult to employ trade sanctions, makes credit more available to states at conflict, and encourages trade-substituting horizontal Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and sanctions-resilient vertical FDI. Hypotheses are supported using High Dimensional Fixed Effects regression, applied to a Gravity model, with two-way clustering of standard errors, and an analysis of the effect of globalization on the marginal effect of MIDs on international trade. This suggests that while wars are becoming infrequent in recent decades, due to other factors, trade’s contribution to peace is diminishing.

Crisis Management under Economic Sanctions: Mission Impossible?

2015 ◽  
pp. 20-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Afontsev
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Technology Markets ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Trade Partners

Economic sanctions against Russia form a completely new context for public and private efforts to cope with crisis trends in Russian economy. With limited access to global goods, capital, and technology markets, it can at best minimize costs of the crisis but not come back to the normal growth path. Strategies to find new trade partners and sources of capital outside the group of countries that have introduced economic sanctions against Russia are welcome, but their potential is rather limited. Under these circumstances, crisis management should be centered neither on the alleged ‘Russia’s pivot to the East’ nor on the wide-scale import substitution but on normalization of economic relations with key country partners, regaining currency stability, and structural reforms aimed at moving national economy away from commodity specialization.

Japan's Merchandise Trade Gravely Unbalanced

1938 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
M. S. F.
Keyword(s):  
Merchandise Trade
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