The relationship between the laws of conservation of energy and momentum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Z. Sharafutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
The Relationship

Using three elementary particles to construct the physical world

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Huawang Li
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Particle Collisions ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, we conjecture that gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong nuclear interactions are all produced by particle collisions by determining the essential concept of force in physics (that is, the magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction), and further speculate the existence of a new particle, Yizi. The average kinetic energy of Yizi is considered to be equal to Planck’s constant, so the mass of Yizi is calculated to be <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.37</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>51</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> kg and the average velocity of Yizi is <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.24</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> m/s. The universe is filled with Yizi gas, the number density of Yizi can reach <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.61</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>64</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> /m3, and Yizi has no charge. After abandoning the idealism of physics, I try to construct a physical framework from three elementary particles: Protons, electrons, and Yizis. (The elementary particles mentioned here generally refer to the indivisible particles that constitute objects.) The effects of Yizi on the conversion of light, electricity, magnetism, mass, and energy as well as the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces are emphasized. The gravitation of electromagnetic waves is measured using a Cavendish torsion balance. It is shown experimentally that electromagnetic waves not only produce pressure (repulsion) but also gravitational forces upon objects. The universe is a combination of three fundamental particles. Motion is eternal and follows the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. There is only one force: The magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction. Furthermore, this corresponds to the magnitude of the force that the group of particles exerts in that direction. From this perspective, all physical phenomena are relatively easy to explain.

Axisymmetric Hurricane in a Dry Atmosphere: Theoretical Framework and Numerical Experiments

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1607-1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka A. Mrowiec ◽  
Stephen T. Garner ◽  
Olivier M. Pauluis
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Momentum Flux ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Moist Processes ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Insight

Abstract This paper discusses the possible existence of hurricanes in an atmosphere without water vapor and analyzes the dynamic and thermodynamic structures of simulated hurricane-like storms in moist and dry environments. It is first shown that the “potential intensity” theory for axisymmetric hurricanes is directly applicable to the maintenance of a balanced vortex sustained by a combination of surface energy and momentum flux, even in the absence of water vapor. This theoretical insight is confirmed by simulations with a high-resolution numerical model. The same model is then used to compare dry and moist hurricanes. While it is found that both types of storms exhibit many similarities and fit well within the theoretical framework, there are several differences, most notably in the storm inflow and in the relationship between hurricane size and intensity. Such differences indicate that while water vapor is not necessary for the maintenance of hurricane-like vortices, moist processes directly affect the structure of these storms.

scholarly journals Investigation of a boundary simulation of continuity using the discrete solid element method

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 168781401882239
Author(s):  
Baochen Zhu ◽  
Ruoqiang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Thin Plate ◽  
Spring Stiffness ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Solid Element ◽  
Strong Material ◽  
Spherical Elements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Method Model ◽  
Element Method

The discrete solid element method is an efficient numerical method that simulates the large deformation, strong material nonlinearity, fracture, and dynamic problems of continuity. In the discrete solid element method model, the spring stiffness of the spherical elements on the boundary is different from that inside the discrete solid element method model based on the principle of conservation of energy. The spring stiffness of the spherical elements on the boundary of the discrete solid element method model is shown to have a significant effect on the macroscopic properties. According to the position of the spherical elements on the boundary of the discrete solid element method model, the spherical elements on the boundary are divided into three types, which are spherical elements on the surface position, on the edge position, and on the corner position. To accurately reflect the mechanical behavior of the material, the principle of energy conservation is used to strictly deduce the spring stiffness of the three types of spherical elements on the boundary, and the relationship between the spring stiffness and elastic constants is established. The numerical example shows that the calculation accuracy of the discrete solid element method in modeling the mechanical behavior of continuity is improved after the spring stiffness of the spherical elements on the boundary is revised. In addition, the applications of the discrete solid element method to dynamic buckling of the thin plate and buckling of the cracked thin plate are also given.

scholarly journals The motional effects of the maxwell æther-stress

1909 ◽  
Vol 83 (560) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Medium ◽  
Poynting Vector ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
State Of Stress ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Electromagnetic Momentum ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Similar Element ◽  
Maxwell Stresses

There is an outstanding gap in electromagnetic theory in respect to the attempt to reconcile the analysis of æthereal stress on the lines initiated by Maxwell with Newton’s third law and the law of the conservation of energy. In the present condition of theory there is assigned to the æther a certain distribution of electromagnetic energy and momentum. The hypothetical distribution of energy is necessarily associated with the Poynting vector which measures its rate of transference. The distribution of momentum is so defined that the rate of increase of the total amount, within any given volume supposed at rest in the æther, is equivalent to the resultant of the Maxwell stresses on the bounding surface. There is, however, no connection established between the transference of energy across an area and the stress across that area. Such a connection would require that it should be possible to assign to the medium in which stress and energy reside a state of motion whereby the stresses might do the necessary amount of work, and this again would require the revision of the specification of stress, inasmuch as the ordinary expressions are computed for an element of surface which is at rest. Numerous other questions arise as soon as such a process is attempted, but the present paper seeks only to analyse what types of motion must be looked for, and to specify the field of stress upon the elements of area moving with the velocities obtained. Strictly, it is incorrect to speak of the stresses on elements of area in the æther at the same point having different velocities. The true stress in a continuous medium can only be estimated on an area moving with the medium. All that can be done in the absence of a knowledge of the velocity of the medium is to analyse the transference of momentum across an element of area having a specified velocity. Only when this velocity is that of the medium is it legitimate to interpret this transference as due to a state of stress in the medium. Thus, unless the æther is supposed at rest, the Maxwell expressions have no significance, except as giving the rate at which momentum is crossing an element of area at rest. If, however, the æther is assumed at rest, then no state of stress can give rise to any transfer of energy. 1. The flux of momentum across an element of area moving with velocity v differs from that across a similar element at rest by the vector v v g per unit area, g being the intensity of the electromagnetic momentum (=[EH]/4 πc ) and v v being the component of v normal to the area.

The Study on the Warm Mix Asphalt Mixture Ratio

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 858-864
Author(s):  
Yong Hong Wang ◽  
Xi Ming Tan ◽  
Xiong Jun He ◽  
Li Wu ◽  
Bo Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Warm Mix Asphalt ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Mixed Material ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The temperature has been reduced in the aggregate heating, mixing, transportation and paving for Warm mix asphalt mixture (WMA),but the temperature of hot mix mixes has no diversification. So the mixing ratio of warm mix asphalt mixed material cannot be completely designed to the HMA and it should be designed by the mixing ratio of WMA. Through analyzing the relationship of aggregate moisture content and getting the performance of the allowed moisture . Combining with the principle of conservation of energy and laboratory to get the conclusion of the aggregate heating time and heating temperature, in order to calculate the construction control parameters, and it will promote the application of asphalt pavement in the construction.

Stimulated Raman scattering from a fully focused relativistic electron beam in a waveguide

1986 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-62
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schill ◽  
S. R. Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Stimulated Raman Scattering ◽  
Signal Wave ◽  
Plasma Stream ◽  
Wave Interactions ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Unbounded Medium ◽  
Parallel Plate Waveguide ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Stimulated Raman

Stimulated Raman scattering from a fully focused relativistically drifting electron plasma in a parallel-plate waveguide is studied. A set of internally consistent transport relations governing the three-wave interactions is developed. These transport relations lead to the proper conservation of energy and momentum. Including small wall and bulk plasma losses, parametric and nonlinear characteristics are investigated theoretically and numerically. It is found that in an unbounded medium the saturation period of the signal wave is considerably smaller than in a bounded medium. The signal energy comes from the plasma stream through the idler wave with small depletion of the pump wave amplitude.

scholarly journals Quantifying meltwater refreezing along a transect of sites on the Greenland ice sheet

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Cox ◽  
N. Humphrey ◽  
J. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Lateral Migration ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Heat Released

Abstract. On the Greenland ice sheet, a significant quantity of surface meltwater refreezes within the firn, creating uncertainty in surface mass balance estimates. This refreezing has the potential to buffer seasonal runoff to future increases in melting, but direct measurement of the process remains difficult. We present a method for quantifying refreezing at point locations using in situ firn temperature observations. A time series of sub-hourly firn temperature profiles were collected over the course of two melt seasons from 2007 to 2009 along a transect of 11 sites in the accumulation zone of Greenland. Seasonal changes in temperature profiles combined with heat flux estimates based on high-temporal-resolution temperature gradients enable us to isolate the heat released by refreezing using conservation of energy. Our method is verified from winter data when no refreezing takes place, and uncertainty is estimated using a Monte Carlo technique. While we limit our method to a subsection of firn between depths of 1 and 10 m, our refreezing estimates appear to differ significantly from model-based estimates. Furthermore, results indicate that a significant amount of refreezing takes place at depths greater than 1 m and that lateral migration of meltwater significantly complicates the relationship between total surface melt and total refreezing.

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