Survey of Insect Pests in Shelled Corn Stored On-Farm in Kentucky

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Sedlacek ◽  
Paul A. Weston ◽  
Bryan D. Price ◽  
Patti L. Rattlingourd
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Angoumois Grain Moth ◽  
Flour Beetles ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Shelled corn stored in metal bins was sampled for insects on farms in the three westernmost crop reporting districts of Kentucky during 1989 and 1990 to identify pest insects present, determine the relative abundance of insect pests, and determine their geographic distributions. Thirty-six species or species groups were found in this survey. The most abundant insects were maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky; Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier); flat grain, rusty grain, and flour mill beetles, Cryptolestes spp.; sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl); red and confused flour beetles, Tribolium spp.; and hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.). Greater densities and numbers of species were caught later during the storage season and greater numbers were captured from the center versus edges of bins. The unexpectedly high abundance and widespread distribution of maize weevil and Angoumois grain moth suggests that greater care needs to be taken to manage these pests because of direct feeding damage and the resulting increased susceptibility of grain to secondary insect pests (e.g., Cryptolestes spp., sawtoothed grain beetle, Tribolium spp., foreign grain beetle, and hairy fungus beetle, which were commonly found) and fungi.

scholarly journals Survey on maize post-harvest losses and its management practices in the western hills of Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghanashyam Bhandari ◽  
Bhuddhi Bahadur Achhami ◽  
Tika Bahadur Karki ◽  
Balram Bhandari ◽  
Gopal Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
Angoumois Grain Moth ◽  
Development Committee ◽  
Village Development Committee ◽  
Open Floor

A survey was conducted in order to assess the losses of maize under farmers’ storage conditions in the Western hills of Nepal in 2014. The survey area included Thanapati Village Development Committee (VDC) of Gulmi, Aalamdebi VDC of Syangja, Khasauli VDC of Palpa and Baglung municipality-12, Baglung district. Primary information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires among the heterogenous groups of the farming communities. Survey revealed that about 61% respondents reported the storage pest as the major pests and about 12% respondents reported that field pests as the major pests in the western hills. Maize weevil (Sitophylus zeamais Mostsch.) and Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.) were found to be major storage insect pests in surveyed areas. Majority of respondents (39%) presumed on 10-20% losses during storage. Among the other biotic factors, farmers ranked insect (42%), weeds (32%) and diseases (17%) respectively. Maize storage methods had distinct among the surveyed areas compared with Baglung district to other surveyed areas. In Baglung, about (73%) farmers had stored maize in the form of grain whereas in Palpa, Gulmi and Syangja, about (77%) farmers had practice of storing maize with husk for 5-7 months. Approximately, 40% respondents were using open floor in upper stair “Aanti”as a major maize storage place in Palpa, Gulmi and Syangja whereas almost (79%) of respondents were using sacks to store shelled grains in Baglung. Hence, there is ample opportunity to reduce the storage losses of maize depending upon the existing situation.Journal of Maize Research and Development (2015) 1(1):98-105DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34288

scholarly journals Flight take-off and walking behavior of insecticide-susceptible and – resistant strains of Sitophilus zeamais exposed to deltamethrin

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M.P. Guedes ◽  
R.N.C. Guedes ◽  
G.H. Ferreira ◽  
L.B. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Walking Behavior ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Managed Ecosystems ◽  
Behavioral Resistance

AbstractInsects have evolved a variety of physiological and behavioral responses to various toxins in natural and managed ecosystems. However, insect behavior is seldom considered in insecticide studies although insects are capable of changing their behavior in response to their sensory perception of insecticides, which may compromise insecticide efficacy. This is particularly serious for insect pests that are physiologically resistant to insecticides since insecticide avoidance may further compromise their management. Locomotion plays a major role determining insecticide exposure and was, therefore, considered in investigating the behavioral responses of male and female adult insects from an insecticide-susceptible and two insecticide-resistant strains of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major pest of stored cereals. Different dose-dependent behavioral responses were expected among strains with behavioral resistance less likely to occur in physiologically resistant insects since they are able to withstand higher doses of insecticide. The behavioral responses to deltamethrin-sprayed surfaces differed among the maize weevil strains. Such responses were concentration-independent for all of the strains. Stimulus-independent behavioral resistance was unrelated to physiological resistance with one resistant strain exhibiting higher rates of flight take-off and the other resistant strain exhibiting lower flight take-off. Female mobility was similar for all strains, unlike male mobility. Males of each strain exhibited a pattern of mobility following the same trend of flight take-off. Behavioral patterns of response to insecticide are, therefore, variable among strains, particularly among insecticide-resistant strains, and worth considering in resistance surveys and management programs.

scholarly journals Genetic Basis of Maize Resistance to Multiple Insect Pests: Integrated Genome-Wide Comparative Mapping and Candidate Gene Prioritization

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
A. Badji ◽  
D. B. Kwemoi ◽  
L. Machida ◽  
D. Okii ◽  
N. Mwila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Physical Map ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Genome Wide

Several species of herbivores feed on maize in field and storage setups, making the development of multiple insect resistance a critical breeding target. In this study, an association mapping panel of 341 tropical maize lines was evaluated in three field environments for resistance to fall armyworm (FAW), whilst bulked grains were subjected to a maize weevil (MW) bioassay and genotyped with Diversity Array Technology’s single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. A multi-locus genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed 62 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with FAW and MW resistance traits on all 10 maize chromosomes, of which, 47 and 31 were discovered at stringent Bonferroni genome-wide significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01, respectively, and located within or close to multiple insect resistance genomic regions (MIRGRs) concerning FAW, SB, and MW. Sixteen QTNs influenced multiple traits, of which, six were associated with resistance to both FAW and MW, suggesting a pleiotropic genetic control. Functional prioritization of candidate genes (CGs) located within 10–30 kb of the QTNs revealed 64 putative GWAS-based CGs (GbCGs) showing evidence of involvement in plant defense mechanisms. Only one GbCG was associated with each of the five of the six combined resistance QTNs, thus reinforcing the pleiotropy hypothesis. In addition, through in silico co-functional network inferences, an additional 107 network-based CGs (NbCGs), biologically connected to the 64 GbCGs, and differentially expressed under biotic or abiotic stress, were revealed within MIRGRs. The provided multiple insect resistance physical map should contribute to the development of combined insect resistance in maize.

Isolating the ‘farmer’ effect as a component of the advantage of growing genetically modified varieties in developing countries: a Bt cotton case study from Jalgaon, India

2007 ◽  
Vol 145 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MORSE ◽  
R. BENNETT ◽  
Y. ISMAEL
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Per Se

SUMMARYThe present paper explores the ‘farmer’ effect in economic advantages often claimed for Bt cotton varieties (those with the endotoxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis conferring resistance to some insect pests) compared to non-Bt varieties. Critics claim that much of the yield advantage of Bt cotton could be due to the fact that farmers adopting the technology are in a better position to provide inputs and management and so much of any claimed Bt advantage is an artefact rather than reflecting a real advantage of the variety per se. The present paper provides an in-depth analysis of 63 non-adopting and 94 adopting households of Bt cotton in Jalgaon, Maharashtra State, India, spanning the seasons 2002 and 2003. Results suggest that Bt adopters are indeed different from non-adopters in a number of ways. Adopters appear to specialize more on cotton (at least in terms of the land area they devote to the crop), spend more money on irrigation and grow well-performing non-Bt varieties of cotton (Bunny). Taking gross margin as the basis for comparison, Bt plots had 2·5 times the gross margin of non-Bt plots in both seasons. If only adopters are considered then the gross margin advantage of Bt plots reduces to 1·6 times that of non-Bt plots. This is still a significant advantage and could well explain the popularity of Bt in Maharashtra. However, it is clear that great care needs to be taken with such comparative studies.

Efficacy of different hermetic bag storage technologies against insect pests and aflatoxin incidence in stored maize grain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kimondo Mutambuki ◽  
Paddy Likhayo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Storage Technologies

Abstract The performance of six grain storage technologies for the control of insect pests in maize was evaluated over a 36-week (9-month) storage period. The six technologies used were: two ZeroFly® hermetic bag brands (laminated and non-laminated); Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bag; non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag; woven polypropylene (PP) bag containing maize grain treated with Actellic Gold® Dust (pirimiphos-methyl 1.6% + thiamethoxam 0.3%) and woven PP bag containing untreated grain. Each bag was filled with 50 kg maize grain and four replicates of each were set up. With the exception of the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag, 50 live adults of the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus and of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, were introduced into all the bags. Insects were not introduced into the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag to assess its effectiveness in repelling infestation from outside. Parameters recorded were gas composition (oxygen and carbon dioxide) levels inside the bags; weight of flour generated by insect feeding activities; grain moisture level; live adult insect counts; grain damage and weight loss; grain germination rate and aflatoxin level. At termination, the plastic liners of the hermetic bags were examined for perforations. Results show that oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide evolution were faster in ZeroFly® hermetic compared to PICS bags. Throughout the 36-week storage trial, grain damage remained below 4% and weight loss below 3% in all the treatments except in the untreated PP bags in which it increased to 81.1 and 25.5%, respectively. The hermetic PICS, ZeroFly® and Actellic Gold dust-treated PP bags maintained grain germination at 60%, which was lower than the initial 90%, while in untreated control, it reduced to 4.7%. The mean aflatoxin levels fluctuated between 0.39 and 3.56 parts per billion (ppb) during 24 weeks of storage in all the technologies tested, which is below the acceptable maximum level of 10 ppb in maize. Based on the evaluation results, it can be concluded that hermetic PICS and ZeroFly® bags and woven PP bag with Actellic Gold dust-treated grain effectively protected stored maize grain from insect attack and weight losses. Appropriate strategies and mechanisms for the effective and efficient adoption of hermetic storage bag technology at scale would contribute towards global food security.

Efficacy of Malathion Against Coleopteran Populations in Newly-Harvested Versus Year-Old Stored Corn2

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-391
Author(s):  
John D. Sedlacek ◽  
Robert J. Barney ◽  
Paul A. Weston ◽  
Bryan D. Price
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Insect Infestation ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Insecticide Application ◽  
Flour Beetles ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Flour Mill ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

The impact of malathion treatment and duration of storage prior to treatment on species composition and relative abundance of beetle pests was investigated in shelled corn in newly-constructed galvanized steel bins. Corn was sampled monthly for insects with plastic probe traps from January through September 1989. Red and confused flour beetles, Tribolium spp., hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.), flat and rusty grain and flour mill beetles, Cryptolestes spp., and foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl), were most abundant in traps, but plaster beetle, Cartodere constricta (Gyllenhal), minute brown fungus beetle, Corticaria pubescens (Gyllenhal), antlike flower beetle, Anthicus spp., and larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus (LeConte), also were trapped. Greater numbers of the four major beetle species were trapped in older corn and in corn that was not treated with malathion and, depending on species, trap catch peaked in August or September. Information gathered during this investigation adds to our knowledge of insect infestation and insecticide application to on-farm stored corn and confirmed earlier reports that T. stercorea and A. advena potentially are pests of stored shelled corn. Thorough inspection and sampling should be conducted throughout the storage period, but especially after grain temperatures warm above 20°C.

Alcohol Dependence in Palliative Care

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisling MacCormac
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Poor Social Support ◽  
Palliative Care Needs ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Alcohol Dependent

Purpose: Alcohol misuse affects up to 28% of palliative care inpatients. This article aims to summarize the existing literature on the care of palliative patients with alcohol dependence. Methods: The author searched CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE, and PubMed from inception until July 2017 using search terms including “alcohol*,” “dependence,” and “palliative.” The results were reported in a narrative manner. Results: Identification of alcohol-dependent patients can be improved through the use of validated tools such as “Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye Opener” (CAGE) and “Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test” (AUDIT). These patients may have specific palliative care needs such as increased susceptibility to terminal agitation, high prevalence of comorbidities, and poor social support networks. Management may involve detoxification, controlled usage of alcohol, or treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Conclusions: Patients may derive clinical benefit when alcohol dependence is identified by health-care professionals. Routine screening should be considered. Further research is needed to directly compare treatments for alcohol dependence in palliative care.

scholarly journals Management of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using Nigerian Raw Diatomite

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1663-1669
Author(s):  
M.A. Medugu ◽  
E. Okrikata ◽  
D.M. Dunuwel
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Maize Grain

Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, whose management has largely been via traditional control practices, is a key pest of stored maize grains causing severe losses. This study explored the use of Nigerian Raw Diatomite (RD) in the management of the weevil. A 3-replicated split plot designed laboratory experiment was conducted for 6 months duration. The treatments were Raw Diatomite (RD) at the rate of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg and a control (untreated) across four improved maize grain varieties. Data collected were on mortality, F1 progeny produced, grain weight damage, and loss. Data were analyzed with variance analysis and significantly different means were separated using Turkey Kramer HSD test at P<0.05. Results showed that the control had the least weevil mortality across the varieties throughout the periods of assessment. Highest weevil mortality was recorded with increase in dose rates of RD and progresses to 100% - largely at the 14th day post-treatment. Control recorded the highest weight loss and grain damage of 16.5% and 38.1%, respectively when compared to all the other treatment rates on the most tolerant variety (SAMMAZ 25). The study revealed that RD had a promising potential to substitute synthetic insecticides and can be incorporated into the integrated pest management strategy against maize weevil. We therefore suggest that further work be done to refine the Nigerian RD so as to standardize the most effective dosage application rate for management of insect pests of stored maize and other cereals. Keywords: Raw Diatomite, Sitophilus zeamais, Maize grain damage

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