Developmental Variation in the Dermal Glands and Wax Secretions of the Mealybug, Phenacoccus fraxinus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfeng Zhang ◽  
Yingping Xie ◽  
Jiaoliang Xue ◽  
Weimin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Dermal Glands ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Wax Production

A microscopic study of the dermal glands and wax secretions of the mealybug Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang demonstrated that the type, structure, size, quantity and distribution of dermal glands varied with life stage. These variations resulted in different quantities and morphology of waxy secretions with development. The apertures of the trilocular pores were initially small, irregular narrow seams on 1st instars. By the 3rd nymphal stage, these apertures were large and figure-8 shaped. Slender wax filaments were produced in the 1st stage, whereas wax filaments produced in the 3rd stage had an indentation along the middle. These tilocular pores were distributed on the dorsum and the venter of both stages, corresponding to the shape of the aperture. Quinquilocular pores were characterized by a thick rim and were scattered on the ventral surface, but these were not distributed in spiracle furrows as observed with other scale insects. Tubular ducts were composed of 2 layers—outer and inner ductiles—that resulted in the wax secreted from them being long, hollow filaments that served as a framework for the cocoon and ovisac structures. Wax production from these tubular ducts occurred at two distinct times during development. One occurred in late autumn and was produced by the older 2nd -instar nymphs. These waxy filaments were used to construct cocoons for the overwintering mealybugs. The other event occurred in early summer with adult females. These filaments were used to construct the ovisac. During other times of the year, these tubular ducts produced no additional wax.

Population studies and biological control of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on passion fruit in Western Samoa

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. M. M Liebregts ◽  
D. P. A Sands ◽  
A. S. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Western Samoa ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona ◽  
One Year

AbstractThe development of infestations of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) on passion fruit vines in Western Samoa was monitored at two sites over a period of 20 months, during which the aphelinid parasitoids Encarsia berlesei (Howard) and E. diaspidicola (Silvestri) were released. All vines were rated for P. pentagona infestations, and the female scale insects were counted on selected vines. At one site, the numbers of P. pentagona built up to over 10 000 adult females per vine before the parasitoids became established, and within one year 50% of the vines died. At the other site, where vines survived, an endemic coccinellid predator, Sticholotis quadrisignata Weise, kept populations below 3000 females per vine until the parasitoids became established. Biological control of P. pentagona was achieved at both sites eight months after the parasitoids were introduced. A model for interaction of P. pentagona and parasitoids predicted higher levels for parasitization than revealed by microscopic examination.

Nomenclatural changes in the Australasian gall-inducing genus Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae) 

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4250 (5) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
PENELOPE J. MILLS ◽  
PENNY J. GULLAN ◽  
LYN G. COOK
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Original Description ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Nomen Nudum ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Males And Females

Apiomorpha Rübsaamen, 1894 was erected as a replacement name for Brachyscelis Schrader, 1863 that was preoccupied in the Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae: Brachyscelis Germar, 1834). Apiomorpha is a genus of eriococcid scale insects that induce galls on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Australia and New Guinea (Szent-Ivany & Womersley 1962; Gullan 1984; Gullan et al. 2005). In his original description of the genus, Schrader (1863a) included six species, of which B. citricola Schrader was subsequently recognised as a nomen nudum (Froggatt 1921). Among the other five, B. pileata Schrader was later designated as the type species of Apiomorpha by Lindinger (1937). Also amongst these five was B. ovicola Schrader, for which Schrader described and illustrated galls of males and females on twigs and leaves of Eucalyptus haemastoma (Schrader 1863a, plate II, figs a, e) in or near Sydney, New South Wales (NSW). He stated that his species names reflected the shape of the galls of adult females; hence those of B. ovicola can be interpreted as being egg-shaped and were illustrated as such by Schrader (1863a). Galls of males of B. ovicola he described and illustrated as trumpet-shaped. 

Kant, Marginal Cases, and Moral Standing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Korsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Standing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Identity Problem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Moral Difference

According to the marginal cases argument, there is no property that might justify making a moral difference between human beings and the other animals that is both uniquely and universally human. It is therefore “speciesist” to treat human beings differently just because we are human beings. While not challenging the conclusion, this chapter argues that the marginal cases argument is metaphysically misguided. It ignores the differences between a life stage and a kind, and between lacking a property and having it in a defective form. The chapter then argues for a view of moral standing that attributes it to the subject of a life conceived as an atemporal being, and shows how this view can resolve some familiar puzzles such as how death can be a loss to the person who has died, how we can wrong the dead, the “procreation asymmetry,” and the “non-identity problem.”

The effect of exposure to conspecifics on restlessness in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.H. King
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

AbstractWhen habitat quality is variable, there should be strong selection for the ability to detect and respond to the variation. Adult females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) are known to increase their restlessness (the proportion of time in locomotion) both during and after exposure to a poor quality host. Doing so provides a mechanism for leaving a poor host and potentially finding a better host. This study examined whether restlessness also changes in response to competition as indicated by the presence of adult conspecifics. Both restlessness and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment were greater when a female was with another female than when she was alone. However, restlessness did not remain elevated after the other female was removed. In contrast with females, restlessness of males did not increase either during or after exposure to other males, and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment was unaffected by the presence of another male. The difference between females and males may be related to differences in dispersal ability and in the abundance and distribution of hosts versus mates.

The larval stages of the celery fly (Acidia heraclei L.) and of the braconid Adelura apii (Curtis), with notes upon an associated parasitic yeast-like fungus

Parasitology ◽  
1943 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Keilin ◽  
P. Tate
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
Abortive Infection ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Adult Females

The larval stages of the celery fly, Acidia heraclei, have been described, and it is shown that this larva agrees with other biontophagous dipterous larvae in having the pharynx devoid of ventral ridges. The transparency of the larvae permits the internal anatomy to be seen clearly in the living larva, and by this means the structure of the perispiracular glands is clearly revealed.The braconid Adelura apii occurs as a parasite of Acidia heraclei larvae, and its first. stage larva is described in detail. This larva is densely hairy, has a long, curved, hairy, tail-like appendage and, by the more rapid growth of the ventral surface, it develops a dorsal curvature which obscures the true orientation so that the true dorsal surface appears externally to be ventral. In these respects the first stage larva of Adelura apii resembles that of A. gahani described by de la Baume-Pluvinel. The later larval stages of A. apii, of which there are at least two, are naked, lack the tail-like appendage and do not differ from the normal type of parasitic hymenopterous larvae.A yeast-like fungus occurs as a parasite in the blood of Acidia heraclei larvae. It is always found associated with existing or abortive infection of the larvae with Adelura apii. Dense mycelial masses sometimes occur in the gut of A. apii pupae and are probably derived from the yeast cells parasitic in the host larvae. It is suggested that this is a unique case of a fungus parasitic in a host larva (Acidia heraclei) undergoing part of its development in a parasitic braconid (Adelura apii), adult females of which transmit the fungus to the host larva during oviposition.

Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5052 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
GILLIAN W. WATSON ◽  
DAVID OUVRARD
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Plant Parasites ◽  
Plant Sap

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are obligate plant parasites feeding on plant sap; some are damaging pests in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Despite their economic importance, the scale insects found in continental Africa have not been extensively studied and the keys for identifying them are incomplete and scattered through the literature in several languages. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the African scale insect fauna. As a first step towards their identification, we provide a key to the 23 families currently known from continental Africa, based on slide-mounted adult females, covering Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Kuwaniidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Margarodidae, Matsucoccidae, Micrococcidae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae, Phoenicococcidae, Pseudococcidae, Putoidae, Rhizoecidae and Stictococcidae.  

scholarly journals Relationships among felt scale insects (Hemiptera:Coccoidea:Eriococcidae) of southern beech, Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae), with the first descriptions of Australian species of the Nothofagus-feeding genus Madarococcus Hoy

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nate B. Hardy ◽  
Penny J. Gullan ◽  
Rosa C. Henderson ◽  
Lyn G. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Data ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Southern Beech

Species of southern beech (Nothofagus) have been studied extensively because of their importance in understanding southern hemisphere biogeography. Nothofagus species support a diverse assemblage of insect herbivores, including more than 30 described species of felt scales (Eriococcidae). We reconstructed the phylogeny of the Nothofagus-feeding felt scales with nucleotide sequence data and morphology. All but one of the exclusively Nothofagus-feeding species included in the analyses were recovered as a monophyletic group. This clade comprised the genera Chilechiton Hodgson & Miller, Chilecoccus Miller & González, Intecticoccus Kondo, Madarococcus Hoy (except for M. totorae Hoy), Sisyrococcus Hoy and several species of the genus Eriococcus Targioni Tozzetti. The genera Eriococcus and Madarococcus were not recovered as monophyletic. Here we revise Madarococcus. We expand the concept of the genus, provide a key to the adult females of the 31 species of Madarococcus and, for each named species, provide revised synonymies and any new collection or taxonomic information. We recognise the genus from Australia for the first time and describe the adult females of six new Australian species: Madarococcus cunninghamii Hardy & Gullan, sp. nov.; M. meander Hardy & Gullan, sp. nov.; M. megaventris Hardy & Gullan, sp. nov.; M. moorei Hardy & Gullan, sp. nov.; M. occultus Hardy & Gullan, sp. nov., and M. osculus Hardy & Gullan, sp. nov. We also describe the first-instar nymphs of M. cunninghamii, sp. nov., M. meander, sp. nov. and M. moorei, sp. nov. We transfer 17 species into Madarococcus from Eriococcus: M. argentifagi (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. cavellii (Maskell), comb. nov.; M. chilensis (Miller & González), comb. nov.; M. detectus (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. eurythrix (Miller & González), comb. nov.; M. fagicorticis (Maskell), comb. nov.; M. hispidus (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. latilobatus (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. maskelli, (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. montifagi (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. navarinoensis (Miller & González), comb. nov.; M. nelsonensis (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. nothofagi (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. podocarpi (Hoy), comb. nov.; M. raithbyi (Maskell), comb. nov.; M. rotundus (Hoy), comb. nov. and M. rubrifagi (Hoy), comb. nov. We transfer two species from Sisyrococcus into Madarococcus: M. intermedius (Maskell), comb. nov. and M. papillosus (Hoy), comb. nov. One species, M. totarae (Maskell), is excluded from Madarococcus, but cannot at present be placed in another genus and is listed as ‘M.’ totarae incertae sedis. We report the first collection of an eriococcid, M. osculus, sp. nov., on the deciduous beech, Nothofagus gunnii. With respect to biogeography, the results of our phylogenetic analysis are congruent with those obtained from recent analysis of Nothofagus; Australian and New Zealand species of Madarococcus form a monophyletic group to the exclusion of the South American species, suggesting that long-distance dispersal has played an important role in shaping the distributions of both the Nothofagus-feeding felt scales and their hosts.

Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2709 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAKUMASA KONDO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
New World ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
World Species ◽  
Soft Scale ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
First Instar

The present study revises the soft scale insects of the genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), which comprises a group of New World species associated with ants or bees or of hypogeal habit. It includes 17 species, of which 10 species are new to science. The study is based on the external, mostly cuticular morphology of the adult females and first-instar nymphs. Taxonomic keys based on adult females and known first-instar nymphs are provided. For each species a description or redescription is given, followed by information on its distribution, host plants, and known biological information including associated ants or bees. The new species described are Cryptostigma chacoensis sp. nov., C. gullanae sp. nov., C. jonmartini sp. nov., C. longinoi sp. nov., C. melissophilum sp. nov., C. mexicanum sp. nov., C. philwardi , sp. nov. C. rhizophilum sp. nov., C. serratum sp. nov., and C. tuberculosum sp. nov. Neolecanium urichi (Cockerell) is transferred to Cryptostigma as C. urichi (Cockerell) comb. nov., and C. quinquepori (Newstead) is synonymized with Cryptostigma urichi, comb. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Cryptostigma saundersi Laing, Lecanium silveirai Hempel, Lecanium urichi Cockerell and Akermes quinquepori Newstead. Cryptostigma inquilina (Newstead) is amended to C. inquilinum in order to match the neutral ending “stigma”. The following names are treated as nomina nuda: Cryptostigma jamaicensis and Lecanopsis jamaicensis (Ben-Dov, 1993: 97).

Controlling manganese deficiency in sugarbeet with foliar sprays

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
K. M. R. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Manganese Sulphate ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Mn Concentrations

SUMMARYField experiments in 1987 and 1988 on peaty-loam, Mn-deficient soils of the Adventurers series in Cambridgeshire, UK, tested the response of sugarbeet to three forms of manganese fertilizer supplied as foliar sprays. The influence of a wetter and an adjuvant on manganese absorption and growth was also investigated.Cutonic and chelated forms of Mn, when applied at standard rates, were inefficient at increasing Mn concentrations in plants and alleviating deficiency symptoms during early summer. Mn concentrations in foliage increased rapidly after spraying with manganese sulphate, and most of the deficiency symptoms disappeared. These benefits were usually enhanced when manganese sulphate sprays were used with an adjuvant.Averaged over both years, yield without Mn was 8·83 t sugar/ha; the largest yield, 9·56 t/ha, was obtained with manganese sulphate plus adjuvant. Smaller benefits were obtained with the other forms of Mn. The adjuvant, when used with chelated Mn, appeared to depress sugar yields in both years. The likelihood of reducing the number of sprays required to control Mn deficiency on Fen soils was improved by using an adjuvant with manganous sulphate sprays.

Strategic dipping for control of the catle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), in South Queensland

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 768 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Norris
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Critical Times

In the spring and early summer of 1953, three cattle herds in south Queensland were dipped in acaricides at intervals such that few or none of the cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) attacking to the animals between dippings reached maturity. This was continued until the tick larvae hatching in the pastures in spring were greatly depleted in numbers, but was discontinued before they were exterminated, to avert the danger of the cattle losing their immunity to redwater fever. Throughout the rest of the summer and the early autumn these cattle were lightly infested, and required dipping relatively infrequently. On the other hand, on a property where early, intensive dipping had not been carried out, very heavy infestations of ticks were present throughout the summer and autumn in spite of monthly dippings. This procedure of relating times of dipping to the ecology of the tick has been termed "strategic dipping". In the 1954-55 season, results obtained by intensive spring and early summer dipping were not comparable with those of the 1953-54 season. This appeared to be attributable principally to delayed or relatively ineffective dippings at critical times. Effective application of strategic dipping, as during the 1953-54 season, would reduce the need for acaricidal treatment of the cattle in the summer months when dipping is likely to be delayed by rainy periods.

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