Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Biopolymer as Wound Healing Material Using Shrimp Shells

Wound refers to any damage or disruption to the normal anatomical structure. In our everyday pathology, wounds remains one of the demanding clinical problems with it related complications which increases mortality and morbidity rate yearly. In this study, chitin and chitosan were extracted from shrimp shells waste by chemical method, treated with an acid and an alkali which gave a yield of 12 % and 66.57 % respectively. The chemical extraction method included demineralization where the sample was treated with hydrochloric acid (HCL) under a specific temperature. The sample was then treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove all the protein in the material at a specific temperature. To obtain the chitosan, the chitin was treated with 50% NaOH at a temperature of 1000C. E.coli proved to be more susceptible in antimicrobial studies with a value of 11.67± 0.47. The FTIR spectra gave a characteristic bands of –NH at 3430.09 cm-1, OH at 3256.32 cm-1.At 2960.75 cm-1, NH was attached to a single bond. The characteristics of produced chitosan were in accordance with the commercial standard that showed a higher percentile yield posing many properties of commercial value and greater scope of industrial applications. This study revealed that shrimp shell waste could be effectively utilized for the extraction of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligomer for industrial applications. The zone of inhibition study of E.coli shows that chitosan and COS may have a high antimicrobial property hence it usefulness in the wound healing management.

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Characterization of chitin and chitosan extracted from shrimp shells by two methods

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly.2010.10.1.748 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carmiña Gartner ◽

Carlos Alberto Peláez ◽

Betty Lucy López

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Magic Angle Spinning ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Magic Angle ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Shrimp Shells ◽

Before And After ◽

Chitin Extraction ◽

Angle Spinning ◽

Chitin And Chitosan

AbstractShrimp shells from Penaeus Vannamei species were hydrolyzed for chitin extraction by a chemical and a papain enzymatic method. Composition of shells was analyzed and their microstructure was characterized before and after hydrolysis by microscopy. Chitin fibers arrangement in the tissue was preserved after chemical extraction, but after papain hydrolysis the tissue presented structural disarrangement indicating that papain reacts indistinctly with peptidic and N-acetyl linkages. Although chemical purification is very effective, by-products are not recoverable. Conversely, papain hydrolysis yields partially purified chitosan but permits aminoacids isolation, which is important in food industry. This method has other advantages such as low cost and easy accessibility of papain. Chitin and chitosan were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis. Degree of N-acetylation (DA) was determined by cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13CNMR) or potentiometry and crystallinity was measured by X ray diffraction.

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Chemistry and Applications of Phosphorylated Chitin and Chitosan

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly.2006.6.1.447 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R. Jayakumar ◽

R. L. Reis ◽

J. F. Mano

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Fuel Cell ◽

Sustained Release ◽

Blood Compatibility ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Biocompatible Polymers ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Chitin And Chitosan ◽

Biomedical Fields

AbstractChitin and chitosan are natural based non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and have been used in biomedical areas in the form of sutures, wound healing materials and artificial skin, and for the sustained release of drugs as well as in various industrial applications. However, practical use of these polymers has been mainly confined to the unmodified forms. Recently, there has been a growing interest in chemical modification of chitin and chitosan to improve their solubility and widen their applications. Among them, phosphorylated chitin and chitosan have attracted considerable interest because of their various advantages: anti-inflammatory property, ability to form metal complexes, blood compatibility and formation of anionic polyelectrolyte hydrogels. The purpose of this review is to take a closer look of different synthetic methods of phosphorylated chitin and chitosan and their potential applications in environmental, food, fuel cell, and biomedical fields. Based on current research and existing products, some new and futuristic approaches in this context area are discussed.

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Chemical extraction and modification of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shells

European Polymer Journal ◽

10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110709 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 159 ◽

pp. 110709

Author(s):

Majid Pakizeh ◽

Ali Moradi ◽

Toktam Ghassemi

Keyword(s):

Chemical Extraction ◽

Shrimp Shells ◽

Chitin And Chitosan

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Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis: A Mini Review

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences ◽

10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i01.11 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 57-59

Author(s):

Pavithra D ◽

Praveen D ◽

Vijey Aanandhi M

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Genetic Manipulation ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Deep Infection ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Serious Adverse Event ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

The Individual

Agranulocytosis is also known to be granulopenia, causing neutropenia in circulating blood streams .The destruction of white blood cells takes place which leads to increase in the infection rate in an individual where immune system of the individual is suppressed. The symptoms includes fever, sore throat, mouth ulcers. These are commonly seen as adverse effects of a particular drug and are prescribed for the common diagnostic test for regular monitoring of complete blood count in an admitted patient. Drug-induced agranulocytosis remains a serious adverse event due to occurrence of severe sepsis with deep infection leading to pneumonia, septicaemia, and septic shock in two/third of the patient. Antibiotics seem to be the major causative weapon for this disorder. Certain drugs mainly anti-thyroid drugs, ticlopidine hydrochloride, spironolactone, clozapine, antileptic drugs (clozapine), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, dipyrone are the potential causes. Bone marrow insufficiency followed by destruction or limited proliferative bone marrow destruction takes place. Chemotherapy is rarely seen as a causative agent for this disorder. Genetic manipulation may also include as one of the reason. Agranulocytosis can be recovered within two weeks but the mortality and morbidity rate during the acute phase seems to be high, appropriate adjuvant treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics are prerequisites for the management of complicated neutropenia. Drugs that are treated for this are expected to change as a resistant drug to the patient. The pathogenesis of agranulocytosis is not yet known. A comprehensive literature search has been carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and articles pertaining to drug-induced agranulocytosis were selected for review.

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Surgery Combined With Peritonectomy Procedures and Intraperitoneal Chemohyperthermia in Abdominal Cancers With Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: A Phase II Study

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2003.06.139 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 799-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 183

Author(s):

O. Glehen ◽

F. Mithieux ◽

D. Osinsky ◽

A.C. Beaujard ◽

G. Freyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Phase Ii Study ◽

Complete Resection ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Term Survival ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Peritonectomy Procedures ◽

Experienced Team

Purpose: To evaluate the tolerance of peritonectomy procedures (PP) combined with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (IPCH) in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), a phase II study was carried out from January 1998 to September 2001. Patients and Methods: Fifty-six patients (35 females, mean age 49.3) were included for PC from colorectal cancer (26 patients), ovarian cancer (seven patients), gastric cancer (six patients), peritoneal mesothelioma (five patients), pseudomyxoma peritonei (seven patients), and miscellaneous reasons (five patients). Surgeries were performed mainly on advanced patients (40 patients stages 3 and 4 and 16 patients stages 2 and 1) and were synchronous in 36 patients. All patients underwent surgical resection of their primary tumor with PP and IPCH (with mitomycin C, cisplatinum, or both) with a closed sterile circuit and inflow temperatures ranging from 46° to 48°C. Three patients were included twice. Results: A macroscopic complete resection was performed in 27 cases. The mortality and morbidity rates were one of 56 and 16 of 56, respectively. The 2-year survival rate was 79.0% for patients with macroscopic complete resection and 44.7% for patients without macroscopic complete resection (P = .001). For the patients included twice, two are alive without evidence of disease, 54 and 47 months after the first procedure. Conclusion: IPCH and PP are able to achieve unexpected long-term survival in patients with bulky PC. However, one must be careful when selecting the patients for such an aggressive treatment, as morbidity rate remains high even for an experienced team.

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Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives for Wound-Healing Applications

Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives ◽

10.1201/b15636-20 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 259-274

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Chitosan Derivatives ◽

Chitin And Chitosan

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Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against Delta (B.1.617.2) Variant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines10010023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Ali Pormohammad ◽

Mohammad Zarei ◽

Saied Ghorbani ◽

Mehdi Mohammadi ◽

Saeideh Aghayari Sheikh Neshin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Severe Infection ◽

Vaccination Rate ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Short Term ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Public Health Decision ◽

Health Decision

The high transmissibility, mortality, and morbidity rate of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant have raised concerns regarding vaccine effectiveness (VE). To address this issue, all publications relevant to the effectiveness of vaccines against the Delta variant were searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Medline (via PubMed) databases up to 15 October 2021. A total of 15 studies (36 datasets) were included in the meta-analysis. After the first dose, the VE against the Delta variant for each vaccine was 0.567 (95% CI 0.520–0.613) for Pfizer-BioNTech, 0.72 (95% CI 0.589–0.822) for Moderna, 0.44 (95% CI 0.301–0.588) for AstraZeneca, and 0.138 (95% CI 0.076–0.237) for CoronaVac. Meta-analysis of 2,375,957 vaccinated cases showed that the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine had the highest VE against the infection after the second dose, at 0.837 (95% CI 0.672–0.928), and third dose, at 0.972 (95% CI 0.96–0.978), as well as the highest VE for the prevention of severe infection or death, at 0.985 (95% CI 0.95–0.99), amongst all COVID-19 vaccines. The short-term effectiveness of vaccines, especially mRNA-based vaccines, for the prevention of the Delta variant infection, hospitalization, severe infection, and death is supported by this study. Limitations include a lack of long-term efficacy data, and under-reporting of COVID-19 infection cases in observational studies, which has the potential to falsely skew VE rates. Overall, this study supports the decisions by public health decision makers to promote the population vaccination rate to control the Delta variant infection and the emergence of further variants.

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Antibiogram signatures of non-cholera causing Vibrio species recovered from environmental niches in Eastern Cape, South Africa.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-233720/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Oluwakemi Victoria Ayodele ◽

Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Vibrio Vulnificus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Vibrio Fluvialis

Abstract Background: The use of antibiotics globally has helped reduce mortality and morbidity rate due to its ability to effectively treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. However, the menace of antimicrobial resistance has become a challenge to public health due to its increased mortality and morbidity rate. This study determined the antibiogram pattern of non-cholera causing Vibrio species against a panel of 11 antibiotics that are wildly used for treatment. Multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype, multiple antibiotic resistant indices and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test antibiotics were also determined.Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm 100 isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 82 and 46 isolates of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio fluvialis respectively, collected from the culture collections of the Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare. Thereafter, disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiogram pattern of target non-cholera causing Vibrio species against a panel of 11 antibiotics that are of clinical importance. The highest rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance was observed against tetracycline (22 %) and nalidixic acid (16 %). Vibrio fluvialis also displayed highest rate of resistance against tetracycline (28 %) and nalidixic acid (28 %), while Vibrio vulnificus isolates exhibited highest rate resistance against imipenem (40 %) and tetracycline (22 %). A total of 38 MARP patterns were observed and the MAR indices ranged between 0.3 and 0.8. Against the resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 16 µg/ml to 2048 µg/ml for both tetracycline and nalidixic acid, while against Vibrio vulnificus isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 8 µg/ml to 256 µg/ml for both imipenem and nalidixic acid. Conclusions: Results obtained from this study is an indication that antibiotic resistant bacteria that could pose as threat to health of humans and animals are present in the environment.

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Coping Strategies and Health-Related Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57101113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 1113

Author(s):

Madalina Timircan ◽

Felix Bratosin ◽

Iulia Vidican ◽

Oana Suciu ◽

Mirela Turaiche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Short Form ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Physical Burden

Background and Objectives: As maternal deaths associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection remain at several times greater than the general population, significant factors that might contribute to the higher mortality and morbidity rate are the psychological impact of the disease and pregnancy itself. Therefore, the current study’s main objective was to assess how pregnant women react and cope with the stress of COVID-19 disease and how it influences their overall health and quality of life in healthcare facilities. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included 304 pregnant women who successfully completed standardized forms to assess our topics of interest, comprising of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Short Form Health Survey-12, the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory scale, the CORE-Outcome Measure Questionnaire, and the Quality from the Patient’s Perspective questionnaire. Results: Unemployed, pregnant women living in poverty in the rural areas had higher SARS-CoV-2 infection rates during pregnancy. They faced higher anxiety levels and depression rates, with associated increased physical burden and exhaustion. However, these findings are not influenced by hospital care since it remained unchanged among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 maternity units, excepting significantly lower technical competence scores of COVID-19 facilities. Conclusions: As the pandemic’s consequences emerge and additional outbreaks occur, care must prioritize the additional physical burden experienced by pregnant women who have contracted COVID-19, as well as psychological, emotional, and mental health support.

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Open and laparoscopic approaches are associated with comparable 90-day morbidity and mortality following ERAS protocol

10.1101/2020.04.08.20057521 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bhavin B. Vasavada ◽

Hardik Patel

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Operative Time ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Operating Time ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Blood Products ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

The Mean ◽

Eras Protocol

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe aim of this study is to compare 90-day mortality and morbidity between open and laparoscopic surgeries performed in one centre since the introduction of ERAS protocols.Material and MethodsAll gastrointestinal surgeries performed between April 2016 and March 2019 at our institution after the introduction of ERAS protocols have been analysed for morbidity and mortality. The analysis was performed in a retrospective manner using data from our prospectively maintained database.ResultsWe performed 245 gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary surgeries between April 2016 and March 2019. The mean age of patients was 50.96 years. 135 were open surgeries and 110 were laparoscopic surgeries. The mean ASA score was 2.4, the mean operative time was 111 minutes and the mean CDC grade of surgery was 2.56. 40 were emergency surgeries and 205 were elective surgeries. Overall the 90-day mortality rate was 8.5% and the morbidity rate was around 9.79%. On univariate analysis morbidity was associated with a higher CDC grade of surgeries, a higher ASA grade, longer operating time, the use of more blood products, a longer hospital stay and open surgeries. HPB surgeries and luminal surgeries (non hpb gastrointestinal surgeries) were associated with 90 day post operative morbidity. On multivariate analysis no factors independently predicted morbidity. On univariate analysis 90-day mortality was predicted by the grade of surgeries, a higher ASA grade, longer operative time, the use of more blood products, open surgeries and emergency surgeries. However on multivariate analysis only the use of more blood products was independently associated with mortalityConclusionThe 90-day mortality and morbidity rates between open and laparoscopic surgeries after the introduction of ERAS protocol were similar.

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