scholarly journals A Comparison of Labetalol and Nitroglycerin for The Management of Intraoperative Hypertension in Ambulatory Surgical Patients Who Underwent Cataract Surgery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Sanatkar ◽  
Hossein Sadrossadat ◽  
Mehrdad Goudarzi ◽  
Ebrahim Espahbod ◽  
Masoumeh Zangeneh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Topical Anesthesia ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Baseline Heart Rate ◽  
Repeat Dose ◽  
Hypotension Episode ◽  
Intraoperative Hypertension

Background: This is a prospective randomized blinded clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of labetalol and nitroglycerin for the management of intraoperative hypertension in ambulatory surgical patients who underwent cataract surgery. Methods: A total of 80 hypertensive patients (systolic blood pressure> 200 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure>100 mmHg) who had increased blood pressure during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia were reviewed. Patients were randomized to receive nitroglycerin (group N, n=40) or labetalol (group L, n=40). The initial dose of nitroglycerin was a bolus of 2 µg/kg and repeat dose of 1ug/kg intravenously every 5 minutes. Labetalol was administered as a bolus of 5 mg followed by 5 mg intravenously as needed every five minutes up to maximum dose of 1 mg/kg. Results: Systolic blood pressure decreased from 21.4±8.6 mm Hg (200 to 260 mm Hg) to 18.8±6.4 mm Hg with administration of nitroglycerin. Labetalol reduced systolic blood pressure from 21.4±6.7 mm Hg (201 to 258 mm Hg) to 17.6±11.6 (p=0.02). Nitroglycerin increased baseline heart rate from 68±8 beats/min to 82±6 beats/min (p=0.04), however, in the labetalol group heart rate reduced from control 72±6 to 64±9 beats/min (P<0.05). The hypotension episode was 18 (45%) cases in the nitroglycerin group and 2 (5%) cases in the labetalol group respectively (p<0.05). The mean of systolic blood pressure during their stay in the recovery room in nitroglycerin group was 20.7±9.6 mm Hg and in labetalol group was 18.5±10.2 mm Hg (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nitroglycerin may produce reflex tachycardia and episode of hypotension especially in elderly patients intraoperatively. Labetalol is a safe and effective antihypertensive agent for management of increased blood pressure during cataract surgery with topical anesthesia.

scholarly journals Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Alterations through Music in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery in Greece

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. OED.S20960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriakoula Merakou ◽  
Georgia Varouxi ◽  
Anastasia Barbouni ◽  
Eleni Antoniadou ◽  
Georgios Karageorgos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Coping

Introduction Music has been proposed as a safe, inexpensive, nonpharmacological antistress intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients undergoing cataract surgery while listening to meditation music experience lower levels of blood pressure and heart rate. Methods Two hundred individuals undergoing cataract surgery participated in the study. Hundred individuals listened to meditation music, through headphones, before and during the operation (intervention group) and 100 individuals received standard care (control group). Patients stress coping skills were measured by the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC Scale). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were defined as outcome measures. Results According to the SOC Scale, both groups had similar stress coping skills (mean score: 127.6 for the intervention group and 127.3 for the control group). Before entering the operating room (OR) as well as during surgery the rise in systolic and diastolic pressures was significantly lower in the intervention group ( P < 0.001). Among patients receiving antihypertensive therapy, those in the intervention group presented a lower increase only in systolic pressure ( P < 0.001) at both time recordings. For those patients in the intervention group who did not receive antihypertensive treatment, lower systolic blood pressure at both time recordings was recorded ( P < 0.001) while lower diastolic pressure was observed only during entry to the OR ( P = 0.021). Heart rate was not altered between the two groups in any of the recordings. Conclusions Meditation music influenced patients' preoperative stress with regard to systolic blood pressure. This kind of music can be used as an alternative or complementary method for blood pressure stabilizing in patients undergoing cataract surgery.

scholarly journals The Effects of Diazepam Administration on Hemodynamic Variables in Hypertensive Patients Who Undergoing Cataract Surgery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Sanatkar ◽  
Mehrdad Shorooghi ◽  
Ensiyeh Shakarami ◽  
Mehdi Mokhlesiyan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Conscious Sedation ◽  
Topical Anesthesia ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Midazolam Group ◽  
Hemodynamic Variables

Background: The purpose of this study was the evaluation of diazepam administration on perioperative blood pressure in hypertensive patients who undergoing cataract surgery. Methods: Eighty controlled hypertensive patients who underwent cataract surgery under topical anesthesia and conscious sedation were enrolled in this study. All patients were randomly divided to two equal size group for administration of diazepam 0.05 mg/kg (n=40, diazepam group) and midazolam 0.01 mg/kg (n=40, midazolam group) in order to conscious sedation. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation were recorded preoperatively as baseline value, and then 5, 10 and 15 minutes after diazepam or midazolam administration. Results: There were no difference between two groups in terms of systolic, diastolic and heart rate preoperatively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was decreased significantly more in diazepam group compared to midazolam group perioperatively. Heart rate did not change significantly in both groups. Oxygen saturation of blood was decreased in both groups but not statistically significant.  Systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability during each period intraoperatively was lower in diazepam group compared to another group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of patients during recovery room in diazepam group was lower than midazolam group. Conclusion: In hypertensive patients who undergoing cataract surgery with topical anesthesia, administration of diazepam in order to conscious sedation is an effective and safe method with less perioperatively side effects

scholarly journals Norepinephrine Infusion for Preventing Postspinal Anesthesia Hypotension during Cesarean Delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Hasanin ◽  
Sarah M. Amin ◽  
Nora A. Agiza ◽  
Mohamed K. Elsayed ◽  
Sherin Refaat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Norepinephrine Infusion ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Intraoperative Hypertension

Abstract EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE What We Already Know about This Topic Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery is common, usually treated with phenylephrine or ephedrine Norepinephrine was recently introduced in obstetric anesthesia but the optimal dose is unknown What This Article Tells Us That Is New This randomized, double-blinded trial compared prophylactic norepinephrine infusions of 0.025, 0.050, or 0.075 μg · kg-1 · min-1, started after bupivacaine spinal anesthesia, in full-term parturients having elective cesarean delivery The primary outcome, maternal hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 80% of baseline), occurred less frequently after both 0.050 and 0.075 μg · kg-1 · min-1 compared 0.025 μg · kg-1 · min-1 norepinephrine Background Norepinephrine has been recently introduced for prophylaxis against postspinal hypotension during cesarean delivery; however, no data are available regarding its optimum dose. The objective of this study is to compare three infusion rates of norepinephrine for prophylaxis against postspinal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Methods The authors conducted a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study including full-term pregnant women scheduled for cesarean delivery. Norepinephrine infusion was commenced after subarachnoid block. Patients were randomized into three groups, which received norepinephrine with starting infusion rates of 0.025 μg · kg-1 · min-1, 0.050 μg · kg-1 · min-1, and 0.075 μg · kg-1 · min-1. Infusion was stopped when intraoperative hypertension occurred. The primary outcome was the frequency of postspinal hypotension (defined as decreased systolic blood pressure less than 80% of the baseline reading). The three groups were compared according to the following: systolic blood pressure, heart rate, frequency of intraoperative hypertension, frequency of bradycardia, and neonatal outcomes. Results Two hundred eighty-four mothers were included in the analysis. The frequency of postspinal hypotension was lower for both the 0.050-μg · kg-1 · min-1 dose group (23/93 [24.7%], odds ratio: 0.45 [95% CI: 0.24 to 0.82], P = 0.014) and the 0.075-μg · kg-1 · min-1 dose group (25/96 [26.0%], odds ratio: 0.48 [95% CI:0.26 to 0.89], P = 0.022) compared with the 0.025-μg · kg-1 · min-1 dose group (40/95 [42.1%]). The two higher-dose groups (the 0.050-μg · kg-1 · min-1 group and the 0.075-μg · kg-1 · min-1 group) had higher systolic blood pressure and lower heart rate compared with the 0.025 μg · kg-1 · min-1 group. The three groups were comparable in the frequency of intraoperative hypertension, incidence of bradycardia, and neonatal outcomes. Conclusions Both the 0.050-μg · kg-1 · min-1 and 0.075-μg · kg-1 · min-1 norepinephrine infusion rates effectively reduced postspinal hypotension during cesarean delivery compared with the 0.025-μg · kg-1 · min-1 infusion rate.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Hemodynamic Infusion of Dexmedetomidine With Alternative Sufentanil-Midazolam Injection for Sedation of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Tavakkoli Far ◽  
Naser Yeganeh ◽  
Mansour Choubsaz ◽  
Afshin Almasi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Patient’S Satisfaction ◽  
Sedation Level ◽  
Midazolam Group

In order to induce sedation during cataract surgery, various medications with different side effects are used in separation or in combination. Dexmedetomidine has no effect on the respiratory system, but being dependent on dosage, it may cause cardiovascular disorders. The present study aims to compare the hemodynamic and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine and the combination of sufentanil-midazolam on patients undergoing cataract surgery. In a randomized clinical trial study, 60 patients were randomly divided into two dexmedetomidine and sufentanil-midazolam groups. In sufentanil-midazolam group, dexmedetomidine (DEX infusion at 0.5 μg/ kg for 10  minutes, then adjusted to 0.2 µg/kg/h) was prescribed. In the sufentanil-midazolam group, sufentanil (0.1 μg/kg for 5 minutes) and midazolam (0.2 µg/kg) were injected five minutes before the operation. Hemodynamic variables (Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate), complications (nausea, vomiting, hypoxia), sedation level, and pain intensity were recorded (at the beginning of the study, 5, 10 minutes after anesthesia, at the start of surgery, 5, 10, 15 minutes after the surgery) as well as patient’s satisfaction, surgeon's satisfaction, and complications. Results suggest that apart from gender, other primary characteristics of patients, including age, history of blood pressure, diabetes history, ASA score, mean of systolic, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and SPO2 levels, were similar in both groups (P>0.05). Systolic blood pressure patients receiving dexmedetomidine declined significantly more than that of patients receiving sufentanil-midazolam (P>0.5). Diastolic blood pressure suddenly fell 5 minutes after the infusion of sufentanil-midazolam (P>0.05), but then a relative increase and finally a relative decrease occurred, while diastolic blood pressure in patients receiving dexmedetomidine decreased steadily. The mean heart rate in patients receiving dexmedetomidine and sufentanil-midazolam declined gently (P>0.05). SPO2 was reduced significantly in the sufentanil-midazolam group (P<0.05). Drugs used in both groups reduced pain intensity equally (P>0.05). From the beginning of the study, dexmedetomidine produced a relatively stable sedation level (score 2) based on Ramsay's criteria, while the combination of sufentanil-midazolam-medications causes deeper sedation (score 3) in patients (P<0.05). Despite this fact, 23.33% of the patient receiving sufentanil-midazolam could have movements during the surgery, which was 6.66% higher in patients receiving dexmedetomidine (P=0.071). The satisfaction of patients receiving dexmedetomidine was significantly higher (P=0.044), while the surgeon's satisfaction was almost identical in both anesthesia procedures (P=0.94). In the end, the results of the present study showed that although dexmedetomidine is associated with few respiratory problems and higher satisfaction of patients, it decreases blood pressure and heart rate progressively. However, it seems that this medicine is more effective than a combination of midazolam-sufentanil because of more patient satisfaction, lack of hypoxia, fewer complications, and more suitable immobility.

scholarly journals Association between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Arterial Stiffness in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3266
Author(s):  
Laura Willinger ◽  
Leon Brudy ◽  
Renate Oberhoffer-Fritz ◽  
Peter Ewert ◽  
Jan Müller
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Objectively Measured

Background: The association between physical activity (PA) and arterial stiffness is particularly important in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) who are at risk for arterial stiffening. The aim of this study was to examine the association between objectively measured PA and arterial stiffness in children and adolescents with CHD. Methods: In 387 children and adolescents with various CHD (12.2 ± 3.3 years; 162 girls) moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed with the “Garmin vivofit jr.” for 7 consecutive days. Arterial stiffness parameters including pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) were non-invasively assessed by oscillometric measurement via Mobil-O-Graph®. Results: MVPA was not associated with PWV (ß = −0.025, p = 0.446) and cSBP (ß = −0.020, p = 0.552) in children with CHD after adjusting for age, sex, BMI z-score, peripheral systolic blood pressure, heart rate and hypertensive agents. Children with CHD were remarkably active with 80% of the study population reaching the WHO recommendation of average 60 min of MVPA per day. Arterial stiffness did not differ between low-active and high-active CHD group after adjusting for age, sex, BMI z-score, peripheral systolic blood pressure, heart rate and hypertensive agents (PWV: F = 0.530, p = 0.467; cSBP: F = 0.843, p = 0.359). Conclusion: In this active cohort, no association between PA and arterial stiffness was found. Longer exposure to the respective risk factors of physical inactivity might be necessary to determine an impact of PA on the vascular system.

scholarly journals FRI0618-HPR EFFECTS OF MUSIC THERAPY ON PAIN, ANXIETY, AND VITAL SIGNS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASES PATIENTS DURING BIOLOGICAL DRUGS INFUSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 914.2-914
Author(s):  
S. Boussaid ◽  
M. Ben Majdouba ◽  
S. Jriri ◽  
M. Abbes ◽  
S. Jammali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Pain Anxiety ◽  
The Mean

Background:Music therapy is based on ancient cross-cultural beliefs that music can have a “healing” effect on mind and body. Research determined that listening to music can increase comfort and relaxation, relieve pain, lower distress, reduce anxiety, improve positive emotions and mood, and decrease psychological symptoms. Music therapy has been used greatly in various medical procedures to reduce associated anxiety and pain. Patients have a high level of anxiety when they are in the hospital, this is the case of patients with rheumatic diseases who consult regularly to have intravenous infusion of biological therapies.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of music therapy on pain, anxiety, and vital signs among patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases during intravenous infusion of biological drugs.Methods:Fifty patients were divided into two groups: The experimental group G1 (n=25) received drug infusion while lestening to soft music (30 minutes); and the control group G2 (n=25) received only drug infusion. Measures include pain, anxiety, vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate). The pain was measured using visual analogic scale (VAS). The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) was used for measuring anxiety, low anxiety ranges from 20 to 39, the moderate anxiety ranges from 40 to 59, and high anxiety ranges from 60 to 80. Vital signs (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], heart rate [HR], and respiratory rate [RR]) were measured before, during and immediately after the infusion.Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used for analysis.Results:The mean age in G1 was 44.45 years (26-72) with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.8. Including the 25 patients, 12 had rheumatoid arthritis, 10 had ankylosing spondylitis and 3 had psoriatic arthritis. The mean disease duration was 8 years. In G2, the mean age was 46 years (25-70) with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.75, 12 had rheumatoid arthritis, 11 had ankylosing spondylitis and 2 had psoriatic arthritis. The mean disease duration was 7.5 years. The biological drugs used were: Infliximab in 30 cases, Tocilizumab in 12 cases and Rituximab in 8 cases.Before the infusion, the patients of experimental group had a mean VAS of 5/10±3, a mean STAI of 50.62±6.01, a mean SBP of 13.6 cmHg±1.4, a mean DBP of 8.6 cmHg±1, a mean HR of 85±10 and a mean RR of 18±3. While in control group the mean VAS was 5.5±2, the mean STAI was 50.89±5.5, the mean SBP was 13.4±1.2, the mean DBP was 8.8±1.1, the mean HR was 82±8 and the mean RR was 19±2.During the infusion and after music intervention in G1, the mean STAI became 38.35±5 in G1 versus 46.7±5.2 in G2 (p value=0.022), the mean SBP became 12.1±0.5 in G1 versus 13±1 in G2 (p=0.035), the mean DBP became 8.1±0.8 in G1 versus 8.4±0.9 in G2 (p=0.4), the mean HR became 76±9 in G1 versus 78±7 in G2 (p=0.04) and the mean RR became 17.3±2.1 in G1 versus 18.2±1.7 in G2 (p=0.39).This study found a statistically significant decrease in anxiety, systolic blood pressure and heart rate in patients receiving music interventions during biological therapies infusion, but no significant difference were identified in diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate.Conclusion:The findings provide further evidence to support the use of music therapy to reduce anxiety, and lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate in patients with rheumatic disease during biological therapies infusion.References:[1] Lin, C., Hwang, S., Jiang, P., & Hsiung, N. (2019).Effect of Music Therapy on Pain After Orthopedic Surgery -A Systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Pain Practice.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Cardiovascular Responding during Anger and Fear Imagery

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Roberts ◽  
Theodore C. Weerts
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Scene Change ◽  
Emotional Responding ◽  
Analysis Of Change ◽  
Screening Interview

This study was designed to determine if visualization of anger- and fear-provoking scenes produced differential physiological patterns similar to those produced by in vivo manipulations. Normotensive college students were selected on the basis of their responses to newly developed Anger and Fear/Anxiety questionnaires and for their ability to construct arousing scenes during a screening interview. In a 2 × 2 design (intensity × emotion), four scenes (high and low anger, high and low fear) were constructed individually for each of 16 subjects to imagine. Diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored during visualization of each scene. Change in diastolic blood pressure was significantly greater for high anger than for high fear as predicted. Analysis of change in heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed significant effects for intensity only. These results provide further support for the concept of physiological differentiation in human emotion and suggest the utility of imagery for systematic study of human emotional responding.

Haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress during the menstrual cycle

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Manhem ◽  
Christina Jern ◽  
Martin Pilhall ◽  
Guy Shanks ◽  
Sverker Jern
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The haemodynamic effects of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle were examined in 11 normotensive women (age 20–46 years). The subjects were studied on days 2–8 (follicular phase) and days 18–26 (luteal phase) in a randomized order. A standardized mental stress test and a 24 h recording of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were performed. 2. Pre-stress resting levels of heart rate and blood pressure were similar during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. 3. During mental stress, the heart rate response was significantly greater during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase (14.7 versus 9.7 beats/min; P < 0.05). 4. Blood pressure, plasma catecholamine concentrations and subjective stress experience increased significantly in response to stress, without any significant differences between the two phases. 5. During 24 h ambulatory monitoring, higher levels of systolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). 6. These data indicate that cyclic variations in female sex hormones not only affect systolic blood pressure and heart rate, but also alter the haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress.

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Recordings in Children and Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-184
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Harshfield ◽  
Bruce S. Alpert ◽  
Derrick A. Pulliam ◽  
Grant W. Somes ◽  
Dawn K. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Black And White

Objective. To provide reference data for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and to determine the influence of age, sex, and race on these values. Methods. ABPM was performed on 300 healthy, normotensive boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 18 years, including 160 boys and 140 girls, of whom 149 were white and 151 were black. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) while awake and during sleep were calculated for black and white boys and girls aged 10 to 12 years, 13 to 15 years, and 16 to 18 years. Results. Boys compared with girls 10 to 12 years of age had higher mean (±SD) SBP (115 ± 9 vs 112 ± 9 mm Hg; P &lt; .01) and DBP (67 ± 7 vs 65 ± 5 mm Hg; P &lt; .01) while awake. Boys compared to girls 13 to 15 years of age had higher SBP while awake (116 ± 11 vs 112 ± 8 mm Hg; P &lt; .01). Boys compared with girls 16 to 18 years of age had higher SBP while awake (125 ± 12 vs 111 ± 9 mm Hg; P &lt; .01) and during sleep (116 ± 11 vs 106 ± 9 mm Hg). Comparisons within sex showed similar changes with age for boys and girls. Blacks compared with whites 13 to 15 years of age had higher SBP during sleep (109 ± 11 vs 105 ± 10 mm Hg; P &lt; .01), and blacks compared with whites 16 to 18 years of age had higher DBP during sleep (66 ± 7 vs 58 ± 6 mm Hg; P &lt; .01). Comparisons across age groups within race showed that blacks 16 to 18 years of age had higher SBP during sleep than blacks 10 to 12 years of age (109 ± 11 vs 104 ± 10 mm Hg), and higher DBP during sleep (66 ± 7 mm Hg; P &lt; .01) than blacks 10 to 12 years of age (61 ± 7 mm Hg; P &lt; .01) and 13 to 15 years of age (61 ± 8; P &lt; .01 mm Hg). The changes with age were not significant for white subjects. Conclusion. These results provide age-specific reference data for ABPM in youths. These values differ by sex (boys more than girls) and race (Blacks more than Whites).

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