scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Ticks (Arachniada: Argasidae and Ixodidae) and Their Infection Rate to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd ◽  
Samin Jafari ◽  
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy ◽  
Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo ◽  
Eslam Moradi-Asl
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hard Ticks ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hyalomma Marginatum ◽  
Cchf Virus

Background: The Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important arthropod-borne viral dis-eases with a mortality rate of about 30% among humans. The disease, caused by a Nairovirus, is transmitted to humans and animals by hard and soft ticks. This study aimed to determine the distribution of soft and hard ticks in the past three decades in Iran with an emphasis on the vectors of the CCHF virus. Methods: In this study, all studies that were carried out in different regions of Iran from 1979 to 2018 and their results were published in prestigious journals were used to create a database. The distribution of ticks was mapped using ArcMap10.3. Results: Based on the results, nine genera and 37 species of soft and hard ticks were recorded in Iran. So far, six genera and 16 species of hard and soft ticks were reported to be infected with the CCHF virus. The infection to this virus was reported from 18 out of 31 provinces, with a high rate in Sistan and Baluchistan as well as Khuzestan provinces. The highest levels of CCHF infection belonged to Hyalomma marginatum and H. anatolicum. Conclusion: The main vectors of CCHF, H. marginatum and H. anatolicum, were reported in more than 38.7% of Iran's provinces, and these two species were identified as invasive species in Iran. Thus, control activities should be strength-ened to avoid the outbreaks of CCHF.

scholarly journals Molecular Assay on Detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus in Ixodid Ticks Collected from Livestock in Slaughterhouse from South of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri ◽  
Hassan Vatandoos ◽  
Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi ◽  
Mehdi Fazlalipour ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hard Ticks ◽  
Slaughter House ◽  
Cchf Virus

Background: Ticks are vectors of a wide variety of pathogens that can be transmitted to humans, and tick-borne diseas­es are a significant public health issue worldwide. The present study was carried out on the hard tick infestation of live­stock transported to Rafsanjan slaughter house in the southeast of Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out biweekly from April to September 2016 to determine tick infesta­tion of the meat-producing animals. All the livestock included in our study were thoroughly inspected for the presence of hard ticks on different parts of their bodies. Results: A total of 258 hard ticks were collected from the body of livestock hosts. The ticks that were sampled were classified into two genera and five species: Hyalomma marginatum, Hy. anatolicum, Hy. asiaticum, Hy. dromedarii, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Hyalomma dromedarii was the most abundant species in the study area. More than 50 per­cent of the sampled ticks were collected from the body of camels brought to the slaughter house however molecular analysis showed no Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus infection in tick specimens. The Sex ratio of the sampled hard ticks shows that female tick infestation was more common among the study livestock. Conclusion: Due to the crucial role of hard ticks in the transmission of different pathogens to humans, additional inves­tigations are necessary to determine the risk of consumption of infested meat-producing animals in the study area.

scholarly journals Infection Rate in the Population of Ticks Hyalomma marginatum in the Territory of the Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever (CHF) Natural Focus and Assessment of the Link with the CHF Incidence in the Stavropol Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
N. V. Tsapko ◽  
V. M. Dubyansky ◽  
A. Yu. Gazieva ◽  
U. M. Ashibokov ◽  
A. S. Volynkina
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Central Research Institute ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Hyalomma Marginatum ◽  
Cchf Virus ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
The Individual

Objective of the study was to assess the infection rate in the population of the main CCHF virus vector Hyalomma marginatum and its impact on the CHF incidence in the Stavropol Region.Materials and methods. The data on spontaneous infection of H. marginatum ticks in the territory of the CHF natural focus in the Stavropol Region for the period 2012–2018 are presented. In total, more than 22.000 H. marginatum specimens pooled in 1546 samples were tested. The indication of CCHF virus was performed by PCR method using the reagent set for detecting RNA of the CCHF virus “AmplySens® CCHFV-FL” (produced by Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russia). To determine the individual infection rate in pools Beklemishev`s method was used. The data on CCHF incidence and amount of tick-bitten persons are taken from official statistics and Annual Epidemiological Report on CHF Incidence provided by the Rospotrebnadzor Administration in the Stavropol Region for the period of 2012–2018.Results and discussion. RNA of CCHF virus was detected in 161 (10.4 %) out of 1546 pooled ticks. The highest infection rate (20 %) was among nymphs. The infection rate for pooled males of H. marginatum was 11 % and for females – 8.5 %. Circulation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus is confirmed in major part of the Stavropol Region. The average infection rate among H. marginatum population was 1.54 % for the period of 2012–2018, ranging from 0.23 % in 2014 to 2.97 % in 2017. It is established that the level of infection rate among H. marginatum population does not affect the CHF incidence in the Stavropol Region. Probably it is not the number of infected ticks in the population that determines the CHF incidence rate but their abundance.

scholarly journals Differential Cell Line Susceptibility to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyu Dai ◽  
Qiaoli Wu ◽  
Xiaoli Wu ◽  
Cheng Peng ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Permissive Cell ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Cchf Virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne viral disease of global concerns due to the increasing incidence and lack of effective treatments. The causative agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV), has been characterized for years; however, its tropism in cell lines of different host and tissue origins remains unclear. This study characterized the susceptibility of 16 human and 6 animal cell lines to CCHFV. Increased viral load and viral nucleoprotein expression, and productive CCHFV replication were detected in human vascular (HUVEC), renal (SW-13 and HEK-293), hepatic (Huh7), and cerebral (U-87 MG) cell lines, which were considered CCHFV-highly permissive cell lines. Renal cell lines derived from monkey and dog could also support CCHFV replication. This study evaluated the susceptibility of different cell lines to CCHFV and identified CCHFV-permissive cell lines. Our findings raise concerns regarding the use of cell lines in ex vivo studies of CCHFV and may have important implications for further fundamental research, which would promote understanding of CCHFV pathogenesis and transmission, as well as benefit designing strategies for disease prevention and control.

scholarly journals Reverse Genetics for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 5997-6006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Flick ◽  
Kirsten Flick ◽  
Heinz Feldmann ◽  
Fredrik Elgh
Keyword(s):  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Pol I ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Cchf Virus

ABSTRACT The widespread geographical distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus (more than 30 countries) and its ability to produce severe human disease with high mortality rates (up to 60%) make CCHF a major public health concern worldwide. We describe here the successful establishment of a reverse genetics technology for CCHF virus, a member of the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. The RNA polymerase I (pol I) system was used to generate artificial viral RNA genome segments (minigenomes), which contained different reporter genes in antisense (virus RNA) or sense (virus-complementary RNA) orientation flanked by the noncoding regions of the CCHF virus S segment. Reporter gene expression was observed in different eukaryotic cell lines following transfection and subsequent superinfection with CCHF virus, confirming encapsidation, transcription, and replication of the pol I-derived minigenomes. The successful transfer of reporter gene activity to fresh cells demonstrated the generation of recombinant CCHF viruses, thereby confirming the packaging of the pol I-derived minigenomes into progeny viruses. The system offers a unique opportunity to study the biology of nairoviruses and to develop therapeutic and prophylactic measures against CCHF infections. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that the human pol I system can be used to develop reverse genetics approaches for viruses in the family Bunyaviridae. This is important since it might facilitate the manipulation of bunyaviruses with cell and host tropisms restricted to primates.

scholarly journals Evidence for recombination in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 2333-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Lukashev
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Bootscan Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Cchf Virus ◽  
L Segment ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Multiple Recombination

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus has attracted considerable attention recently and a number of phylogenetic studies have been published, based mostly on partial sequences of S and M RNA segments. In this study, available full-length S, M and L segment sequences of CCHF virus were checked for recombination. Similarity plots and bootscan analysis of the S segment suggested multiple recombination events between southern European, Asian and African CCHF virus strains, with additional evidence provided by phylogenetic trees, the hidden Markov model and probabilistic divergence measures methods. No unambiguous signs of recombination were observed for M and L segments; however, the results did not exclude the possibility of this. These findings, coupled with a recent report on reassortment in CCHF virus, suggest caution when assessing CCHF virus phylogeny based on short sequence fragments.

scholarly journals Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Genomics and Global Diversity

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (17) ◽  
pp. 8834-8842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varough M. Deyde ◽  
Marina L. Khristova ◽  
Pierre E. Rollin ◽  
Thomas G. Ksiazek ◽  
Stuart T. Nichol
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Individual Segment ◽  
Cchf Virus ◽  
Tree Topologies

ABSTRACT Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe illness with high case fatality that occurs in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The complete genomes of 13 geographically and temporally diverse virus strains were determined, and CCHF viruses were found to be highly variable with 20 and 8%, 31 and 27%, and 22 and 10% nucleotide and deduced amino acid differences detected among virus S (nucleocapsid), M (glycoprotein), and L (polymerase) genome segments, respectively. Distinct geographic lineages exist, but with multiple exceptions indicative of long-distance virus movement. Discrepancies among the virus S, M, and L phylogenetic tree topologies document multiple RNA segment reassortment events. An analysis of individual segment datasets suggests genetic recombination also occurs. For an arthropod-borne virus, the genomic plasticity of CCHF virus is surprisingly high.

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