scholarly journals Aspects for Priority Protection Assessment of Abiotic Components to Oil Exposure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kalinka
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Environmental Vulnerability ◽  
Expert’S Opinion ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Oil Exposure

The analytical review was prepared to assess coefficients of priority protection the features of special significance for mapping the vulnerability of marine coastal zones from oil pollution. Nowadays, this issue is a rather complex scientific problem, because there is no consensus on how to evaluate, calculate and how to present them. In most cases, such coefficients are given by one or more parameters in relative units (points, ranks). As a rationale, only criteria are given, taking into account which it is determined how much one object is more important for protection than another, and specific values are based mainly on the subjective expert’s opinion and are therefore ambiguous. At the same time, the availability of maps showing the environmental vulnerability of marine coastal zones is very important in case of emergency oil spills, as it facilitates the indicating of priorities for cleaning, especially at the initial stages of spill response and minimizes potential damage to the natural and man-made environment. This paper proposes approaches, where the basis for obtaining quantitative standardizable indicators of priority protection the features of special significance presented with minimal subjectivity and maximum generality.

scholarly journals Mapping of Ecological Vulnerability of Sea-Coastal Zones to Oil Spills: A Preliminary Method Applied to Kola Bay, the Barents Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Shavykin ◽  
Andrey Karnatov
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Ecological Vulnerability ◽  
Vulnerability Maps ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Spilled Oil

Preparedness for oil spill response is a challenge for many coastal countries. Responders are unable to take effective action unless maps that indicate areas with different vulnerability to oil pollution are available. Such maps, developed in many countries, are usually based on calculations with rank (ordinal) values. However, arithmetic operations with them cannot be allowed. The article describes a method of constructing maps using metric values. The calculations take into account the biomass and the quantity of important biota components, especially significant socio-economic objects and protected areas. The biota distribution densities are represented in the identical units. The vulnerability factors are assessed based on the potential impact of spilled oil on biota, as well as its sensitivity and recoverability after disturbance. The proposed method takes into account the different sensitivity of biota inhabiting in the water column and on the sea surface. Oil vulnerability maps for Kola Bay using the proposed algorithm are presented.

scholarly journals Oil Pollution Affects the Central Metabolism of Keystone Vachellia (Acacia) Trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6660
Author(s):  
Marco Ferrante ◽  
Anuma Dangol ◽  
Shoshana Didi-Cohen ◽  
Gidon Winters ◽  
Vered Tzin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Desert Ecosystem ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Central Metabolism ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
One Year

Vachellia (formerly Acacia) trees are native to arid environments in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, where they often support the local animal and plant communities acting as keystone species. The aim of this study was to examine whether oil pollution affected the central metabolism of the native keystone trees Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) and V. raddiana (Savi), as either adults or seedlings. The study was conducted in the Evrona Nature Reserve, a desert ecosystem in southern Israel where two major oil spills occurred in 1975 and in 2014. Leaf samples were collected to analyze the central metabolite profiles from oil-polluted and unpolluted adult trees and from Vachellia seedlings growing in oil-polluted and unpolluted soils in an outdoor setup. We found that oil pollution had a stronger effect on one-year-old seedlings than on adult trees, reducing the levels of amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. While adult trees are mildly affected by oil pollution, the effects on young seedlings can cause a long-term reduction in the population of these keystone desert trees, ultimately threatening this entire ecosystem.

Compulsory civil liability insurance, financial security: An integral component of compensation for ship-source oil pollution damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-441
Author(s):  
Pham Van Tan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Pollution Damage ◽  
Significant Harm ◽  
Oil Tankers

Oil pollution damage caused by oil spills at sea generally occurs on a large scale across numerous regions and countries, causing significant harm to marine ecosystems as well as worldwide economic loss. The costs are so severe in many instances that the owner of the ship responsible for the pollution cannot afford to pay compensation to those who have suffered loss. As a consequence, the need to cover oil pollution damages has given rise to compulsory liability insurance, which provides a financial guarantee against the costs of oil spills. Compulsory civil liability insurance has therefore become an indispensable part of the liability regime for owners of oil tankers and bunkers.

scholarly journals Characterization of microbial response to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in a lacustrine ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio D’Ugo ◽  
Milena Bruno ◽  
Arghya Mukherjee ◽  
Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay ◽  
Roberto Giuseppetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽  
Microbial Response ◽  
Pollution Event ◽  
Hydrocarbonoclastic Potential

AbstractMicrobiomes of freshwater basins intended for human use remain poorly studied, with very little known about the microbial response to in situ oil spills. Lake Pertusillo is an artificial freshwater reservoir in Basilicata, Italy, and serves as the primary source of drinking water for more than one and a half million people in the region. Notably, it is located in close proximity to one of the largest oil extraction plants in Europe. The lake suffered a major oil spill in 2017, where approximately 400 tons of crude oil spilled into the lake; importantly, the pollution event provided a rare opportunity to study how the lacustrine microbiome responds to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Water samples were collected from Lake Pertusillo 10 months prior to and 3 months after the accident. The presence of hydrocarbons was verified and the taxonomic and functional aspects of the lake microbiome were assessed. The analysis revealed specialized successional patterns of lake microbial communities that were potentially capable of degrading complex, recalcitrant hydrocarbons, including aromatic, chloroaromatic, nitroaromatic, and sulfur containing aromatic hydrocarbons. Our findings indicated that changes in the freshwater microbial community were associated with the oil pollution event, where microbial patterns identified in the lacustrine microbiome 3 months after the oil spill were representative of its hydrocarbonoclastic potential and may serve as effective proxies for lacustrine oil pollution.

scholarly journals Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil and Chemical Dispersants on Multiple Life History Stages of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 808
Author(s):  
Sara M. Garcia ◽  
Kevin T. Du Clos ◽  
Olivia H. Hawkins ◽  
Brad J. Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Oil Exposure

The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica is an ecologically and economically important species that is vulnerable to oil pollution. We assessed sublethal effects of soluble fractions of crude oil alone (WAF) and crude oil in combination with Corexit 9500 dispersant (CEWAF) on oysters at three life history stages. Veliger swimming, pediveliger settlement, and adult clearance rates were quantified after 24 h exposures to the contaminants. Veliger swimming speeds were not significantly impacted by 24 h exposures to WAF or CEWAF. A larger proportion of veligers were inactive following WAF and CEWAF exposure as compared to the control, but the effect was greater for pediveligers, and pediveliger settlement in the highest concentration CEWAF treatment decreased by 50% compared to controls. Thus, pediveligers may be particularly vulnerable to oil exposure. In the adults, we found significant clearance rates reductions that persisted 33 days after acute exposure to CEWAF. Knowledge of sublethal effects of oil and dispersant at multiple life history stages aids understanding of how this important species will respond to an oil spill.

scholarly journals Data Visualization in Engineering Pedagogy through Determination of Colour Variance in Contaminated Grass Samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Conor White ◽  
James Uhomoibhi
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Data Visualisation ◽  
Small Measure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Engineering Pedagogy ◽  
Enhanced Learning

Big Data and Data Analytics have in recent times become important areas of focus in academia, in business and in society. This paper utilises experiments involving data visualisation of oil pollution studies and their effects on environment for enhanced learning in engineering education. Tracking and analysis of images and the use of accessible applications for the analysis of acquired data revealed the level of impact of the different types of oil pollution on grass vegetation. In accounting for these changes the primary RGB colours and corresponding values are used. The use of spectral analysis applications available in spectroscopy and comparison of results would in future prove useful in assessing some aspects of these changes in relation to wavelength and colours changes. The results of these studies would contribute in no small measure to the determination of best cleaning strategies for oil spills.

scholarly journals COSMO–SkyMed Synthetic Aperture Radar Data to Observe the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando Nunziata ◽  
Andrea Buono ◽  
Maurizio Migliaccio
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar Data ◽  
Pollution Event ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Csk Constellation ◽  
Aperture Radar

Oil spills are adverse events that may be very harmful to ecosystems and food chain. In particular, large sea oil spills are very dramatic occurrence often affecting sea and coastal areas. Therefore the sustainability of oil rig infrastructures and oil transportation via oil tankers are linked to law enforcement based on proper monitoring techniques which are also fundamental to mitigate the impact of such pollution. Within this context, in this study a meaningful showcase is analyzed using remotely sensed measurements collected by the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operated by the COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) constellation. The showcase presented refers to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil incident that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. It is one of the world's largest incidental oil pollution event that affected a sea area larger than 10,000 km2. In this study we exploit, for the first time, dual co-polarization SAR data collected by the Italian CSK X-band SAR constellation showing the key benefits of HH-VV SAR measurements in observing such a huge oil pollution event, especially in terms of the very dense revisit time offered by the CSK constellation.

scholarly journals MIKROORGANISME PENDEGRADASI TPH (TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON) SEBAGAI AGEN BIOREMEDIASI TANAH TERCEMAR MINYAK BUMI (Review Article)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Prasetyo Handrianto
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Petroleum Pollution ◽  
Ph Optimization

Exploitation and exploration activities will produce sewage sludge and crude oil spills that cause pollution to the environment and upgrading to the environment, biology and soil chemistry. Monitoring of oil pollution conditions on the soil can be done by detection of all hydrocarbon components, or what is called the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). According to its components, this total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) can be classified into 3 points, aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic. One of the biological efforts that can be used to overcome petroleum pollution is by using bioremediation technology. There are several methods in bioremediation, one of which is the biostimulation method, where the growth of the original hydrocarbon decomposers is stimulated by adding nutrients, oxygen, pH optimization and temperature. Hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms have characteristic not possessed by other microorganisms, namely their ability to excrete hydroxylase enzymes, which are hydrocarbon oxidizing enzymes, so that these bacteria can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Biodegradation can be formed if there is a structural transformation so that cahnges in molecular integrity occur. This process is a series of enzymatic or biochemical reaction that require ideal environmental conditions with the growth and proliferation of microorganisms. Something that need to be known before remediation are pollutants (organic or inorganic), degraded/ not, dangerous/ not, how many pollutants pollute the soil, the ratio of carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and phophorus (P), soil type, soil conditions (wet dry), and how long pollutants have been deposited in these locations

Applying machine learning to satellite imagery and vessel-tracking data to detect chronic oil pollution from ships at sea and identify the polluters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jona Raphael ◽  
Ben Eggleston ◽  
Ryan Covington ◽  
Tatianna Evanisko ◽  
Sasha Bylsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Sar Imagery ◽  
Pollution Events

<p><strong>Operational oil discharges from ships</strong>, also known as “bilge dumping,” have been identified as a major source of petroleum products entering our oceans, cumulatively exceeding the largest oil spills, such as the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon spills, even when considered over short time spans. However, we still don’t have a good estimate of</p><ul><li>How much oil is being discharged;</li> <li>Where the discharge is happening;</li> <li>Who the responsible vessels are.</li> </ul><p>This makes it difficult to prevent and effectively respond to oil pollution that can damage our marine and coastal environments and economies that depend on them.</p><p> </p><p>In this presentation we will share SkyTruth’s recent work to address these gaps using machine learning tools to detect oil pollution events and identify the responsible vessels when possible. We use a convolutional neural network (CNN) in a ResNet-34 architecture to perform <strong>pixel segmentation</strong> on all incoming <strong>Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar</strong> (SAR) imagery to classify slicks. Despite the satellites’ incomplete oceanic coverage, we have been detecting an average of <strong>135 vessel slicks per month</strong>, and have identified several geographic hotspots where oily discharges are occurring regularly. For the images that capture a vessel in the act of discharging oil, we rely on an <strong>Automatic Identification System</strong> (AIS) database to extract details about the ships, including vessel type and flag state. We will share our experience</p><ul><li>Making sufficient training data from inherently sparse satellite image datasets;</li> <li>Building a computer vision model using PyTorch and fastai;</li> <li>Fully automating the process in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud.</li> </ul><p>The application has been running continuously since August 2020, has processed over 380,000 Sentinel-1 images, and has populated a database with more than 1100 high-confidence slicks from vessels. We will be discussing <strong>preliminary results</strong> from this dataset and remaining challenges to be overcome.</p><p> </p><p>Our objective in making this information and the underlying code, models, and training data <strong>freely available to the public</strong> and governments around the world is to enable public pressure campaigns to improve the prevention of and response to pollution events. Learn more at https://skytruth.org/bilge-dumping/</p>

Environmental Vulnerability of the Coastal Environments of Western Perak to Oil Spills

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.W. Sum ◽  
B.J. Pierson ◽  
A.A. Kadir ◽  
Z.Z.T. Harith ◽  
U. Teknologi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Environmental Vulnerability
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