scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE ACQUISITION AND EXTICTION OF AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN RATS

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Marcellino de Oliveira ◽  
Sebastião De Sousa Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Avoidance Performance ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Response Acquisition ◽  
Shock Generator ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
Contradictory Data

Twelve newborn rats were fed by mothers maintained on protein-deficient diet (12% casein, M) during lactation, and 12 rats fed by mothers maintained on a diet containing 25% casein were used as controls (C). After weaning, all animals were standard lab ration. Half of each group was housed individually (MI and CI), while the other half was allowed to live in pairs (MP and CP). When adult, all animals were trained to avoid footshocks by jumping onto a platform. Trainiing sessions consisted of 40 trials starting with a 20 sec light stimulus (CS) and followed by a 2 sec, 0.6 mA shock (US) with an average interval of 54 sec. When all animals displayed consistent avoidance behavior, the extinction phase was initiated. The produce was the same as for the training session except that shock generator was disconnected. Extinction continued until each animal showed a 50% reduction in avoidance performance. During acquisition, MI learned faster than CI and CI showed greater avoidance performance than CP, but no differences were observed between MP and CP. During extinction, group M responded more persistently than group C. The present acquisition results may explain the contradictory data reported in the literature with respect to the effects of malnutrition on avoidance performance, since environmental stimulation was shown to reduce the effects of early malnutrition. Individually housed animals showed greater avoidance performance during both phases. Keywords: Protein malnutrition, avoidance response, acquisition, extinction, environmental stimulation. 

scholarly journals Veterinary needs of dogs in two resource-limited communities in the Gauteng and North West provinces of South Africa

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
W.N. Minnaar ◽  
R.C. Krecek
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Veterinary Services ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet

Information on the socioeconomic aspects and the health status of dogs in 2 resource-limited communities in the North West and Gauteng provinces of South Africa was gathered using semi-structured interviews and a standardised questionnaire. The dogs were examined clinically to determine their health status, and their body condition and age were scored. Most of the dogs (93 % in Jericho and 90 % in Zuurbekom) were infected with hookworm, which poses a threat to animal and human health in the 2 study areas. Many dogs were also being given a protein-deficient diet, which together with hookworm parasites would impact considerably on the dog's health. Dogs were mainly kept for security reasons. The need indicated to be most important by the residents of the 2 commnities was a lack of available and affordable veterinary services.

scholarly journals Iberian pig adaptation to acorn consumption: I. Net portal appearance of metabolites

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Fernández-Fígares ◽  
Jose Miguel Rodríguez-López ◽  
Lucrecia González-Valero ◽  
Manuel Lachica
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Period ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Sampling Session ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet ◽  
Portal Plasma ◽  
Set Up

Most valuable cured products from Iberian pigs come from pure bred animals raised for a final grazing-fattening period where pigs eat mainly acorns, a low protein energy rich fruit. This is a nutritional challenge for animals fed equilibrated diets from weaning. The aim of the study was to determine net portal appearance (NPA) of metabolites in gilts fed acorns and evaluate adaptational changes after one week of feeding. Two sampling periods were carried out (after one day and after one week of acorn feeding) with six gilts (34 kg average BW) set up with three catheters: in carotid artery and portal vein for blood sampling, and ileal vein for para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) infusion to measure portal plasma flow (PPF). Pigs were fed at 2.5 × ME for maintenance a standard diet in two portions, at 09:00 (0.25) and 15:00 h (the remaining 0.75). On the day prior to the first sampling period, pigs were fed 2.4 kg of oak acorns. After feeding 0.25 of ration a 6 h serial blood collection was initiated. Following an identical protocol, a second sampling session was performed 1 week later. Adaptation to acorn consumption decreased NPA of ammonia (47%,P < 0.001). Although there was a transfer of urea from the gastrointestinal tract to the circulation in both sampling periods, no differences in NPA of urea was found (P > 0.05). NPA of glucose was not influenced by sampling period (P > 0.05), but NPA of lactate was greatly increased (231%,P < 0.001). There was a negative NPA of albumin although adaptation to acorn feeding did not alter it. Although NPA of triglycerides and cholesterol were unchanged, a subtle increase in arterial and portal cholesterol was noticed (9.6%,P < 0.01). Pigs fed a protein deficient diet for one week adapted decreasing NPA of ammonia for saving metabolic energy as less ammonia would become available for conversion to urea.

scholarly journals The effects of a tryptophan- and protein-deficient diet upon growth in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela H. Becker ◽  
Stephen F. Davis ◽  
Cathy A. Grover ◽  
Cynthia A. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet

LIPID METABOLISM AND LIPOPROTEIN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PEROXIDATION ARE AFFECTED BY A PROTEIN-DEFICIENT DIET IN THE RAT

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Moundras ◽  
Christian Demigné ◽  
Christine Morand ◽  
Marie-Anne Levrat ◽  
Christian Rémésy
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet

Effects of Ionized Air on Early Acquisition of Sidman Avoidance Behavior by Rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1071-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Falkenberg ◽  
Roger E. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Avoidance Performance ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sidman Avoidance ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Air Ions ◽  
Air Ionization ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Ionized Air

This research investigated the effects of positive and negative air ionization on the early acquisition of a Sidman (1953) avoidance response. The subjects were 20 male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. They were randomly assigned to ionization conditions and given 4 2-hr. acquisition sessions. The temporal parameters of the task were a response-shock interval of 20 sec. and a shock-shock interval of 5 sec. Shocks were delivered as 1-ma. pulses of 1 sec. duration. The results indicated that at the end of 4 2-hr. sessions the avoidance performance of rats trained in the presence of negative air ions was superior to that of rats trained in the presence of positive air ions.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN CONTENT ON Trypanosoma cruzi INFECTION IN GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL MICE

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isa P. CINTRA ◽  
Marcelo E. SILVA ◽  
Marcílio E.C. SILVA ◽  
Márcio E. SILVA ◽  
L.C. C. AFONSO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Cruzi Infection ◽  
Microbiological Status

Germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) mice were fed on diets containing 4.4, 13.2 or 26.4% of protein (weight/weight). CV mice fed on low protein diet did not gain weight during four weeks, whereas the protein deficient diet did not affect the growth of GF mice. After four weeks on these diets, the mice were inoculated with 5x103 trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The protein deficiency affected less the GF than the CV mice, according to the following parameters: weight gain, hemoglobin, plasma protein and albumin levels and water and protein contents of the carcass. Infection with T. cruzi produced a significant decrease in hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, and water and protein contents in the carcass. This decrease was more pronounced in the GF mice. Histopathologically, there was no difference between the treatments in animals with the same microbiological status (GF or CV). However, the disease was more severe in the GF than in the CV mice.

scholarly journals The effect of protein-deficient isoenergetic diets on the growth of rat jejunal mucosa

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Syme
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Metaphase Arrest ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet ◽  
Delayed Maturation

1. Newly weaned 21-d-old male rats were given isoenergetic diets containing 200, 100 and 50 g protein/kg for 7, 14, 28 or 70 d. The mid-jejunum was removed from the rats and a micrometric analysis of the mucosa was made. The following measurements were made: number of villi/mm2, vilius dimensions, villus surface area, crypt depth, crypt: villus, the number of cells/crypt in metaphase arrest per h.2. Comparisons were made between animals of the same age but on different diets, and animals on the same diet but of different ages. The latter comparison gave information on the effect of protein deficiency on the pattern of maturation of each feature of The villus or crypt studied.3. The effect of protein deficiency was not consistent at each stage of maturation. For instance villus height was decreased when compared with the controls following 28 d on a protein-deficient diet but not after 7 or 70 d.4. The only measurement to be unaffected by protein deficiency was the number of villi per unit area.5. In general the 50 g protein/kg diet had a more pronounced effect than the 100 g protein/kg diet. Protein deficiency delayed maturation by either slowing or inhibiting changes seen in normal maturation.6. In rats given 50 g protein/kg diet, although the villus surface area did not increase as the rats matured there were increases in epithelial cell production rate and number of crypts per villus.

Atrophy and neuron loss: Effects of a protein-deficient diet on sympathetic neurons

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (16) ◽  
pp. 3568-3575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Pires Gomes ◽  
Jens Randel Nyengaard ◽  
Rúbia Misawa ◽  
Priscila Azevedo Girotti ◽  
Patrìcia Castelucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Neuron Loss ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet

Sidman Avoidance Performance under Punishment and Non-Contingent Shock Conditions

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. McIntire ◽  
Hank Davis ◽  
Shlomo I. Cohen ◽  
Eileen O. Franch
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Avoidance Performance ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Avoidance Schedule ◽  
Sidman Avoidance ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Shock Delivery ◽  
Stable Performance

In order to compare the effects of 2 methods of extra-schedule shock delivery on avoidance behavior, 4 Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to stable performance on a Sidman avoidance schedule (RS = 15, Ss = 5). When avoidance behavior was punished on a fixed ratio schedule, response rates decreased and all animals avoided fewer shocks. After re-establishing the avoidance baselines, the mean number of previously obtained punishment shocks were presented in a non-contingent manner. Under this condition, avoidance response rates were uniformly accelerated and all animals received fewer unavoided shocks. A quantitative index of avoidance efficiency revealed that all Ss' behavior was least efficient in avoiding shock during the fixed ratio punishment condition and was most efficient during the delivery of non-contingent shock.

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