scholarly journals Experimental design

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-35
Author(s):  
Sylwester Białowąs ◽  
Atanaska Reshetkova ◽  
Adrianna Szyszka
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Experiment is a research method appropriate to examine causal relationships, also in relation to the current problems of science, including sustainable development. Conducting experiments can take place in laboratory conditions, but also in natural environments. The main objective of an experiment is always to test what the researcher actually wants and to obtain results that can be generalised to the entire population. In other words, planning experiments requires considering many aspects related to their internal and external validity. The key aspect that needs to be considered in conducting experiments is proper problem defining, as well as the concepts of causality, manipulation or null and alternative hypotheses. It is also worth bearing in mind that in social sciences, when engaging participants in research, caution must be exercised. Depending on whether each participant of the experiment is exposed to all conditions or different people test different ones, the classification of experiments is distinguished into within-subjects and between- subjects design. In this chapter, the most commonly used experimental designs in this division are presented. However, the experimental method offers more complex schemes such as randomised block design or Latin square design. Finally, the obtained findings should be properly presented—in the form of a report following APA standards.

scholarly journals Diseños experimentales e investigación científica

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Badii, ◽  
M. Castillo Rodríguez ◽  
A. Wong ◽  
P. Villalpando
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Experiment Research ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Plot Design

Key words: Design, experiment, research, scienceAbstract. The basics of the experimental designs are noted. Different features of common types of experimental designs such as the completely randomized design, the randomized block design, the Latin Square design, the split plot design and the factorial design are described. Each experimental design is illustrated by an example using real data. The application of experimental designs to the scientific research is discussed.Palabras claves: Ciencia, diseño, experimento, investigaciónResumen. Se describen los fundamentos de los diseños experimentales. Se explican las distintas características de los diseños experimentales del uso común, tales como el diseño completamente aleatorio, e diseño de bloques al azar, el diseño de cuadro latino, el diseño de parcelas divididas y el de factorial. Para cada diseño se presenta un ejemplo con los datos reales del campo. Se discute la aplicación de estos diseños en relación con la investigación científica.

Research Methodology for Studying Attributions to Supernatural Causality

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50
Author(s):  
Robert J. Ritzema
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Stimulus Material ◽  
Internal And External Validity ◽  
Narrative Description

Wright (1983) questions the use of hypothetical situations as stimulus material in recent research exploring attributions to supernatural causality. He advocates the use of behavioral settings in such research, and suggests that hypothetical situations be standardized when they are used. While attributional research could benefit substantially from use of behavioral settings, threats to internal and external validity can best be overcome, not by reliance on a single research method, but by use of a variety of different methods. The stimulus material presented to subjects in the typical attribution experiment can be divided into two components, a narrative description and one or more questions about this description. Establishing validity of these elements involves separate, though related, sets of problems.

scholarly journals Dialectical Inquiry: A Structured Qualitative Research Method

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Berniker ◽  
David McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Large Firm ◽  
Subject Matter Experts ◽  
Organizational Processes ◽  
Qualitative Research Method ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Internal And External Validity

This paper presents Dialectical Inquiry (DI) as a structured qualitative research method for studying participant models of organizational processes. The method is applied to rich secondary anecdotal data on technology transfer, gathered by subject-matter experts in a large firm. DI assumes that the imposition of a dialectical structure will produce emergent theories in tacit use by organizational actors. As such, it serves as a meta-structure for grounded rese arch. Three competing models were discovered in the data. Each model was analyzed in the context of other models to reveal governing assumptions and counter assumptions. It is demonstrated that each model grasps essential truths, but is necessarily incomplete, and would fail due to internal contradictions. The internal and external validity of the results were tested in a manner consistent with qualitative research.

scholarly journals Classification of Latin squares

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Lakic
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Experimental Designs

Efficacy and profitability of results and eventually the conclusions of an experiment were found to depend on the statistical model for organizing an experiment. No thoroughgoing studies have been reported to date in our statistical literature on Latin square designs, one of the three basic experimental designs. The objective of the study was to define the insufficiently known subsets of Latin square designs having special properties and classify them using a number of criteria.

Flexibility of Single-Subject Experimental Designs. Part I

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leija V. McReynolds ◽  
Cynthia K. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Controlled Evaluation ◽  
Single Subject Designs ◽  
Internal And External Validity

The discussion in this article is directed at a brief review of the basic components of single-subject experimental designs. It sets out to present some of the technical and practical advantages in developing single-subject designs to evaluate potential treatment variables and treatments. The point is made that the designs are specifically structured for applied, intervention research. In addition to explaining how the basic AB components function to allow for a controlled evaluation, a short review is included of other factors important to the scientific method such as operational definitions, reliability, repeated measures, and internal and external validity. The article serves as a foundation for the following two articles that are directed at demonstrating the flexibility of single-subject experimental studies.

The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and External Validity

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Claudia Appel ◽  
Dirk Hutsebaut
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
External Validity ◽  
German Version ◽  
Dutch Version ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.

EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN STUDENTS CENTERED LEARNING OLEH MAHASISWA PPL FKIP-UKI DI SEKOLAH MITRA – PSKD

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eden Handayani Tyas ◽  
Sunarto Sunarto ◽  
Lamhot Naibaho
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Student Centered ◽  
Student Centered Learning ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Partner Schools

This study is about the evaluation of student centered learning implementation by Internship students of Faculty of Education and Teacher Training at PSKD Jakarta. The purpose of this study to find out how the implementation of student centered learning at the school. The research method used was survey method by using qualitative research approach. The respondents of this study were 31 teachers who were taken using proportional random sampling (50%) from 62 companion teachers. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires (which consists of 24 statements) and interviews. Questionnaire data was analyzed quantitatively by classification of Likert scale value while interview data was analyzed descriptively. From the data collected through questionnaires and interviews found that the implementation of student centered learning in PSKD partner schools in Jakarta is good, and 30% of teachers still believe that the implementation of student centered learning in PSKD partner schools is still poor. Thus, it can be concluded the implementation of students centered learning at PSKD is good, but it still needs improvement. Keyword: evaluation, implementation, students centered learning, PPL

scholarly journals A novel preference-informed complementary trial (PICT) design for clinical trial research influenced by strong patient preferences

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samina Ali ◽  
◽  
Gareth Hopkin ◽  
Naveen Poonai ◽  
Lawrence Richer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Clinical Trial Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Internal And External Validity ◽  
Treatment Population

Abstract Background Patients and their families often have preferences for medical care that relate to wider considerations beyond the clinical effectiveness of the proposed interventions. Traditionally, these preferences have not been adequately considered in research. Research questions where patients and families have strong preferences may not be appropriate for traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) due to threats to internal and external validity, as there may be high levels of drop-out and non-adherence or recruitment of a sample that is not representative of the treatment population. Several preference-informed designs have been developed to address problems with traditional RCTs, but these designs have their own limitations and may not be suitable for many research questions where strong preferences and opinions are present. Methods In this paper, we propose a novel and innovative preference-informed complementary trial (PICT) design which addresses key weaknesses with both traditional RCTs and available preference-informed designs. In the PICT design, complementary trials would be operated within a single study, and patients and/or families would be given the opportunity to choose between a trial with all treatment options available and a trial with treatment options that exclude the option which is subject to strong preferences. This approach would allow those with strong preferences to take part in research and would improve external validity through recruiting more representative populations and internal validity. Here we discuss the strengths and limitations of the PICT design and considerations for analysis and present a motivating example for the design based on the use of opioids for pain management for children with musculoskeletal injuries. Conclusions PICTs provide a novel and innovative design for clinical trials with more than two arms, which can address problems with existing preference-informed trial designs and enhance the ability of researchers to reflect shared decision-making in research as well as improving the validity of trials of topics with strong preferences.

PENYUSUNAN BUKU PANDUAN PRAKTIK WISATA YANG BERTANGGUNG JAWAB DALAM PENDAKIAN GUNUNG

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Jussac Maulana Masjhoer ◽  
Dwi Wibowo ◽  
Bijak Qoulan Sadida ◽  
Inosensius Tito Ogista
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Mountain Climbing ◽  
Tourist Behavior ◽  
The Public ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Responsible Tourism

The lack of information related to the best practices in responsible tourism is one of the causes to tourist behavior problems. This study aims to determine the behavior of tourists in hiking, the adoption of responsible tourism practices, and to compile a responsible tourism practices guidebook. The research method used is survey research by spreading the questionnaire. Based on Likert analysis, at the pre-ascending stage, the classification of attitudes indicated by the respondents for cost and transportation is quite agreeable, while for equipment, guide, and simaksi is agreed. The ascent stage, the indicator when going up the mountain is quite agree, camping is not agree, the cook is agree, and when down the mountain is strongly agree. The post-ascent stage shows quite agreeable attitude. The public test of the guidebook, for the aspect of size and language of submission shows an agreeable attitude, while for the design, thickness, and content of the book shows an agreeable attitude. The conclusion is that (1) Still found the behavior of tourists in mountain climbing that is not environmentally friendly, (2) The responsible tourism practices of mountaineering that includes pre-ascending, ascent, and post-ascent, not well implemented by tourists, and (3) The responsible tourism practices guidebook still lack both technical and substance. Keywords: responsible tourism, mountain hiking, guidebook, tourist behavior

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