Raising “Our Girls”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Child Custody ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Feminist Theology ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
Religious Doctrine ◽  
Maternal Custody

This chapter addresses Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s feminist views on maternal custody and parenting. She advocated granting legal rights of child custody to mothers in the event of separation or divorce. Stanton challenged the separate spheres ideology and argued for women to work in paid employment as well as to have pecuniary and social power in the home. To bring about this transformation of gender roles, Stanton articulated feminist parenting ideals of reconstructing gender by raising the next generation of boys and girls in equal moral, educational, and social ways. She took this message to the populace in speeches on the Lyceum tour over eleven years. Ultimately, as this chapter concludes, Stanton argued that religious doctrine must be reformed in order to transform the gendered social roles of women and men, as she articulated in the feminist theology of her Woman’s Bible.

Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Barringer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Male Perceptions ◽  
Material Record ◽  
Insight Into

Atalanta, devotee of Artemis and defiant of men and marriage, was a popular figure in ancient literature and art. Although scholars have thoroughly investigated the literary evidence concerning Atalanta, the material record has received less scrutiny. This article explores the written and visual evidence, primarily vase painting, of three Atalanta myths: the Calydonian boar hunt, her wrestling match with Peleus, and Atalanta's footrace, in the context of rites of passage in ancient Greece. The three myths can be read as male and female rites of passage: the hunt, athletics, and a combination of prenuptial footrace and initiatory hunt. Atalanta plays both male and female initiatory roles in each myth: Atalanta is not only a girl facing marriage, but she is also a female hunter and female ephebe. She is the embodiment of ambiguity and liminality. Atalanta's status as outsider and as paradoxical female is sometimes expressed visually by her appearance as Amazon or maenad or a combination of the two. Her blending of gender roles in myth offers insight into Greek ideas of social roles, gender constructs, and male perceptions of femininity. Erotic aspects of the myths of the Calydonian boar hunt and the footrace, and possibly also her wrestling match with Peleus, emphasize Atalanta as the object of male desire. Atalanta challenges men in a man's world and therefore presents a threat, but she is erotically charged and subject to male influence and dominance.

Legal Issues in Divorce for Transgender Individuals

2018 ◽  
pp. 312-326
Author(s):  
Shannon Price Minter
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Child Custody ◽  
Spousal Support ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Marital Property ◽  
Judicial Attitudes ◽  
Judicial Bias

This chapter examines the legal issues faced by transgender people in divorce and child custody cases. Despite trans people’s increased visibility, and gains in legal rights and protections, many people—including judges—continue to harbor misconceptions about transgender people. Attorneys representing transgender clients must anticipate the possibility of judicial bias and take proactive steps to address it. Attorneys must be prepared for the unique legal issues that arise when a spouse transitions during an existing marriage. Even under modern “no-fault” divorce regimes, attorneys must be prepared to rebut the claim that coming out as transgender constitutes misconduct or justifies awarding the other spouse more marital property or spousal support. In custody cases, attorneys must anticipate and rebut misinformation and negative judicial attitudes toward transgender parents. Finally, even after Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), attorneys representing transgender clients who married before Obergefell must be prepared to explain why that decision is retroactive.

Principals’ conceptions of teachers’ power basis: a phenomenographic study

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1051
Author(s):  
Gökhan Özaslan
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Education ◽  
Bases Of Power ◽  
Power Basis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the various ways in which a group of principals conceptualize the power basis of teachers within teacher–principal interactions. Design/methodology/approach The present study takes power as a potential to influence people as it was conceptualized in the taxonomy developed by French and Raven (1959/1968) and Raven (1993). This taxonomy was also used to discuss the conceptions emerged in the interview data. A total of 16 principals, 8 from public schools and 8 from private schools, were interviewed. Findings The phenomenographic analysis of the interviews with the 16 principals revealed five ways of understanding teachers’ power basis. These conceptions (in the form of categories of description) were: (a) the principal’s sense of reciprocity, (b) teachers’ field-specific knowledge, (c) teachers’ administrative experience, (d) teachers’ union affiliation and (e) teachers’ legal rights. Categories (a) and (b) were common to all the study’s participants. Category (c) was unique to participants from private schools, while categories (d) and (e) were unique to participants from public schools. Research limitations/implications Three topics – the subtler forms of legitimate power, the issue of teacher tenure and the influence of unions on the educational system – appeared to have potential for interesting future studies in the field of educational management. Practical implications There is an apparent need to include social power as a course component in preparatory programs for educational administrators. The revised power taxonomy, which took its final form after the revisions made by Raven (1993), appeared to be an adequate explanatory theory to understand the teachers’ bases of power, and as such, it can be used to structure the content of the course about power interactions in school settings. In addition, the Turkish Ministry of National Education should handle the issue of unions’ improper influence over the educational system and take necessary measures in order to maintain the effective functioning of public schools. Originality/value To date, subordinates’ bases of power as a research subject has apparently been ignored. The present study is the first to reveal variations in the ways that school principals conceptualize teachers’ basis of power. Although the study data were collected in one city in Turkey, the research implications drawn from its findings can inspire interest in this neglected field of study all around the world.

Feminist Theology, Roman Catholicism, and Alienation

Horizons ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-300
Author(s):  
Chester Gillis
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theology ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Religious Institution ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Church

AbstractThe topic of this article is the effects that the writings of feminist theologians, many of whom are Roman Catholic, have upon Catholic students. The questions it attempts to answer are: Has feminist theology served to alienate American Catholics further from the church, discouraging them from identifying with the tradition or institution, or has it awakened them to retrieve the tradition in a creative way and to take responsibility within the institution and reshape it? The article further seeks to differentiate between spirituality, theology, and religious institution. How will Catholicism affect the larger culture if this generation is alienated from institutional identification? If they settle permanently on alternative forms of religious identification and spiritual fulfillment the face of Catholicism in the future will be even more conservative than it is today. However, feminist theology may be the basis for hope. Seriously attended to by the church, it could help to inform the consciousness of the next generation.

scholarly journals Military Service in the construction of manhoodErkekliğin kurgulanmasında Askerlik Hizmeti

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4410
Author(s):  
Zeynel Karacagil
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Civic Duty ◽  
Discourse Practices ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

The existence of subjects in a society is accepted in groups formed on the basis of gender and in communities and thus gains meaning. We have heard the statement “does a manly man do such a thing?” so many times when a man displays behaviour outside the gender roles described for men in the practice of social structure. It is necessary to look at the components constituting manliness and to examine the behavioural practices with which those components are related so as to understand the status called manliness. The functionality of military service remains constantly dynamic in Turkey due to its political and socio-cultural effects. Military service is influential in social organisation both as political and social power in the formation of the mechanism for manliness. Military service, which is institutionalised in accordance with the needs of political organisation, has gained sacredness in a various discourse, practices and in collective memory. In consequence of its sacredness, it has gained new meanings and it has become a determinant in the life of men.   This study found that military service had great impacts in the formation of the mechanism for manliness. Sacredness attributed to military service especially in rural areas has strengthened the impact and caused men to see military service as the turning point of their life. Consequently, military service has gone beyond being a civic duty and become a social duty.   The author of this article agrees with the argument that military organisation is one of the dynamics forming the foundation in building men’s social gender roles. In this context, the cultural codes of manliness should be searched in “military service”.  This study uses the method of autoethnography. Additionally, the method of oral history is also employed. The data used in this study came from two sources- namely, my personal observations, experiences and conversations during my military service in Ankara in 2014; and interviews with people who had performed their military service. The data obtained will be evaluated in interpretivist paradigm. Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetÖznelerin toplum içindeki varlıkları, cinsiyetlere göre oluşturulmuş gruplar ve cemaatler içinde kabul edilerek, anlam kazanmaktadır. Toplumsal yapının pratiklerinde, erkeklere tanımlanmış olan cinsiyet rollerinin dışında bir davranışta bulunulduğunda “Erkek adam da bunu yapar mı?” söylemini çok defa duymuşuzdur. Erkeklik denilen toplumsal statüyü anlamak için oluşumundaki katmanlara bakmak ve bu katmaların ilişkide olduğu davranış pratiklerini incelemek gerekmektedir. Türkiye’de askerlik hizmetinin siyasal ve sosyo – kültürel etkilerden dolayı işlerliği sürekli dinamik kalmaktadır. Erkeklik mekanizmasının oluşmasında askerlik hizmeti, toplumsal örgütlenme içerisinde hem siyasal hem de toplumsal iktidar bir güç olarak etkisini göstermektedir. Siyasal bir örgütlenmenin ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda kurumsallaşan askerlik hizmeti, çeşitli söylem ve pratikler ile kolektif hafızalarda bir kutsallık kazanmaktadır. Kazandığı bu kutsiyet sonucunda yeni anlam dizgelerine bürünerek, erkeklerin hayatlarında belirteç bir konuma gelmektedir. Bu çalışma neticesinde askerlik hizmetinin, erkeklik mekanizmasının oluşmasında büyük bir etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Geleneksel toplumlarda özellikle kırsal bölgelerde askerliğe yüklenen kutsallık bu etkiyi daha da güçlendirerek, erkeklerin askerlik hizmetini, hayatlarının bir dönüm noktası olarak görmelerine neden olmuştur. Bunun sonucunda askerlik hizmeti bir vatandaşlık görevi olmaktan uzaklaşarak, toplumsal bir görev halini almıştır.Askerlik örgütlenmesinin erkeklerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin inşasında temel teşkil eden dinamiklerden birisi olduğu argümanını kabul etmekteyim. Bu bağlamda erkekliğin kültürel kodları “askerlik hizmetinde” aranacaktır. Çalışmada otoetnografi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca sözlü tarih yönteminden de yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan bilgiler iki kaynaktan toplanmıştır; 2014 yılında Ankara’da Jandarma olarak askerliğimi yaptığım dönemde ki gözlemlerim, deneyimlerim ve görüşmelerim ilk kaynak bilgileri oluştururken, askerlik hizmetini yapmış kişiler ile yapılan görüşmelerden elde edilen bulgular ise ikinci kaynak bilgilerimi oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen bu bilgiler yorumsamacı paradigma ile değerlendirilecektir. 

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING WHY MOTHERS CAN LOSE CHILD CUSTODY IN MALAYSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (Number 1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Rokiah Kadir ◽  
Raihanah Abdullah ◽  
Safiek Mokhlis
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Child Custody ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Maternal Custody ◽  
Case Based

Custody decisions are tailored to the circumstances of each case based on related principles with protection of child welfare as courts’ paramount consideration. This paper seeks to understand custody issue from quantitative viewpoint through a conceptual model and examines how child custody principles have influenced loss decisions for mothers. The methodology used was content analysis and Chi-Square correlation, with usable data provided by 47 cases decided in Malaysia between 1987 and 2017 based on Act 303. Coding instrument and conceptual framework were developed with items covering presumption of maternal custody, custodian qualification and loss of rights, child’s and mother’s wishes. The findings revealed that mothers were less likely to lose custody cases and when they did their defeats were strongly influenced by factors relating to children’s preference and status quo arrangement. The results contribute to an understanding of how mothers can lose custody of their children and clarify whether some of the independent variables are used more regularly and are more predictive of the loss decisions than the others.

The Femininity–Money Incongruity Hypothesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Allen ◽  
Sarah J. Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Societal Challenges

Women are often stereotyped as poorly equipped to deal with money matters, compared to men, yet very little research has examined the underpinnings and consequences of such gender stereotypes. Drawing on descriptive and prescriptive elements of women’s social roles, we empirically examined the gendered nature of money stereotypes. Specifically in the current work, we introduced and investigated the femininity–money incongruity hypothesis, which suggests that when the concepts of femininity and money are both cognitively activated, money will become a liability for women, causing decrements in cognitive functioning. We first probed the role of gender identity and benevolent sexism beliefs in women’s endorsement of money–gender stereotypes. In two subsequent experiments, we tested the hypothesis that simultaneously activating money and femininity would lead to decrements in cognitive functioning. Converging results across studies suggest that money is incompatible with the stereotypic female gender identity, and this incongruity has detrimental cognitive costs for women as they navigate gender roles. Implications of societal challenges imposed on women by gender stereotypes regarding money matters at work and in relationship contexts and proposed interventions are discussed. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317718505

scholarly journals Gender in “Our Arabic Language” Books for the First Three Grades in Jordan

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Khitam Ahmad Bani Omar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Male Role ◽  
Review Team ◽  
Female Roles ◽  
Gender Images ◽  
Creativity And Innovation

This paper focuses on identifying the reality of gender in “our Arabic language” books for the first three grades in Jordan. To achieve the objective of the study, we made use of the descriptive analytical method. Also, we represented the study community in “our Arabic language” books for the first three grades in Jordan. In this study, various tools for analysis have been developed and verified. After the analysis has been verified, the results of the study show that the Committee for the writing of Arabic language books for the first three grades had majority of females. The authoring team and the review team were mostly male. It showed that the total number of repeated gender-related words (males) reached 922 and 70.87% in total. The gender gap (females) reached 379 (29.13%). The total number of gender-related images (males) was 250 (71.43%) based on the total number of photographs. Gender images (females) reached 100 and 28.57% of the total number of images. The total number of gender-related addresses (males) reached 8 by 16.67% of the total number of addresses. The gender-related titles were 2 and 4.17% of the total number of addresses, and 38 by 79.16% for the general addresses based on the total number of addresses. The analysis of gender roles showed that the occupations practiced by women are limited to 6 occupations, with the most prominent being a nurse and a teacher. The professions which were related to males are 20 professions, most notably pilot, fisherman, and farmer. It showed that creativity and innovation, health roles, heroism, courage, and ownership of property are limited to males without females. In regards to social roles, males can be seen as father, uncle, brother, grandfather and cousin, while the female can be seen as mother, grandmother, and aunt. The results showed a more male role than female roles.

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