The Femininity–Money Incongruity Hypothesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Allen ◽  
Sarah J. Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Societal Challenges

Women are often stereotyped as poorly equipped to deal with money matters, compared to men, yet very little research has examined the underpinnings and consequences of such gender stereotypes. Drawing on descriptive and prescriptive elements of women’s social roles, we empirically examined the gendered nature of money stereotypes. Specifically in the current work, we introduced and investigated the femininity–money incongruity hypothesis, which suggests that when the concepts of femininity and money are both cognitively activated, money will become a liability for women, causing decrements in cognitive functioning. We first probed the role of gender identity and benevolent sexism beliefs in women’s endorsement of money–gender stereotypes. In two subsequent experiments, we tested the hypothesis that simultaneously activating money and femininity would lead to decrements in cognitive functioning. Converging results across studies suggest that money is incompatible with the stereotypic female gender identity, and this incongruity has detrimental cognitive costs for women as they navigate gender roles. Implications of societal challenges imposed on women by gender stereotypes regarding money matters at work and in relationship contexts and proposed interventions are discussed. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317718505

scholarly journals War Memories and the Refusal of Male Dominance in Shakir's "Oh, Lebanon"

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Hassan Ali Abdullah Al-Momani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
Female Protagonist ◽  
War Memories

This study investigates the role of the war memories in the construction of the female gender identity in Evelyin Shakir's "Oh, Lebanon," in which the female protagonist refuses to belong to her Arab identity when she lives in the United States because of the brutal war memories she witnesses in Lebanon. Such memories make the protagonist unable to accept her submissive gender role in the Arab culture. In other words, these memories of war motivate the protagonist to revolt against her father's will and to choose her own way of building her identity away from the influence of her Arab culture and traditions. The methodology of this paper is based on a close reading analysis of some quotations from Shakir's short story which will be analyzed to see how the war memories in Lebanon have influenced the construction of the protagonist's gender identity. The study concludes that the trauma of war motivates Arab female gender to react against the male dominance and traditions because war, with its dark memories, might uncover that hidden desire in female's subconscious mind to feel unlimited or constrained with the male dominance.

“Cinderella” Vs “Timun Mas”: Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Culture as Learning Material Purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Cynantia Rachmijati ◽  
Sri Supiah Cahyati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Content ◽  
And Gender

Gender roles are an important part of culture. How the genders are portrayed in the literature contributes to the image young adults develops of their gender roles and the role of gender in the social order. This research entitled  “Cinderella VS Timun Mas : Exploring gender stereotypes and culture as learning materials purposes” aimed to analyze the content of both “Cinderella” and “Timun Mas” which cover: 1. Occupations and Gender Stereotypes; 2 Centrality of Female and Male Characters; 3. Culture Content ; and 4 Suitability as learning material purposes. This research is a qualitative study using content analysis. It was carried out with procedures: collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Based on research questions it is revealed that for occupation and gender types showed that “Timun mas” has varieties of gender with 66,67% reference whereas “Cinderella” only has 50% references. For the centrality of male and female character, “Cinderella’ has more varieties in 37,5% male and 62,5% female whereas in “Timun Mas” showed 50% for both genders”. For the cultural content, in “Timun Mas” the cultural content found was 60% and in “Cinderella” was 80%. And the suitability to be used as learning materials showed that “Timun Mas” checked with 16 points whereas “Cinderella” checked with 20 points. It can be concluded that both can be used as authentic learning materials for gender references, but “Cinderella” has more varieties and cultural content compared to “Timun Mas”.

scholarly journals The role of gender in the use of Hungarian address forms

2019 ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Ágnes Domonkosi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Gender

Forms of address are directly related to the nature of social relationships. The gender of the discourse partners, including the question whether they are of the same or different genders, thus has an impact on the use of forms of address. The goal of this paper is to highlight the major gender-related characteristics of Hungarian address practices by reporting on a comprehensive sociolinguistic study based on questionnaires and interviews. In line with the perspective of social constructivism, the gender-related usage patterns of address forms are interpreted as actively shaping the construal of particular relationships and gender roles rather than merely reflecting them. Thus, the research findings suggest that iterative patterns in the use of more confidential/affectionate forms with women contribute to the maintenance of female gender roles.

scholarly journals An examination of the attitudes of midwives and nurses towards gender roles and the influencing factorsEbe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları ve etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songül Aktaş ◽  
Zümrüt Yılar Erkek ◽  
Halil Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
English Summary ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Black Sea Region

AimThe study was conducted to determine the attitudes of midwives and nurses working in a university hospital in the Black Sea Region towards gender roles and influencing factors.MethodIt was a descriptive study and was carried out with 173 midwives and nurses. The sample size of the study was determined by G power analysis. The data were collected using “Introductory Information Form” and “Social Roles Attitude Scale”.FindingsThe majority of the nurses and midwives participating in the study were female (68.8%), university graduates (61.3%), nurse(92.5%) single (60.7%). Their mean age was 26.98±5.14. Social Roles Attitude Scale scores of midwives and nurses were found to be low. Gender was identified as an important factor influencing social gender attitude.In our study, the egalitarian gender role, female gender role, gender role in marriage, traditional gender role and male gender role scores were found higher in female midwives and nurses than male nurses (p<0.05). As their age increased, the mean scores of the midwives and nurses’ gender role were found to decrease (p <0.05). The single midwives and nurses were found to have more egalitarian gender roles (p <0.05).ConclisuionOne of the factors influencing the gender attitude of midwives and nurses is the education level of the mother. As the mothers’ level of education increased in the study, it was determined that the role of gender was increased in the participants. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetAmaçÇalışma "Karadeniz Bölgesinde  bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan ebe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumlarını ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla" yapılmıştır.MetotAraştırmanın tipi tanımlayıcıdır.   Çalışma  173 ebe ve hemşire ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın örneklem büyüklüğü G power analizi ile belirlenmiştir.   Veriler; “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu” ve “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır.BulgularÇalışmaya katılan ebe ve hemşirelerin çoğunluğu;  kadın (%68.8),  üniversite mezunu (%61.3), hemşire (%92.5), ve medeni durumu bekârdır (%60.7). Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması  26.98±5.14, evlilik süresi ortalaması ise  6.07±6.29’dir. Ebe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutum ölçeği puanları  düşük bulunmuştur. Cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumunu etkileyen önemli bir faktör olarak belirlenmiştir.  Çalışmamızda  "eşitlikçi cinsiyet rolü, kadın cinsiyet rolü, evlilikte cinsiyet rolü, geleneksel cinsiyet rolü ve erkek cinsiyet rolü puan ortalamaları" kadın ebe ve hemşirelerde, erkek hemşirelere göre  yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Yaş arttıkça, ebe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rolü puan ortalamasının düştüğü belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Bekar olan ebe ve hemşirelerin daha fazla eşitlikçi cinsiyet rollerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05).Çalışmada annelerin eğitimi düzeyi yükseldikçe, ebe ve hemşirelerinde toplumsal cinsiyet rolünün yükseldiği saptanmıştır.SonuçYaş, cinsiyet, ebeveynlerin eğitim durumu, medeni durum, ailede kararları alma biçimi,  para bütçesinin yönetim şekli  gibi faktörler,  toplumsal cinsiyet rolüne ilişkin tutum puanını etkileyebilmektedir (p<0.05).

scholarly journals Sexismo en “Digimon”: quince años de inmovilismo = Sexism in “Digimon”: Fifteen years of stagnation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Pedro Vázquez-Miraz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Group Leader ◽  
Great Capacity ◽  
Visual Material ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Male Stereotypes ◽  
Las Mujeres

Resumen: Este artículo científico tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis descriptivo sobre el sexismo que mantiene una popular serie japonesa de dibujos animados, “Digimon”. Este programa fue emitido por primera vez en España en el año 2000 y en la actualidad sigue transmitiendo la imagen tradicionalista de los roles sexuales a todos los niños que siguen ese programa. Para poder afirmar lo dicho, se han comparado las principales características personales que la serie otorga a cada uno de sus protagonistas en función de su sexo y las metas que han logrado en las dos primeras temporadas de esta longeva serie, con el nuevo material audiovisual que se ha presentado en el año 2015; junto a un análisis denotativo de los adjetivos calificativos que los protagonistas humanos de la serie usan en cuatro capítulos escogidos al azar de la primera temporada y de los primeros cuatro capítulos de su última temporada. Las conclusiones son claras; tanto en el nuevo como en el viejo material, los protagonistas varones y sus acompañantes representan los estereotipos sexuales masculinos típicos: fuerte liderazgo e importancia de la valentía y fortaleza; mientras que las mujeres, representan los roles sexuales femeninos clásicos: actitud sumisa respecto el líder grupal, gran capacidad de autosacrificio o demostrar afecto por los demás. Palabras clave: sexismo, violencia, roles sociales, estereotipos de género, dibujos animados, televisión. Abstract: This paper describes an analysis of sexism that maintains a popular Japanese cartoon, “Digimon”. This program was first broadcast in Spain in 2000 and actually, continues to transmit the image of traditionalist gender roles to children who watch the program. We have compared the main personal characteristics that the program gives each one of the characters based on their sex and the goals they have achieved in the first two seasons of this longlived program, with the new audio-visual material that was introduced in 2015. Also we did a denotative analysis of four chapters of the first season, randomly selected, and the first four chapters of his final season. Conclusions are clear; in both materials, the male protagonists and their companions represent typical male stereotypes: strong leadership and importance of courage and strength; while women represent classic female roles: submissive attitude toward the group leader, great capacity for auto-sacrifice or show affection for each other. Keywords: sexism, violence, social roles, gender stereotypes, cartoons, television. doi: https://doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3549

scholarly journals GENDER PERSPEKTIF ETIKA PESANTREN (Studi Tentang Kepemimpinan Kiai dan Nyai Tentang Sosialisasi Gender di Lingkungan Sosial Pondok Pesantren Wahidhasyim Sleman Yogyakarta)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-332
Author(s):  
Erfan Efendi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Socialization ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Gender Construction ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women In Islam

Gender socialization in pesantren is a top priority because gender construction in pesantren is very dependent on how gender identity is also formed through how strong the socialization process is. The identity formed in the pesantren will then become a reference for the students to socialize or interact with the environment outside the pesantren. From that, the issue of gender or equal partnerships between men and women, which was previously known as the increase in the position of the role of women in Islam, has increasingly attracted a lot of progress and success. There are two orientations in socializing gender in pesantren, namely: first, strengthening the normativity of gender roles . This role is performed by most of the kyai, nyai, and teachers. Second, prioritizing gender role textuality. This motive is carried out by a small number of madrasah teachers and badal kyai and nyai when conducting recitation at the pesantren. The problem is the focus of this research discussion. First, what is the role of kyai and nyai leadership in gender socialization at the Wahid Hasyim Islamic boarding school, Sleman Yogyakarta. Second, how to implement gender criteria in the regulations of the Wahid Hasyim Sleman Yogyakarta Islamic boarding school. Third, how is the implementation of the santri behavior of the Wahid Hasyim Sleman Yogyakarta Islamic boarding school. Sosialisasi gender di pesantren menjadi prioritas utama sebab konstruksi gender yang ada di pesantren sangat bergantung pada bagaimana identitas gender juga dibentuk melalui seberapa kuat proses sosialisasinya. Identitas yang terbentuk di pesantren selanjutnya akan menjadi acuan para santri untuk bermasyarakat ataupun berinteraksi dengan lingkungan di luar pesantren. Dari itu, persoalan gender atau kemitra sejajaran antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang sebelumnya dikenal dengan peningkatan kedudukan peran perempuan dalam Islam semakin menarik banyak kemajuan dan keberhasilan.Terdapat dua orientasi dalam mensosialisasikan gender di pesantren, yaitu: pertama, menguatkan normativitas peran-peran gender. Peran ini dilakukan oleh sebagian besar para kyai, nyai, dan guru. Kedua, mengedepankan tekstualitas peran gender. Motif ini dilakukan oleh sebagian kecil guru madrasah dan badal kyai serta nyai ketika melakukan pengajian di pesantren. Adapun problem yang menjadi fokus pembahasan penelitian ini. Pertama, Bagaiman peran kepemimpinan kyai dan nyai dalam sosialisasi gender di pesantren Wahid Hasyim Sleman Yogyakarta. Kedua, Bagaimana implementasi kesteraan gender dalam peraturan pesantren Wahid Hasyim Sleman Yogyakarta. Ketiga, bagaimana implementasi pada perilaku santri pesantren Wahid Hasyim Sleman Yogyakarta.

scholarly journals Some aspects of gender inequality in selected African literary texts

Literator ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Kwatsha
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Arranged Marriage ◽  
African Writers

This article focuses on gender inequalities in selected African literary texts. I explore the way in which some African writers view gender inequalities and stereotypes in their characters. We will also be able to see who is involved and affected by these gender inequalities and how. Gender theory will be used as a framework. The aspects of gender that are discussed, include gender stereotypes, gender roles, gender identity, the superiority of men, inequality in polygamous marriages, sex roles, the sexual division of labour and arranged marriage. This study will also include the views of writers from other part of Africa. These views have a lot in common but sometimes they vary because of the influence and different ideologies of the society concerned.

scholarly journals Culture-Shaped Language of Male and Female Writers:

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmala Sukendra
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Writers ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

This research would like to investigate how the writers of different genders from different cultures (western or American and Asian) reflected the differences in the language they used in their novels. Although gender differences were known to result from cultural differences, less research had been done in terms of contrasting the gender of different cultures, yet to discuss them in terms of gender roles as writers. This present research aimed to explore the role of gender in constructing language to examine gender stereotypes from a linguistic perspective and describe gender differences in language use. It used a library study as its method, which included several steps of reading the material, collecting and listing the swear words and adjectives used, categorizing the choice of words, and analyzing the choices. The research concludes that culture does contribute to the differences in how swear words are expressed, in which Indonesian writers use fewer swear words and avoid using vulgar words and profanity. In other words, gender differences do not affect adjectives used in Bahasa Indonesia.

The role of gender inequality in the emergence and persistence of the problem of early marriage

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Sabina Azim Azimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
And Gender

Thus, such a conclusion can be come in the end on this problem. Prohibitions in both international documents and national legislation of the countries play a role in solving the problem, but not enough. As can be seen, in most cases, early marriage is the result of traditions and ways of thinking. It is this way of thinking that creates gender stereotypes, and gender stereotypes create gender inequality by being supported by gender roles. This creates problems for girls' education, economic and political participation, and girls are discriminated against as domestic creatures and subject to early marriage. Accordingly, in most cases, these girls, who are uneducated and uninformed, marry their children early in the future and the problem of early marriage continues in this way, taking the form of cause-and-effect, and effect-and-cause. Key words: marriage, early marriage, inequality, gender inequality, minimum age

Modern Iranian Female Identity in Farhad Hassanzadeh's Hasti

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
Fateme Ghane ◽  
Amir Ali Nojoumian
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Young Adult Literature ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Young Adult Fiction ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Game Changer

Iranian women's first attempt at changing their social conditions dates back to the Qajar era, continuing up to the present time. In recent years, the traditional discourse on women in Iran has changed significantly, resulting in ongoing revisions concerning modern Iranian female gender identity. Yet, this new conception of identity has not been reflected in official Iranian media. Similarly, children's books usually depict women and girls mostly within pre-established ideological frameworks. However, a seminal publication project acted as a game-changer in 2010. ‘Today's Young Adult Fiction’, commissioned by the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults, invited many children's and adolescents' novelists to contribute to a collection of novels with a new outlook. Among the published books, some writers narrated women's issues and struggles in the guise of young adult literature. Hasti (2013), a novel by Farhad Hassanzadeh, comes from this project, emerging as an exemplar of protest against gender stereotypes. We argue that Hassanzadeh's book has been influenced by radical changes in gender identity in Iran's recent years, and in turn, this novel, among other literary and artistic works, may raise awareness and affect the process of change in Iranian society.

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