Conclusion

Camming ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 229-250
Author(s):  
Angela Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Global Network ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Essential Questions

The conclusion examines critical issues regarding the growth of online sex work and how since the introduction of the Internet laws have not been adequately updated. It raises several essential questions about the future of online sex work and the law. Additionally, the current anti–sex work climate in the United States and the fear of litigation created by policies such as FOSTA are beginning to reverberate throughout the global network of sex work industries. Perhaps the conditions created by FOSTA, alongside the existing exploitation, discrimination, and harassment cam models regularly face, will be the catalyst for political mobilization. At this point, there are no indications that among cam models any movement toward unionization or collective struggle to challenge capitalist exploitation is afoot. Another critical question emerges, If cam models do organize, what would resolve their experiences of exploitation, discrimination, doxing, harassment, and privacy violations? The conclusion uses the case of the movement to decriminalize prostitution to explore how many sex workers survive state-sponsored violence by politically drawing on neoliberal ideologies about individual freedom and liberties.

What Is the Relationship between Online Sex Workers and Cybersecurity?

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 762-766
Author(s):  
Stephanie Do ◽  
Dan Nathan-Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Work Safety ◽  
Labor Practices ◽  
Theory Application ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
The Relationship

Although online sex work has become more accessible to people of all socio-economic statuses, labor practices and work safety have not improved since the widespread use of the internet. One way that we can help empower sex workers is to understand their motivations and experiences when using the internet. In a survey conducted by Sanders et al. (2017), the highest crime that 56.2% sex workers experienced was being threatened or harassed through texts, calls, and emails. Because there is no theory application to date on this marginalized group, three theories were proposed. This literature review highlights the need to explore why sex workers, as end-users, should be included in the user cybersecurity defense conversation, such as the cybercrimes that they face, their relationship with law enforcement, and what other factors affect their safety.

Conflict and Agency among Sex Workers and Pimps

2014 ◽  
Vol 653 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Marcus ◽  
Amber Horning ◽  
Ric Curtis ◽  
Jo Sanson ◽  
Efram Thompson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Child Sex Trafficking ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
The Relationship

The dominant understanding in the United States of the relationship between pimps and minors involved in commercial sex is that it is one of “child sex trafficking,” in which pimps lure girls into prostitution, then control, exploit, and brutalize them. Such narratives of oppression typically depend on postarrest testimonials by former prostitutes and pimps in punishment and rescue institutions. In contrast, this article presents data collected from active pimps, underage prostitutes, and young adult sex workers to demonstrate the complexity of pimp-prostitute dyads and interrogate conventional stereotypes about teenage prostitution. A holistic understanding of the factors that push minors into sex work and keep them there is needed to designand implement effective policy and services for this population.

Men in Transit and Prostitution: Using Political Conventions as a Natural Experiment

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Cunningham ◽  
Todd D Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Commercial Sex Work ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
In Transit

Abstract Approximately 100,000 visitors came to Denver, Colorado and Minneapolis, Minnesota to attend the 2008 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. Economic theory suggests that men in transit can shift demand for commercial sex work. We estimate the responsiveness of labor supply to these two conventions, focusing on a previously neglected but increasingly important segment of the prostitution market: indoor sex workers who advertise on the Internet. Using a differences-in-differences estimator of prostitution advertisements posted on a major classified ads website, we find that the conventions caused a 29-44 percent increase in advertisements in Minneapolis and a 47-77 percent increase in Denver. Given the key role prostitution plays in the transmission of STIs, these results imply that focusing public health resources on men in transit may be beneficial.

Using Ethnography to Explore HIV Risk Among Transgender Sex Workers in Washington, DC

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Amy Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Income Status

In the United States, HIV/AIDS is a health issue that we tend to associate with developing countries in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. The quiet truth is that American HIV infections have remained steady over the past decade, with sex, gender, and race/ethnic minority populations disproportionately affected by AIDS in the 21st century. A subgroup that appears to have one of the highest rates of HIV infection is characterized by a confluence of sex/gender/race/ethnic minority attributes, as well as low-income status. This subgroup comprises male-to-female transgender individuals (MTFs) who engage in street-based commercial sex work (prostitution) in urban centers such as Washington, DC. MTF as a gender and sex work as an employment are not standard categories on the US census, so we do not have the kind of nationwide population data that would be necessary to generate a representative epidemiological profile for this sub-group. However, CDC surveillance does tell us that men of color who sleep with men (MSM) have a growing rate of HIV infection around the country, and the MSM category is understood to include most MTFs who reveal their status to health workers. Also, studies in several cities suggest that HIV among MTF transgenders, and MTF sex workers in particular, may be at epidemic levels. In a 1999-2000 study of 188 MTF transgenders living in the Washington, DC area, thirty-two percent (32%) reported their positive HIV status (Xavier 2000). In a similar study in San Francisco, thirty-five percent (35%) of 392 MTF transgenders actually tested seropositive (Clements-Nolle et al. 2001). Studies with MTF sex workers, such as one with 55 participants conducted in Atlanta, have found over fifty percent (50%) of samples infected with HIV (Boles and Elifson 1994).

8. Transborder data flows

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-158
Author(s):  
Ian J. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Basic Rule ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
Degree Of Control

The Internet has created a global network whereby data may be processed and transferred on a global basis. The practice of transborder data flows creates significant challenges for national laws and their enforcement and the desire to exert a degree of control over these has formed a significant component within data protection laws. The European Union has applied the basic rule that transfers will automatically be permitted only to countries that provide an “adequate” level of protection. Determination what is adequate is a complex task and a variety of other rules may also apply, especially those concerning data flows to or from the United States which applies a different model of protection to that pertaining in Europe.

Anti-trafficking saviors: Celebrity, slavery, and branded activism

2021 ◽  
pp. 174165902110078
Author(s):  
Robert Heynen ◽  
Emily van der Meulen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Modern Day Slavery

This article traces the development of popular forms of anti-trafficking activism in the United States through a social network and discourse analysis that focuses on NGO websites, celebrity advocacy, merchandising, social media campaigns, and policy interventions. This “branded activism,” as we describe it, plays an important role in legitimizing an emerging anti-trafficking consensus that increasingly shapes both US foreign policy and domestic policing, and is frequently driven by an anti-sex work politics. Popular anti-trafficking discourses, we find, build on melodramatic narratives of victims and (white) saviors, depoliticize the complex labor and migration issues at stake, reinforce capitalist logics, and enable policy interventions that produce harm for migrants, sex workers, and others ostensibly being “rescued.” Celebrity and marketing-driven branded activism relies especially strongly on parallels drawn between histories of chattel slavery and what anti-trafficking campaigns call “modern-day slavery.” We challenge these parallels, particularly as they encourage participants to see themselves as abolitionist saviors in ways that reinforce neo-liberal notions of empowerment rooted in communicative capitalist networks.

scholarly journals The New Virtual Crackdown on Sex Workers’ Rights: Perspectives from the United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Peterson ◽  
Bella Robinson ◽  
Elena Shih
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
The United States ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
Consensual Sex ◽  
Trafficking Victims ◽  
Share Information

On 11 April 2018, the Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) was signed into law in the United States. FOSTA introduced new provisions to amend the Communications Act of 1934 so that websites can be prosecuted if they engage ‘in the promotion or facilitation of prostitution’ or ‘facilitate traffickers in advertising the sale of unlawful sex acts with sex trafficking victims.’ While supporters of the law claim that its aim is to target human traffickers, its text makes no effort to differentiate between trafficking and consensual sex work and it functionally includes websites where workers advertise services or share information, including safety tips.[3] Following the law’s passage—and even before its full implementation—sex workers felt its impact as websites began to eliminate platforms previously used to advertise services. Backpage, an adult advertising website, was pre-emptively seized by the FBI. Other platforms began to censor or remove content related to sex work, including Google, Craigslist, and many online advertising networks. Sex workers in the United States have denounced the passage of FOSTA for reducing workers’ ability to screen clients and ensure safety practices. This paper provides an overview of the findings of a recent survey with sex workers in the United States, details the advent of similar initiatives in other countries, and explores how the legislation conflates trafficking with consensual sex work.

The Economics of Male Sex Work

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevon D. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Sex Workers ◽  
Male Prostitution ◽  
Male Clients ◽  
Male Sex Work ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Basic Features

This chapter examines the economics of male prostitution as practiced in the United States. It begins with an overview of some basic features and organization of the online market for male sex work. It then considers the unique social circumstances that occur in male prostitution and how they inform the economic analysis. It also reviews two empirical economic issues that have been analyzed in the literature: the role of asymmetric information and the geographic distribution of male-sex-worker services. The results show that male sex workers typically attempt to signal their reliability to potential male customers by providing detailed information about their identity ex ante so as to credibly implicate themselves if there is any ex post negative outcome. Furthermore, male sex workers appear to have a nontrivial number of heterosexually identified male clients, which can help explain why credible signals by male sex workers are so important in this market.

Structural Misgendering Of Transgender Sex Workers in Chicago Via Mug Shots? A Case Study Of Practicing in the Social Sciences

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Rachel Lovell ◽  
Misty Luminais ◽  
Karen Coen Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Police Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chicago Police Department ◽  
Police Policy ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Chicago Police

This article is a case study of practicing in the applied social sciences and explores vital methodological questions at the intersection of sex work, gender identities, sex, and police policy in the context of criminalization. Specifically, how do we conduct research via public, quantitative data on transgender individuals who are not able to self-identify? The project arose from the observation of what were potentially transgender sex-workers' mug shots on a police website used to publicize the arrests of johns buying commercial sex. Our findings complement the literature on sex work in the United States and suggest that the Chicago Police Department is not only misidentifying transgender arrestees on the website but engaging in a form of entrenched gender delegitimization—or structural misgendering. The aim of this paper is to bring attention to this potentially harmful practice and encourage discussions and developments for conducting research with and about transgender individuals.

Introduction to Camming

Camming ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Angela Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Cam Model ◽  
Legal Sex

This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the historical development of the erotic webcam industry. The camming industry emerged in 1996 because of two converging social phenomena: the introduction of the Internet and the popularity of non-erotic camgirls in the United States. Additionally, the explosion of amateur pornography on the Internet has led to the demystification of porn. As a result, clients, who are disproportionately cis men, have come to value embodied authenticity and realness. The chapter examines the emergence of erotic cam sites and various technological developments that furthered the growth of the industry such as Skype, social media, smartphones, and teledildonics. The inequality generated by global capitalism means that for many people around the world, the costs associated with becoming a cam model are prohibitive and access to the technologies described in this chapter are not available. While the camming industry can thus be lauded for creating an opportunity for safe and legal sex work, this opportunity is not open to the most economically vulnerable people around the world.

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