scholarly journals Responsible AI and Power: Investigating the System Level Bureaucrat in the Legal Planning Process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Peters ◽  
◽  
Koen Smit ◽  
Johan Versendaal ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
System Level ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Ict Implementation ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Co2 Regulation

Numerous statements and pamphlets indicate that governments should increase the transparency of ICTimplementations and algorithms in eGovernment services and should encourage democratic control. This paper presents research among civil servants, suppliers and experts who play a role in the automation of spatial policymaking and planning (e.g. environment, building, sound and CO2 regulation, mobility). The case is a major digitalisation programme of that spatial planning in the Netherlands. In this digital transition, the research assumption is that public and political values such as transparency, legitimacy and (perceived) fairness are difficult to validate in the practice of the design process; policy makers tend to lose sight of the algorithms and decision trees designed during the ICT -implementation of eGovernment services. This situation would implicate a power shift towards the system level bureaucrat. i.e., the digitized execution of laws and regulations, thereby threatening democratic control. This also sets the stage for anxiety towards ICT projects and digital bureaucracies. We have investigated perceptions about ‘validation dark spots’ in the design process of the national planning platform that create unintended shifts in decision power in the context of the legal planning process. To identify these validation dark spots, 22 stakeholders were interviewed. The results partially confirm the assumption. Based on the collected data, nine validation dark spots are identified that require more attention and research.

scholarly journals Smart Cities in Turkey: Approaches, Advances and Applications with Greater Consideration for Future Urban Transport Development

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Bıyık
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Future Vision

The smart city transport concept is viewed as a future vision aiming to undertake investigations on the urban planning process and to construct policy-pathways for achieving future targets. Therefore, this paper sets out three visions for the year 2035 which bring about a radical change in the level of green transport systems (often called walking, cycling, and public transport) in Turkish urban areas. A participatory visioning technique was structured according to a three-stage technique: (i) Extensive online comprehensive survey, in which potential transport measures were researched for their relevance in promoting smart transport systems in future Turkish urban areas; (ii) semi-structured interviews, where transport strategy suggestions were developed in the context of the possible imaginary urban areas and their associated contextual description of the imaginary urban areas for each vision; (iii) participatory workshops, where an innovative method was developed to explore various creative future choices and alternatives. Overall, this paper indicates that the content of the future smart transport visions was reasonable, but such visions need a considerable degree of consensus and radical approaches for tackling them. The findings offer invaluable insights to researchers inquiring about the smart transport field, and policy-makers considering applying those into practice in their local urban areas.

Parametric bridge design – reinforcement design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Navrátil ◽  
Petr Ševčík ◽  
Johann Stampler ◽  
Gregor Strekelj
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Bridge Design ◽  
Proof Checking ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Reinforcement Design

<p>Using BIM technology for the design process in the construction industry has become somewhat of a standard approach. For bridge design, various solutions offering geometric design functionality and data management facilities are available on the market. However, integrated solutions for seamlessly supporting the whole planning process are still a scarce commodity. The solution presented integrates architectural modeling, structural analysis, and sophisticated proof checking functionality in one package, where, based on a 4D architectural model, an analysis model is automatically derived, allowing for simulating the erection process in detail and investigating all relevant stress states. The focus of the paper is the reinforcement design of prestressed concrete sections, which is one of the most challenging tasks among the various requirements arising in the design process.</p>

scholarly journals Sustainability and Depletion Accounting: A Case Study of Oil in Libya

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrazag Mohamed Etelawi ◽  
Keith A. Blatner ◽  
Jill McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
National Income ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Income Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
High Level

There is a strong need to study sustainability and depletion accounting of oil in the Libyan economy because oil production and export is the single largest source of national income in the country. This study covers the time period from 1990 to 2009. Throughout this period, the Libyan national economy used its oil and petroleum industries to increase national income. Development sustainability can be defined as investment divided by GDP. This measure provides an indication of the low level of sustainable development in Libya over the period of analysis, which is 0.38 on average. It is important that the Libyan government develop and implement plans and strategies for achieving sustainability and the maintenance of oil resources.Carbon dioxide emissions provide another indication of the presence or absence of sustainability. The ratio of carbon dioxide ranged from a minimum of 8.50 metric tons per capita in 1990 to 10.00 metric tons per capita in 2009 and average 9.07 metric tons per capita over the course of the study period. CO2 emissions were also much higher than other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. This suggests there was relatively little interest in the sustainable development of the Libyan economy during this period. The Environment Domestic Product (EDP) increased sharply from the beginning of the study at $24.23 billion in 1991 to $45.87 billion in 2009 in constant dollars. Again, one can infer that policy makers did not consider the depletion of oil resources and the environment in their planning process, or at least did not place a high level of concern on this issue.

scholarly journals Benefits and Challenges of Policy Options in Rationing the Hospital Radiology Services: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Jafari ◽  
Mohammad Ranjbar ◽  
Hamideh Mahjoub ◽  
Hamed Ghoshoni ◽  
Mohammad Baghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
System Level ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rationing Policy ◽  
Care Costs

Objective: In many countries, limiting the financial and budgetary resources is a challenge in the health system. One of the most costly parts of the health system is undoubtedly the radiology department of hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the benefits and challenges of the policies proposed for rationing hospital radiology services. Information sources and selected methods for study: In this narrative or literature review study, Persian (SID, Magiran, Barkat Knowledge network system, Irandoc), and Latin (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ISI web of sciences) databases were searched. The applied keywords were radiology, rationing, distribution, priority setting, resource allocation, and policy brief. In the initial search, 145 articles were studied. Subsequently, after reviewing the titles and abstracts, 65 studies were selected and investigated. Finally, 44 related studies were thoroughly investigated. The inclusion criteria covered the studies in Persian or English. The exclusion criteria included the studies that did not have full texts. Our search included the studies conducted from 1/1/2000 to 1/1/ 2017. Results: The present study examined the benefits and challenges of radiology services rationing. Policy options were presented at 3 levels of provider, organizational, and system. The provider level consisted of training clinical and non-clinical personnel to use and maintain the medical equipment and requiring the physicians to use clinical guidelines. The organization level included reviewing imaging tariffs, entering insurance in controlling supply and demand for radiology services, and assessing equipment by the Institute for Health Technology Assessment. The system level contained assignment of radiological services to the private sector. Conclusion: As health care costs are rising and resources are increasingly constrained by ever-increasing demands, policy makers and officials can use the proposed solutions with regard to contextual conditions to design a rationing model. Services at the macro level of the health system and operationalization of the rationing process reduce the gap between supply and demand of the health services.  

scholarly journals The convergence of electricity and digitalization in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Romy Dekker ◽  
Rinie Van Est
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Energy Data ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Sustainable Energy System

This paper explores the convergence of electricity and digitalization in the Netherlands. Based on the Advocacy Coalition Framework, we first show how the Paris Agreement on global warming in 2015 has led to a new renewable energy policy paradigm, in which digitalization plays a key enabling role. We will then show that the far-reaching convergence of electricity and digitalization pursued by European and Dutch policy makers will raise new policy issues. The core challenge is adequate energy data governance. Digitalization also raises policy issues in the areas of safety, consumer protection, democratic control, and equal distribution of costs and benefits in a digitized energy system. As the transition to a sustainable energy system must take place rapidly and energy data are expected to play a crucial role in achieving this, these issues are urgent.

Power System Planning Process

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
Power System Planning ◽  
System Planning ◽  
Policy Makers

This chapter aims at providing the basic background and foundation to the whole power system planning process covered in this book. It helps in setting the stage for a clearer and better understanding of the ensuing chapters. This is needed in the case of all readers, but it is especially important for readers who are not from the power industry such as regulators, policy makers, or legislators. Moreover, the planning process itself is also introduced in this chapter. This is particularly helpful for practicing engineers and other readers who might not be familiar with such issues. Finally, power system planning is introduced in this chapter to emphasize specific functions used in this context, especially those that are different than general planning functions.

scholarly journals Planning Modes for Major Transportation Infrastructure Projects (MTIPs): Comparing China and Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianxiao Zhou ◽  
Rong Tan ◽  
Thomas Sedlin
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Final Approval ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Governance Practices

Because major transportation infrastructure projects (MTIPs) have significant effects for a sustainable development, the planning modes used for these projects have been a popular topic among scholars and policy makers. However, detailed descriptions and comparisons of planning modes in different countries are still rare. Therefore, this paper first provides a simple analytical framework based on the elements of the planning goal, the planning process, the planning result and the evaluation criteria. Focusing on the hierarchic mode adopted in China, and the democratic participatory mode adopted in Germany, the governance practices used in MTIP planning are clearly shown. Furthermore, by using two airport cases, this paper compares the differences between China and Germany in the realms of preparation, review, coordination, final approval, and planning performance. The main conclusions are: (1) The analytical approach presented in this paper provides an appropriate standard for describing and comparing planning modes for MTIPs; (2) the planning modes in the two countries each have advantages and disadvantages, reflecting the trade-off between ex ante and ex post costs; (3) the comparison between China and Germany may be instructive for both of these countries and for other countries in terms of improving their planning performance in the future.

A Cooperative-Collaborative Design System for Multi-Disciplinary Mechanical Design

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Chen ◽  
Zahed Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Collaborative Design ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
System Level ◽  
Design System ◽  
Design Collaboration ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Design Process Model

The emergence of computer and network technology has provided opportunities for researchers to construct and build systems to support dynamic, real-time, and collaborative engineering design in a concurrent manner. This paper provides an understanding of the product design in a distributed environment where designers are in different geographic locations and are required to be involved in the design process to ensure successful product design. A design process model that captures the major interactions among stakeholders is presented, based on the observation of cooperation and collaboration. The stakeholders’ interactions are divided into activity and system level to distinguish the interactions in group design activities and design perspective evolution. An initial computer implementation of the design model is presented. The design system consists of a set of tools associated with design and a management system to facilitate distributed designers to support various design activities, especially conceptual design. Our research emphasis of design collaboration in this paper is: (i) Model a Cooperative-collaborative design process; (ii) Support synchronized design activities; and (iii) Structure the complex relations of various design perspectives from engineering disciplines.

The PediaFlow Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad E. Paden ◽  
Jingchun Wu ◽  
Myounggyu D. Noh ◽  
Dave Paden ◽  
Michael Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Ventricular Assist Device ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Stability Margin ◽  
System Level ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Assist Device ◽  
Ventricular Assist ◽  
Pump Design

This paper describes a design process for a new pediatric ventricular assist device (VAD), the PediaFlow. The VAD is a magnetically levitated turbodynamic pump design for chronic support of infants and small children. The design entailed the consideration of multiple pump topologies, from which an axial mixed-flow configuration was chosen for further optimization via computation fluid dynamics. The magnetic design includes permanent-magnet (PM) passive bearings for radial support of the rotor, an actively controlled thrust actuator for axial support, and a brushless DC motor for rotation. These components are closely coupled both geometrically and magnetically, and were therefore optimized in parallel, using electromagnetic, rotordynamic and fluid models. Multiple design objectives were considered including efficiency, size, and margin between critical speed to operating speed. The former depends upon the radial and yaw stiffnesses of the PM bearings. Analytical expressions for the stiffnesses were derived and verified through FEA. A toroidally-wound motor was designed for high efficiency and minimal additional negative radial stiffness. The design process relies heavily on optimization at the component-level and system-level. The results of this preliminary design optimization yielded a pump design with an overall stability margin of 15 percent, based on a pressure rise of 100 mmHg at 0.5 lpm running at 16,000 RPM.

Thermal Design of a Hierarchical Radially Expanding Cavity for Two-Phase Cooling of Integrated Circuits

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Sridhar ◽  
Chin Lee Ong ◽  
Stefan Paredes ◽  
Bruno Michel ◽  
Thomas Brunschwiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Thermal Model ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
System Level ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Level Pressure ◽  
Phase Liquid

A major challenge in the implementation of evaporative two-phase liquid-cooled ICs with embedded fluid microchannels/cavities is the high pressure drops arising from evaporation-induced expansion and acceleration of the flowing two-phase fluid in small hydraulic diameters. Our ongoing research effort addresses this challenge by utilizing a novel hierarchical radially expanding channel networks with a central embedded inlet manifold and drainage at the periphery of the chip stack. This paper presents a qualitative description of the thermal design process that has been adopted for this radial cavity. The thermal design process first involves construction of a system-level pressure-thermal model for the radial cavity based on both fundamental experiments as well as numerical simulations performed on the building block structures of the final architecture. Finally, this system-level pressure-thermal model can be used to identify the design space and optimize the geometry to maximize thermal performance, while respecting design specifications. This design flow presents a good case study for electrical-thermal co-design of two-phase liquid cooled ICs.

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