scholarly journals The current state of the problem of in vitrogene pool preservation in poultry

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Y. L. Silyukova ◽  
O. I. Stanishevskaya ◽  
N. V. Dementieva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Current State ◽  
Molecular Aspects

This review presents the current progress in and approaches to in vitroconservation of reproductive cells of animals, including birds, such as cryopreservation and freeze-drying, as well as epigenetic conditions for re storing viable spermatozoa and female gametes after conservation. Cryopreservation is an effective way to preserve reproductive cells of various species of animals and birds. In vitrogene pool conservation is aimed primarily to the restoration of extinct breeds and populations and to the support of genetic diversity in populations prone to genetic drift. It is the combination of ex situ in vivoand ex situ in vitromethods that can form the basic principles of the strategy of animal genetic diversity preservation. Also, use of cryopreserved semen allows faster breeding in industrial poultry farming. Despite numerous advances in semen cryobiology, new methods that can more efficiently restore semen fertility after cryopreservation are being sought. The mechanisms underlying the effect of cryopreservation on the semen parameters of cocks are insufficiently understood. The review reflects the results of recent research in the field of cryopreservation of female and male germ cells, embryonic cells, the search for new ways in the field of genetic diversity in vitro (the development of new cryoprotective media and new conservation technologies: freeze-drying). Molecular aspects of cryopreservation and the mechanisms of cryopreservation influence on the epigenetic state of cells are highlighted. Data on the results of studies in the field of male reproductive cell lyophilization are presented. The freeze-drying of reproductive cells, as a technology for cheaper access to the genetic material of wild and domestic animals, compared to cryopreservation, attracts the attention of scientists in Japan, Israel, Egypt, Spain, and France. There is growing interest in the use of lyophilized semen in genetic engineering technologies. Methods of freeze-drying are developed taking into account the species of birds. Organizational and legal ways of solving the problems of in vitroconservation of genetic resources of farm animals, including birds, are proposed.

scholarly journals Genetic Cryopreservation of Rare Breeds of Domesticated North American Livestock: Smithsonian & SVF Biodiversity Preservation Project

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Bowley ◽  
Pierre Comizzoli ◽  
Kevin A. Lindell ◽  
David J. Matsas ◽  
Eugene C. White
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North American ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Biodiversity Preservation

Modern agriculture has responded to the growing pressure for animal-protein consumption in the global human population by selecting for specific production traits, which, over the last fifty years, has resulted in a loss of genetic diversity. Most rare and endangered breeds of livestock have not experienced the same selection pressures for production and therefore may contain useful genetic traits not found within modern breeds. In an effort to maintain biodiversity of livestock breeds, the SVF Foundation, a non-profit organization founded to preserve the genetic diversity of food and fiber livestock, has established an ex situ repository of genetic material from endangered North American cattle, sheep, and goats. This genetic material includes in vivo and in vitro produced embryos, semen, fibroblasts, serum, and whole blood DNA cards. The majority of samples in the SVF repository are cryopreserved, creating a genome resource bank for future use. Through the Smithsonian and SVF Biodiversity Preservation Project, this repository will be maintained at the Smithsonian’s Front Royal, VA, facility. This effort represents an excellent model for understanding and sustaining the genetic diversity of rare breeds in the US and in other countries.

scholarly journals Oviductal Extracellular Vesicles Improve Post-Thaw Sperm Function in Red Wolves and Cheetahs

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia de Almeida Monteiro Melo Ferraz ◽  
Jennifer Beth Nagashima ◽  
Michael James Noonan ◽  
Adrienne E. Crosier ◽  
Nucharin Songsasen
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Sperm Function ◽  
Red Wolf ◽  
Cryopreserved Sperm

Artificial insemination (AI) is a valuable tool for ex situ wildlife conservation, allowing the re-infusion and dissemination of genetic material, even after death of the donor. However, the application of AI to species conservation is still limited, due mainly to the poor survival of cryopreserved sperm. Recent work demonstrated that oviductal extracellular vesicles (oEVs) improved cat sperm motility and reduced premature acrosomal exocytosis. Here, we build on these findings by describing the protein content of dog and cat oEVs and investigating whether the incubation of cryopreserved red wolf and cheetah sperm with oEVs during thawing improves sperm function. Both red wolf and cheetah sperm thawed with dog and cat oEVs, respectively, had more intact acrosomes than the non-EV controls. Moreover, red wolf sperm thawed in the presence of dog oEVs better maintained sperm motility over time (>15%) though such an improvement was not observed in cheetah sperm. Our work demonstrates that dog and cat oEVs carry proteins important for sperm function and improve post-thaw motility and/or acrosome integrity of red wolf and cheetah sperm in vitro. The findings show how oEVs can be a valuable tool for improving the success of AI with cryopreserved sperm in threatened species.

scholarly journals MODULATION OF CULTURE MEDIUM ON THE EX SITU CONSERVATION OF Neoregelia mucugensis Leme (BROMELIACEAE)1

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-771
Author(s):  
ANDRESSA PRISCILA PIANCÓ SANTOS LIMA ◽  
FERNANDA DE JESUS OLIVEIRA BASTOS ◽  
ALONE LIMABRITO ◽  
GILÊNIO BORGES FERNANDES ◽  
JOSÉ RANIERE FERREIRA DE SANTANA
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Chapada Diamantina ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Plant Collections

ABSTRACT Bromeliads are the target of predatory extractivism and consequently many species are included in the red list of threatened species, such as those belonging to the genus Neoregelia. Although Neoregelia mucugensis has not been evaluated for the degree of threat, its exploitation is exclusively extractive and its occurrence in Chapada Diamantina-BA is subject to the action of fires that affect the region annually. In this context, applying techniques aimed at protecting this genetic resource is fundamental for both the maintenance of its natural populations and the ex situ conservation of this genetic material. Plant tissue culture techniques have been successfully applied for the conservation of several bromeliad species. One of the methods used is slow growth, which consists in reducing plant metabolism and consequently decelerating its growth, which allows the maintenance of in vitro plant collections without the need for subculture. In this context, the objective of this study was to test the reduction of salts in the culture medium and the addition of osmoregulators on the induction of slow growth of N. mucugensis. Plants were subjected to treatments composed of different concentrations of MS medium and mannitol for a period of 12 months, when then analyses were conducted to evaluate growth, chlorophyll content and regeneration capacity of shoots in vitro. It was found that the treatment containing MS ½ and 7.8 g.L-1 of mannitol is indicated for in vitro conservation of N. mucugensis with maintenance of the regenerative capacity of its tissues.

scholarly journals Maximizing genetic representation in seed collections from populations of self and cross-pollinated banana wild relatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kallow ◽  
Bart Panis ◽  
Dang Toan Vu ◽  
Tuong Dang Vu ◽  
Janet Paofa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Targets ◽  
Seed Collections

Abstract Background Conservation of plant genetic resources, including the wild relatives of crops, plays an important and well recognised role in addressing some of the key challenges faced by humanity and the planet including ending hunger and biodiversity loss. However, the genetic diversity and representativeness of ex situ collections, especially that contained in seed collections, is often unknown. This limits meaningful assessments against conservation targets, impairs targeting of future collecting and limits their use. We assessed genetic representation of seed collections compared to source populations for three wild relatives of bananas and plantains. Focal species and sampling regions were M. acuminata subsp. banksii (Papua New Guinea), M. balbisiana (Viet Nam) and M. maclayi s.l. (Bougainville, Papua New Guinea). We sequenced 445 samples using suites of 16–20 existing and newly developed taxon-specific polymorphic microsatellite markers. Samples of each species were from five populations in a region; 15 leaf samples from different individuals and 16 seed samples from one infructescence (‘bunch’) were analysed for each population. Results Allelic richness of seeds compared to populations was 51, 81 and 93% (M. acuminata, M. balbisiana and M. maclayi respectively). Seed samples represented all common alleles in populations but omitted some rarer alleles. The number of collections required to achieve the 70% target of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation was species dependent, relating to mating systems. Musa acuminata populations had low heterozygosity and diversity, indicating self-fertilization; many bunches were needed (> 15) to represent regional alleles to 70%; over 90% of the alleles from a bunch are included in only two seeds. Musa maclayi was characteristically cross-fertilizing; only three bunches were needed to represent regional alleles; within a bunch, 16 seeds represent alleles. Musa balbisiana, considered cross-fertilized, had low genetic diversity; seeds of four bunches are needed to represent regional alleles; only two seeds represent alleles in a bunch. Conclusions We demonstrate empirical measurement of representation of genetic material in seeds collections in ex situ conservation towards conservation targets. Species mating systems profoundly affected genetic representation in seed collections and therefore should be a primary consideration to maximize genetic representation. Results are applicable to sampling strategies for other wild species.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure of Eurycoma apiculata in Eastern Sumatra, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfahmi Zulfahmi ◽  
Parjanto Parjanto ◽  
Edi Purwanto ◽  
Ahmad Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Zulfahmi, Parjanto, Purwanto E, Yunus A. 2021. Genetic diversity and population structure of Eurycoma apiculata in Eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4431-4439. Information on genetic variation within and among populations of Eurycoma apiculata plants is important to develop strategies for their conservation, sustainable use, and genetic improvement. To date, no information on genetic variation within and among populations of the E. apiculata has been reported. This study aims to assess genetic diversity within and among populations of E. apiculata based on RAPD markers, and to determine populations to collect E. apiculata genetic material for conservation and breeding programs. Young leaves of E. apiculata were collected from six natural populations. Fifteen RAPD primers were used to assess the genetic diversity of each population. The data obtained were analyzed with POPGEN and Arlequin software. The amplification results of 15 selected primers produced 3-16 loci with all primers 100% polymorphic. At the species level, the mean allele per locus (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), Nei’s gene diversity index (He) and Shannon information index (I) were 2.000, 1.244, 100%, 0.167, and 0.286, respectively. At the population level, the mean values for Na, Ne, PPL, He and I were 1.393, 1.312, 39.27%, 0.119, and 0.186, respectively. The highest value of gene diversity within population (He) was found in the Lingga-1 population and the lowest value was found in the Rumbio population. The value of genetic differentiation among populations (GST) of E. apiculata is 0.284, consistent with the results of the AMOVA analysis which found that genetic variation among populations was 23.14%, indicates that the genetic variation of E. apiculata was more stored within populations than among populations. The gene flow (Nm) value of E. apiculata was 1.259 migrants per generation among populations. The Nm value of this species was high category, and could inhibit genetic differentiation among populations. The clustering of E. apiculata population based on the UPGMA dendrogram and PCA was inconsistent with its geographic distribution, reflecting the possibility that genes migration occurred between islands in the past. The main finding of this study was the genetic variation of the E. apiculata mostly stored within the population. Therefore, the population with the highest genetic diversity is a priority for in-situ conservation, and collection of E. apiculata genetic material for ex-situ conservation and breeding programs should be carried out minimum from Lingga-1 and Pokomo populations.

020. IN VITRO MATURATION OF FARM ANIMALS OOCYTES: A USEFUL TOOL FOR INVESTIGATING THE MECHANISMS LEADING TO FULL TERM DEVELOPMENT

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
F. Gandolfi ◽  
T. Brevini
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Oocyte Quality ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Oocyte Competence ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge

Due to logistical and economical reasons assisted reproduction of domestic animals has been based mostly on the use of oocytes isolated from ovaries collected at the slaughterhouse. In order to propagate valuable or rare genetic material, perform somatic cell nuclear transfer, generate genetically modified animals it was essential to obtain fully competent oocytes that would allow full term development of the in vitro produced embryos. Such demanding need has soon made clearly evident the crucial role played by oocyte quality, how easy it is to compromise its developmental potential and the fact that it is impossible to restore it once it has been lost. Almost three decades after the first bovine, sheep, goat, horse and pig in vitro generated offsprings were born, a large body of information has accumulated on the mechanisms regulating oocyte competence and on how the latter may be preserved during all the required manipulations. The amount of knowledge is far from being complete and many laboratories are actively working to further expand it. In this review we will highlight the aspects of the ongoing research in which we have been actively involved.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Local Peach (Prunus persica) Accessions from La Palma Island (Canary Islands, Spain)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Pérez ◽  
Nerea Larrañaga ◽  
Donia Abdallah ◽  
Ana Wünsch ◽  
José I. Hormaza
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
La Palma ◽  
Local Selection ◽  
Ssr Loci

Peach (Prunus persica) is an economically important temperate fruit crop due to its edible fruits. Due to the need to develop new varieties better adapted to climate change, it is of great interest to find germplasm adapted to warmer conditions, such as those found in the Canary Islands. Peach was an important crop during the last century in one of those islands (La Palma), but its cultivation has been abandoned in recent years. Currently, commercial production is relict and isolated trees are relegated to family orchards with little management. With the objective to characterize and prevent the loss of local varieties of this crop, peach trees were sampled along La Palma. A total of 89 local peach accessions were prospected and analyzed with 10 single-sequence repeat (SSR) loci, which permitted 28 different genotype profiles to be detected. These genotypes were compared to 95 Spanish peach landraces conserved in an ex situ collection, and 26 additional samples from eight different countries. Results showed that the peach genetic diversity found in La Palma was low. In addition, a relation between La Palma samples and other Spanish peaches was observed, which could indicate the arrival of genetic material from the Iberian Peninsula and subsequent intercrossing and local selection of the genotypes more adapted to the subtropical climate of the island. The population structure reflects a grouping of the samples based on fruit type and geographic origin.

scholarly journals Freeze drying as a method of long-term conservation of mammalian semen – a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Rajska
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Unlimited Time ◽  
Specialized Equipment

Abstract With the development of biotechnological methods that allow for the manipulation and free exchange of genetic material, there is a need to improve the methods of collecting and storing such material. Until now, freezing in liquid nitrogen has allowed the storage of cells and entire plant and animal tissues for practically unlimited time. Despite this, alternatives are still being sought that will eliminate the constant need to keep samples at low temperature. Lyophilization or freeze drying can be an alternative to standard freezing procedures. The storage of samples (lyophilisates) does not require specialized equipment but only the refinement of the preservation method itself. In the case of cells capable of movement, e.g. sperm, as a result of the lyophilization process, they lose the ability to reach the oocyte in vivo and IVF. However, it is possible to use freeze-dried sperm for in vitro fertilization by ICSI, which is observed on the basis of the results obtained in cleavage, embryo development and production of live born offspring after embryo transfer. Studies on lyophilization of sperm are carried out on many animal species, both laboratory and livestock. This conservation method is seen as the possibility of creating biobanking for genetically valuable and endangered species with the simultaneous application of ICSI. This review article was intended to present the issues of the freeze-drying process of mammalian semen and help in finding solutions that will improve this technique of long-term preservation of biological material.

scholarly journals An analysis of genetic diversity actions, indicators and targets in 114 National Reports to the Convention on Biological Diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Hoban ◽  
Catriona Campbell ◽  
Jessica da Silva ◽  
Robert Ekblom ◽  
W Chris Funk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring

AbstractGenetic diversity is critically important for all species-domesticated and wild- to adapt to environmental change, and for ecosystem resilience to extreme events. International agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have committed to conserve and sustainably and equitably use all levels of biodiversity-genes, species and ecosystems-globally. However, assessment and monitoring of genetic diversity are often overlooked, and there are large knowledge and policy gaps regarding genetic diversity conservation. In this study, we present the first quantitative analysis of genetic diversity assessments conducted by Parties to the CBD. We conducted a detailed, systematic analysis of 114 CBD 5th (submitted 2014) and 6th (submitted 2018) National Reports to quantitatively assess actions, progress on targets, values and indicators related to genetic diversity. First, we found that the importance of genetic diversity is recognised by most Parties to the CBD, and that recognition increased over time. However, genetic targets mainly addressed genetic diversity within cultivated plants, farm animals, and crop wild relatives, with little focus on other wild species. Also, actions for conserving genetic diversity primarily concerned ex-situ facilities and policy, rather than monitoring and intervention for maintaining genetic diversity in situ. The most commonly used indicators of genetic diversity status were the number of genetic resources in conservation facilities, number of threatened breeds, and Red List Index, which are not well correlated to genetic erosion in most species -- highlighting that genetic change is poorly monitored by current indicators. Lastly, analyses of genetic data observations, indigenous use and knowledge of genetic diversity, and strategies being developed and implemented to conserve genetic diversity are highly under-reported. We make several recommendations for the post-2020 CBD Biodiversity Framework to improve awareness, assessment, and monitoring, and facilitate consistent and complete reporting of progress of genetic diversity in future National Reports.Article Impact StatementAn analysis of genetic diversity in CBD National Reports neglects non-domesticated species and demonstrates need for sufficient indicators.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Semen Parameters and Hormone Profile in Small-Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula): Aquarium-Housed vs. Wild-Captured

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2884
Author(s):  
Marta Muñoz-Baquero ◽  
Francisco Marco-Jiménez ◽  
Ximo García-Domínguez ◽  
José Luis Ros-Santaella ◽  
Eliana Pintus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Scyliorhinus Canicula ◽  
Male Reproductive Function

Several chondrichthyan species are threatened, and we must increase our knowledge of their reproductive biology in order to establish assisted reproductive protocols for ex situ or in situ endangered species. The small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) is one of the most abundant shark species of the Mediterranean coast and is easy to maintain in aquaria; therefore, it is considered an ideal reproductive model. This study aimed to compare S. canicula male reproductive function in aquarium-housed (n = 7) and wild-captured animals, recently dead (n = 17). Aquarium-housed animals had lower semen volume (p = 0.005) and total sperm number (p = 0.006) than wild-captured animals, but similar sperm concentrations. In terms of sperm parameters, aquarium-housed sharks showed higher total sperm motility (p = 0.004), but no differences were observed regarding sperm viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, or membrane integrity. A morphometric study pointed to a significantly longer head (p = 0.005) and acrosome (p = 0.001) in wild-captured animals. The results of the spermatozoa morphological study of S. canicula were consistent with previous results obtained in other chondrichthyan species. With regard to sex hormones, testosterone levels were significantly lower in aquarium-housed animals (p ≤ 0.001), while similar levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone were found. In short, the present study provides evidence of good in vitro semen quality in S. canicula housed in an aquarium, underlining their excellent potential for application in reproductive technologies for this and other chondrichthyan species.

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