Morphological and physiological responses of dual purpose wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) to nitrogen and seed rates: A review

Growing human population at alarming rate has forced the decline in fallow land available for grazing leading to excessive pressure on fodder production for livestock existence. Growing crops for dual purpose i.e. both grains and fodder together may be a good option for reducing this burden. Wheat may be a better option to mitigate the shortage of grains as well as fodder. Many works have been carried out in this direction considering wheat but the production has been a limitation. Among various agronomical methods, modifications of fertilizers concentrations and seed rate are very crucial which affect yield. Nitrogen is one of major components of fertilizers which plays crucial role in crop growth influencing major physiology including photosynthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acids synthesis etc. Seed rate is directly related to canopy expansion and solar radiation interception, thereby strongly influencing the use of environmental resources by changing relative importance of intra and interplant competition for light, water and nutrients during crop development and thereby affects wheat yield. Looking at the importance of the issue, this review was carried out to get the information about the effect of seed rates and nitrogen levels on the forage and grain yield of dual purpose wheat genotypes for enhanced productivity.

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Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to nitrogen levels and seed rate under different tillage conditions

International Journal of Chemical Studies ◽

10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2e.8782 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 293-296

Author(s):

Soma Devi ◽

SP Singh ◽

Amit Kumawat

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Seed Rate ◽

Nitrogen Levels

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Altering microclimate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by adjusting sowing dates, irrigation and nitrogen application in semi-arid and arid agroclimatic conditions of Punjab

Journal of Agrometeorology ◽

10.54386/jam.v23i3.27 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 272-278

Author(s):

HARKANWALJOT SINGH ◽

P. K. KINGRA ◽

R. K. PAL ◽

SOM PAL SINGH

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Degree Days ◽

Area Index ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Semi Arid

Field experiments were conducted during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 and results of both the years were pooled to evaluate the microclimate of wheat under five dates of sowing, two nitrogen and two irrigation levels at Ludhiana and Bathinda representing semi-arid and arid agroclimatic regions of Punjab. Soil temperature reported during seed emergence was maximum in early sown (20th October) crop and decreased with delay in sowing at both the locations under study. Canopy temperature from 60 DAS onwards was recorded lower in 5th November and higher in 20th December sown crop while in case of irrigation and nitrogen levels, it was lower under optimal irrigation (I1) and recommended nitrogen (N1) application. Stress degree days (SDD) calculated were also lowest in 5th November sown crop (-323.6oC) and these were lower in N1 (-271.3oC) and I1 (-274.9oC) during both the years, respectively. Better crop growth and hence, leaf area index resulted in higher PAR interception in October sown with optimal irrigation and recommended nitrogen level. Canopy temperature at different periodic intervals (75, 90, 105 and 120 DAS) showed negative correlation with grain yield (R2 = 0.76, 0.75, 0.71 and 0.70, respectively). Similarly, SDD had negative relation with wheat yield (R2 = 0.74).

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Seeding Rate Effects on Hybrid Spring Wheat Yield, Yield Components and Quality

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11061240 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1240

Author(s):

Peder K. Schmitz ◽

Joel K. Ransom

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Yield Components ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Yield Component ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Protein Yield ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽

End Use

Agronomic practices, such as planting date, seeding rate, and genotype, commonly influence hard red spring wheat (HRSW, Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) production. Determining the agronomic optimum seeding rate (AOSR) of newly developed hybrids is needed as they respond to seeding rates differently from inbred cultivars. The objectives of this research were to determine the AOSR of new HRSW hybrids, how seeding rate alters their various yield components, and whether hybrids offer increased end-use quality, compared to conventional cultivars. The performance of two cultivars (inbreds) and five hybrids was evaluated in nine North Dakota environments at five seeding rates in 2019−2020. Responses to seeding rate for yield and protein yield differed among the genotypes. The AOSR ranged from 3.60 to 5.19 million seeds ha−1 and 2.22 to 3.89 million seeds ha−1 for yield and protein yield, respectively. The average AOSR for yield for the hybrids was similar to that of conventional cultivars. However, the maximum protein yield of the hybrids was achieved at 0.50 million seeds ha−1 less than that of the cultivars tested. The yield component that explained the greatest proportion of differences in yield as seeding rates varied was kernels spike−1 (r = 0.17 to 0.43). The end-use quality of the hybrids tested was not superior to that of the conventional cultivars, indicating that yield will likely be the determinant of the economic feasibility of any future released hybrids.

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Comparison of Herbicides for Control of Diclofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass in Wheat

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture8090135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Taghi Bararpour ◽

Ralph Hale ◽

Gurpreet Kaur ◽

Jason Bond ◽

Nilda Burgos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Field Studies ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Lolium Perenne L

Diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. Multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot) is a dominant weed problem in non-irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in mid-south USA. Field studies were conducted from 2001 to 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides for diclofop-resistant ryegrass control and effect on wheat yield. In 2001 through 2004, chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron at 0.026 kg ha−1 preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) mesosulfuron at 0.048 kg ha−1 at 4-leaf to 2-tiller ryegrass provided 89% control of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass, resulting in the highest wheat yield (3201 kg ha−1). Flufenacet/metribuzin at 0.476 kg ha−1 applied at 1- to 2-leaf wheat had equivalent Italian ryegrass control (87%), but lesser yield (3013 kg ha−1). In 2005–2006, best treatments for Italian ryegrass control were chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron, 0.013 kg ha−1 PRE fb mesosulfuron 0.015 kg ha−1 at 3- to 4-leaf ryegrass (92%); metribuzin, 0.280 kg ha−1 at 2- to 3- leaf wheat fb metribuzin at 2- to 3-tiller ryegrass (94%); chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron (0.026 kg ha−1) (89%); and flufenacet/metribuzin at 1- to 2-leaf wheat (89%). Chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron fb mesosulfuron provided higher yield (3515 kg ha−1) than all other treatments, except metribuzin fb metribuzin.

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Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Wheat in Response to Single and Combined Salicylic Acid and Biochar Subjected to Limited Water Irrigation in Saline Sodic Soil

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9101346 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1346

Author(s):

Emad M. Hafez ◽

Ahmed M. S. Kheir ◽

Shimaa A. Badawy ◽

Emadeldeen Rashwan ◽

Mohamed Farig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Field Trials ◽

Sodic Soil ◽

Water Limitation ◽

Wheat Production ◽

Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

Given the expectancy of the water supply becoming scarce in the future and more expensive, water conservation during wheat production processes has become very crucial especially in saline sodic soil. Biochar and salicylic acid (SA) were used to assess the potential to alleviate the influences of depletion of available soil moisture (DAM) on physicochemical, physiological, biochemical attributes, as well as wheat production absorption (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Misr 1) and macro-elements. Two seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020) of field trials were investigated using twelve combinations of three water treatments (50%, 70%, and 90% DAM) and foliar- and soil-applied treatments (control, biochar, salicylic acid, and biochar + SA). Biochar treated plots amplified soil physicochemical attributes, leading to improved physiological traits and antioxidant enzymes, as well as yield related traits under water limitation conditions in both years. Similarly, synergistic use of biochar and salicylic acid greatly augmented the designed characteristics such as chlorophyll a, b, K+ content, relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and intrinsic water use efficiency, whilst exhibited inhibitory effects on proline content, electrolyte leakage, Na+ content SOD, POX, CAT, and MDA, consequently increased 1000-grain weight, number of grains spike−1, grain yield, as well nutrient uptake (N, P, K) under water limitation condition in both years, followed by treatment of sole biochar or SA compared to unamended plots treatment (control). Wheat productivity achieved further increasing at 70% DAM alongside synergistic use of biochar and SA which was on par with 50% DAM under unamended plots (control). It is concluded from the findings that coupled application of biochar alongside salicylic acid accomplished an efficient approach to mitigate the injurious influences of water limitation, along with further improvement of the soil, physiology, biochemical attributes, and wheat yield, as well nutrient uptake, under saline sodic soil.

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Spring wheat yield (Triticum aestivum L.) when applying selenium fertilizers in extreme growing conditions

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/843/1/012038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 843 (1) ◽

pp. 012038

Author(s):

I I Seregina ◽

I G Makarskaya ◽

A S Tsygutkin ◽

I V Kirichkova

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Water Supply ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Sodium Selenite ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract To study the effect of sodium Selenite application different methods on the yield of spring wheat varieties, depending on the conditions of water supply, a series of vegetation experiments in accordance with the methodology were carried out. The object of the study is spring wheat of the Zlata variety (Triticum aestivum L.). It was found that the effect of selenium on the yield of wheat of the Zlata variety depended on the method of its application and the conditions of water supply. With optimal water supply, the positive effect of selenium on the yield of spring wheat plants was revealed with both methods of applying sodium selenite. It was found that in conditions of drought, the positive effect of selenium was obtained with both methods of using sodium selenite. The greatest efficiency of selenium is obtained in foliar processing of plants. The increase in grain weight in this variant was 1.4 times. The increase in the share of the agronomic significant part of the wheat crop yield to 36% is shown, which indicates the decrease in the negative effect of drought on the formation of spring wheat yield when using foliar processing of plants.

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Genetic Trends in Winter Wheat Yield and Test Weight under Dual‐Purpose and Grain‐Only Management Systems

Crop Science ◽

10.2135/cropsci2002.7100 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 710-715 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Iftikhar H. Khalil ◽

Brett F. Carver ◽

Eugene G. Krenzer ◽

Charles T. MacKown ◽

Gerald W. Horn

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Test Weight ◽

Management Systems ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Winter Wheat Yield ◽

Genetic Trends

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Effects of Genotype, Growing Season and Nitrogen Level on Gluten Protein Assembly of Durum Wheat Grown under Mediterranean Conditions

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10050755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 755

Author(s):

Anna Gagliardi ◽

Federica Carucci ◽

Stefania Masci ◽

Zina Flagella ◽

Giuseppe Gatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Growing Season ◽

Mediterranean Area ◽

Protein Assembly ◽

Gluten Protein ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Assembly Factor

Water deficit and high temperatures are the main environmental factors which affect both wheat yield and technological quality in the Mediterranean climate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the variation in the gluten protein assembly of four durum wheat genotypes in relation to growing seasons and different nitrogen levels. The genotypes, Marco Aurelio, Quadrato, Pietrafitta and Redidenari, were grown under three nitrogen levels (36, 90 and 120 kg ha−1) during two growing seasons in Southern Italy. Significant lower yield and a higher protein concentration were observed in the year characterized by a higher temperature at the end of the crop cycle. The effect of the high temperatures on protein assembly was different for the genotypes in relation to their earliness. Based on PCA, in the warmer year, only the medium-early genotype Quadrato showed positive values along the “protein polymerization degree” factor, while the medium and medium-late genotypes, Marco Aurelio and Pietrafitta showed negative values along the “proteins assembly” factor. No clear separation along the two factors was observed for the early genotype Redidenari. The variation in gluten protein assembly observed in the four genotypes in relation to the growing season might help breeding programs to select genotypes suitable for facing the ongoing climate changes in Mediterranean area.

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Opportunities and trade-offs in dual-purpose cereals across the southern Australian mixed-farming zone: a modelling study

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an09006 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 49 (10) ◽

pp. 759 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Andrew D. Moore

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Production Systems ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Livestock Production ◽

Relative Reduction ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

South Eastern ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

South Eastern Australia

Dual-purpose cereals are employed in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia to provide additional winter forage. Recently there has been interest in applying this technology in the drier environments of South and Western Australia. It would therefore be useful to gain an understanding of the trade-offs and risks associated with grazing wheat crops in different locations. In this study the APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) crop and soil simulation models were linked to the GRAZPLAN pasture and livestock models and used to examine the benefits and costs of grazing cereal crops at 21 locations spanning seven of the regions participating in the Grain & Graze research, development and extension program. A self-contained part of a mixed farm (an annual pasture–wheat rotation plus permanent pastures) supporting a breeding ewe enterprise was simulated. At each location the consequences were examined of: (i) replacing a spring wheat cultivar with a dual-purpose cultivar (cv. Wedgetail or Tennant) in 1 year of the rotation; and (ii) either grazing that crop in winter, or leaving it ungrazed. The frequency of early sowing opportunities enabling the use of a dual-purpose cultivar was high. When left ungrazed the dual-purpose cultivars yielded less grain on average (by 0.1–0.9 t/ha) than spring cultivars in Western Australia and the Eyre Peninsula but more (by 0.25–0.8 t/ha) in south-eastern Australia. Stocking rate and hence animal production per ha could be increased proportionately more when a dual-purpose cultivar was used for grazing; because of the adjustments to stocking rates, grazing of the wheat had little effect on lamb sale weights. Across locations, the relative reduction in wheat yield caused by grazing the wheats was proportional to the grazing pressure upon them. Any economic advantage of moving to a dual-purpose system is likely to arise mainly from the benefit to livestock production in Western Australia, but primarily from grain production in south-eastern Australia (including the Mallee region). Between years, the relationship between increased livestock production and decreased grain yield from grazing crops shifts widely; it may therefore be possible to identify flexible grazing rules that optimise this trade-off.

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