Effects of Genotype, Growing Season and Nitrogen Level on Gluten Protein Assembly of Durum Wheat Grown under Mediterranean Conditions

Water deficit and high temperatures are the main environmental factors which affect both wheat yield and technological quality in the Mediterranean climate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the variation in the gluten protein assembly of four durum wheat genotypes in relation to growing seasons and different nitrogen levels. The genotypes, Marco Aurelio, Quadrato, Pietrafitta and Redidenari, were grown under three nitrogen levels (36, 90 and 120 kg ha−1) during two growing seasons in Southern Italy. Significant lower yield and a higher protein concentration were observed in the year characterized by a higher temperature at the end of the crop cycle. The effect of the high temperatures on protein assembly was different for the genotypes in relation to their earliness. Based on PCA, in the warmer year, only the medium-early genotype Quadrato showed positive values along the “protein polymerization degree” factor, while the medium and medium-late genotypes, Marco Aurelio and Pietrafitta showed negative values along the “proteins assembly” factor. No clear separation along the two factors was observed for the early genotype Redidenari. The variation in gluten protein assembly observed in the four genotypes in relation to the growing season might help breeding programs to select genotypes suitable for facing the ongoing climate changes in Mediterranean area.

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Smallseed Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa) Management in Oklahoma Winter Wheat

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2021.51 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Jodie A. Crose ◽

Misha R. Manuchehri ◽

Todd A. Baughman

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Weed Control ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Growing Season ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Adequate Control ◽

Growing Seasons

Abstract Three herbicide premixes have recently been introduced for weed control in wheat. These include: halauxifen + florasulam, thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil + bicyclopyrone. The objective of this study was to evaluate these herbicides along with older products for their control of smallseed falseflax in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Studies took place during the 2017, 2018, and 2020 winter wheat growing seasons. Weed control was visually estimated every two weeks throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected in all three years. Smallseed falseflax size was approximately six cm in diameter at time of application in all years. Control ranged from 96 to 99% following all treatments with the exception of bicyclopyrone + bromoxynil and dicamba alone, which controlled falseflax 90%. All treatments containing an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide achieved adequate control; therefore, resistance is not suspected in this population. Halauxifen + florasulam and thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr effectively controlled smallseed falseflax similarly to other standards recommended for broadleaf weed control in wheat in Oklahoma. Rotational use of these products allows producers flexibility in controlling smallseed falseflax and reduces the potential for development of herbicide resistance in this species.

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Applications of the herbicide sethoxydim increase wheat yield in the absence of weeds

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9960555 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 555

Author(s):

ID Black ◽

CB Dyson ◽

AR Fischle

Keyword(s):

Leaf Growth ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

South Australia ◽

Growing Season ◽

Degree Days ◽

Experimental Site ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Positive Linear Correlation ◽

Area North

In 11 experiments over 6 seasons the herbicide sethoxydim was applied to Machete, Spear and Blade wheat cultivars in the absence or near absence of weeds (10 sites) or where the weeds were controlled by selective herbicides (1 site), in the cropping area north of Adelaide, South Australia. The rates applied included 9-47 g a.i./ha at the 2-3 leaf growth stage and 9-74 g a.i./ha at early tillering. Except for the very long growing season of 1992, there was a highly significant positive linear correlation between the number of degree days in the growing season at each experimental site and relative mean yield increase of these sethoxydim treatments. Yield increases ranged from nil in growing seasons of about 1000 degree days to 32% in a growing season of 1480 degree days, with a median of 8% over the experiments.

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Methodology for the Definition of Durum Wheat Yield Homogeneous Zones by Using Satellite Spectral Indices

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13112036 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2036

Author(s):

Elio Romano ◽

Simone Bergonzoli ◽

Ivano Pecorella ◽

Carlo Bisaglia ◽

Pasquale De Vita

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Survey Methods ◽

Vegetation Indices ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Spectral Indices ◽

Entire Study ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Use Of Time ◽

Occurrence Matrix

One of the main questions facing precision agriculture is the evaluation of different algorithms for the delineation of homogeneous management zones. In the present study, a new approach based on the use of time series of satellite imagery, collected during two consecutive growing seasons, was proposed. Texture analysis performed using the Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) was used to integrate and correct the sum of the vegetation indices maps (NDVI and MCARI2) and define the homogenous productivity zones on ten durum wheat fields in southern Italy. The homogenous zones identified through the method that integrates the GLCM indices with the spectral indices studied showed a greater accuracy (0.18–0.22 Mg ha−1 for ∑NDVIs + GLCM and 0.05–0.49 Mg ha−1 for ∑MCARI2s + GLCM) with respect to the methods that considered only the sum of the indices. Best results were also obtained with respect to the homogeneous zones derived by using yield maps of the previous year or vegetation indices acquired in a single day. Therefore, the survey methods based on the data collected over the entire study period provided the best results in terms of estimated yield; the addition of clustering analysis performed with the GLCM method allowed to further improve the accuracy of the estimate and better define homogeneous productivity zones of durum wheat fields.

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AGROPHYTOCENOSIS FORMATION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING DURUM WHEAT IN CASE OF APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS

Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy ◽

10.18286/1816-4501-2021-1-25-32 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 212 ◽

pp. 25-32

Author(s):

V.G. Vasin ◽

◽

A.N. Burunov ◽

A.O. Strizhakov A.O. ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Growing Season ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Middle Volga Region ◽

Photosynthetic Potential

The article shows the results of the research on the development of methods for increasing spring durum wheat yield (Triticum Durum) in the system of application of liquid mineral fertilizers: Megamix for pre-sowing seed preparation, treatment of crops during the growing season with mineral fertilizers N16P16K16 for pre-sowing soil preparation in the forest-steppe conditions of the Middle Volga region. The research was carried out on the experimental field of Samara State Agrarian University in 2017-2020. In the course of a three-factor field experiment, the main biometric parametres were assessed: sprout density and plant survivability in crops, formation of aboveground mass and accumulation of dry matter, photosynthetic activity with analysis of leaf area, formation of photosynthetic potential and photosynthesis net productivity. It was found that the best parametres are formed on the variants with seed treatment of with Megamix Seeds or Megamix Profi, followed by two-fold treatment during the growing season with Megamix Profi 0.5 l / ha (tillering phase) + Megamis Nitrogen 0.5 l / ha (flag leaf phase ), with application of N16P16K16 fertilizer. It was revealed that, in this case, the sprout density is formed at the level of 78.0 ... 77.7%. The usage of Megamix for seed treatment system + treatment of crops with Megamix stimulants ensures the maximum increase of the aboveground mass in the variant of seed treatment with Megamix Seeds and treatment of crops with Megamix Profi - 1582.0 g / m2; as well as a mixture of Megamix Profi + Megamix Nitrogen - 1614, 0 g / m2 after applying N16P16K16. In these variants, the maximum leaf area and photosynthetic potential of 0.776 ... 0.981 million m2 / ha days are formed and, as a consequence, the maximum yield with the parametres of 2.89 ... 3.03 t / ha. It was found that application of liquid mineral fertilizers in all variants of the experiment significantly increases spring durum wheat yield.

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Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: ecological and evolutionary significance

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b83-358 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (12) ◽

pp. 3207-3216 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Roseann Densmore ◽

John Zasada

Keyword(s):

Seed Dispersal ◽

Boreal Forest ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Growing Season ◽

Evolutionary Significance ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Cold Climates ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Soil Temperatures

Seeds of the 24 common Salix species of the Alaskan boreal forest and tundra were set to germinate in laboratory and field experiments, and seed dispersal times were observed. During the growing season, 16 species disperse short-lived, nondormant seeds. At the end of the growing season, eight other species, all tundra willows, disperse conditionally dormant seeds. These fall-dispersed seeds are fully developed in the same length of time as summer-dispersed seeds, but they develop dormancy while being held on the plant until the leaves senesce. At the time of dispersal, some seeds are capable of germinating at high temperatures, but no seeds can germinate at the low soil temperatures occurring then. Cold stratification gradually widens the range of temperatures at which seeds can germinate, and seeds germinate at low soil temperatures in the spring shortly after snowmelt. Salix species dispersing dormant seeds during the fall appear to have evolved, as an adaptation to short growing seasons in cold climates, from taxa dispersing nondormant seeds during the summer.

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Performances of Durum Wheat Varieties Under Conventional and No-Chemical Input Management Systems in a Semiarid Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9120788 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 788 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Umberto Anastasi ◽

Sebastiano Andrea Corinzia ◽

Salvatore Luciano Cosentino ◽

Danilo Scordia

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Growing Season ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Management Systems ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Growing Seasons

Chemical input reduction in agricultural systems is strongly demanded with the aim to improve the quality and the safety of food/feed products in an environmental sustainable perspective. Durum wheat is the most important food crop widely grown across the Mediterranean basin. However, the choice of tailored-genotypes can represent a key strategy in resource limiting conditions. The present study investigated the performance of fourteen commercial durum wheat varieties, in terms of morphologic, productive and quality traits under two cropping systems, conventional (CH) and no-chemical input (NC), for two growing seasons. The NC cropping system affected plant phenology, grain yield, and its components (i.e., ears m−2 and test weight). However, the negative influence exerted by the NC depended by the growing season (significant interaction between growing season and cropping system), which in turn affected the production behavior of genotypes (significant interaction between growing season and genotype). The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis showed that genotype (G) effect explained the 4.3% of the total variability, the environment (E) the 71.7% and the G × E interaction the 9.4%. The AMMI stability value (ASV) indicated that Meridiano, Claudio, Saragolla, and Normanno were the most stable genotypes among environments (combination of years and management systems). An integrated environmental assessment, including a soil nitrogen balance, can help to provide a more holistic approach to the sustainability of the no-chemical Mediterranean cropping systems based on cereal-legume rotation.

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Genetic Advance and Grain Yield Stability of Moroccan Durum Wheats Grown under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2021/5571501 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Abdelali Boussakouran ◽

Mohamed El Yamani ◽

El Hassan Sakar ◽

Yahia Rharrabti

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Growing Season ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Environment Effect ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Historical Series ◽

Wide Adaptation ◽

Favorable Conditions

The development of high-yielding durum wheat genotypes requires the knowledge of the genetic variation for grain yield and its components. This study was performed to determine genetic gain and to evaluate the genotype × environment effect for grain yield and related traits in Moroccan durum wheat. A historical series of varieties developed during the last three decades was grown under two water regimes (rainfed and irrigated) during three growing seasons. Traits evaluated in the present work included grain yield, spikes per m2, kernels per spike, spikelets per spike, kernels per spikelet, spike length, kernel weight, plant height, harvest index, and fertile tillering. Results from ANOVA analyses revealed that grain yield and related traits were controlled to a large extent by water regime and growing season. Grain yield advance per year was estimated in 78 kg ha−1 under irrigated conditions, with no significant change under rainfed ones. Overall, the results indicated that most of the yield components changed by breeding activities during the last three decades. AMMI and joint regression analyses revealed that intermediate varieties have a wide adaptation, and old varieties were specifically acclimated to water-limit environments, while modern varieties were performed only under favorable conditions.

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Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11090943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 943

Author(s):

Katri Nissinen ◽

Virpi Virjamo ◽

Antti Kilpeläinen ◽

Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽

Laura Pikkarainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Growing Season ◽

Silver Birch ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Simulated Climate ◽

Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

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Olive mill wastewater effects on durum wheat crop attributes and soil microbial activities: A pilot study in Syria

Energy Ecology and Environment ◽

10.1007/s40974-021-00209-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jehan Khalil ◽

Hasan Habib ◽

Michael Alabboud ◽

Safwan Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

The Other ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Microbial Activities ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Olive Mill

AbstractOlive mill wastewater is one of the environmental problems in semiarid regions. The main goals of this study were to investigate the impacts of different olive mill wastewater levels on durum wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Douma1) production and soil microbial activities (i.e., bacteria and fungi). A pot experiment was conducted during the growing seasons 2015/2017 to evaluate the effect of three levels of olive mill wastewater on both growth and productivity attributes of wheat. Vertisol soil samples were collected from southern Syria. Two months before wheat cultivation, three levels of olive mill wastewater: T5 (5 L/m 2), T10 (10 L/m2) and T15 (15 L/m 2) were added to pots filled with the collected soil samples. Also, a control (T0) free of olive mill wastewater was considered as a reference. Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in germination rate (%), plant height (cm), ear length (cm), kernels number, kernels weight per ear (g) and grain yield (g/m2) compared to control. However, T5 treatment did not induce a significant increase in terms of ear length, kernels weight per ear or yield (in the second season). On the other hand, T10 treatment had recorded the best results compared with the other two treatments (T5, T15). Similarly, the results showed a significant increase in the number of bacterial and fungi cells by increasing olive mill wastewater concentration. This research provides promising results toward using olive mill wastewater in an eco-friendly way under Syrian conditions.

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Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2020.84 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽

Per Kudsk ◽

Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽

Bo Melander

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Seed Production ◽

Yield Components ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Growing Season ◽

Sowing Time ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Crop Density ◽

Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

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