scholarly journals A Sustainable Agriculture: Organic Farming: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunmala Gugalia
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Alternative Agriculture ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Management Alternatives ◽  
Agriculture Systems ◽  
Organic Resources

Agriculture is the backbone of India’s economy and agriculture employs more than 70% of the country’s people. With the continued use of fertilizers and their negative environmental repercussions, the farming community is becoming more aware of alternative agriculture systems, such as organic farming. Organic farming is a natural farming technique that meets society’s food and nutrition demands while not diminishing natural resources. Thus, by combining organic resources with high-yielding varieties and technologies, the country was able to enhance not only its food excess, but also its environmental pollution, pesticide toxicity and agricultural production sustainability. Organic farming also feeds crops with macronutrients and micronutrients, as well as improving the physical, chemical and biological qualities of the soil. In organic farming, pest and disease management alternatives rely mainly on preventive measures rather than curative treatments, which are based on environmentally safer management strategies. The priority has been placed on maintaining the ecosystem’s health, allowing plants to become resistant to insect pests and illnesses.

scholarly journals Community seed network in an era of climate change: dynamics of maize diversity in Yucatán, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Fenzi ◽  
Paul Rogé ◽  
Angel Cruz-Estrada ◽  
John Tuxill ◽  
Devra Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Maize Diversity ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
Small Holder Farmers

AbstractLocal seed systems remain the fundamental source of seeds for many crops in developing countries. Climate resilience for small holder farmers continues to depend largely on locally available seeds of traditional crop varieties. High rainfall events can have as significant an impact on crop production as increased temperatures and drought. This article analyzes the dynamics of maize diversity over 3 years in a farming community of Yucatán state, Mexico, where elevated levels of precipitation forced farmers in 2012 to reduce maize diversity in their plots. We study how farmers maintained their agroecosystem resilience through seed networks, examining the drivers influencing maize diversity and seed provisioning in the year preceding and following the 2012 climatic disturbance (2011–2013). We found that, under these challenging circumstances, farmers focused their efforts on their most reliable landraces, disregarding hybrids. We show that farmers were able to recover and restore the diversity usually cultivated in the community in the year following the critical climate event. The maize dynamic assessed in this study demonstrates the importance of community level conservation of crop diversity. Understanding farmer management strategies of agrobiodiversity, especially during a challenging climatic period, is necessary to promote a more tailored response to climate change in traditional farming systems.

An Old Pest, a New Solution

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cork ◽  
Malcolm J. Iles ◽  
Nazira Q. Kamal ◽  
J.C. Saha Choudhury ◽  
M. Mahbub Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Field School ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Bangladesh is essentially self-sufficient in rice as a result of the successful adoption of new high-yielding varieties and irrigated summer production over traditional deep-water cultivation practices. The sustainability of the cropping system depends on farmers adopting integrated pest management (IPM) practices in preference to relying solely on insecticides for pest and disease control. Yet insecticide consumption in rice is increasing, in common with other crop-production systems in Bangladesh. It is probably only the poor economic returns from rice cultivation that prevent more widespread use of pesticides. Enlightened agrochemical companies such as Syngenta Bangladesh Limited have recognized that insecticide use in rice should be discouraged, and promote IPM options through their farmer field school (FFS) programme. This paper describes the results of a collaborative project to assist Syngenta to develop and incorporate mass trapping with sex pheromones into their FFS programme as an environmentally benign method of controlling the predominant insect pests of rice, stem borers.

scholarly journals Considerations for Insect Learning in Integrated Pest Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M Little ◽  
Thomas W Chapman ◽  
N Kirk Hillier
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Insect Learning ◽  
Local Ecosystem ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Control Insect

AbstractThe past 100 yr have seen dramatic philosophical shifts in our approach to controlling or managing pest species. The introduction of integrated pest management in the 1970s resulted in the incorporation of biological and behavioral approaches to preserve ecosystems and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Increased understanding of the local ecosystem, including its structure and the biology of its species, can improve efficacy of integrated pest management strategies. Pest management strategies incorporating insect learning paradigms to control insect pests or to use insects to control other pests can mediate risk to nontarget insects, including pollinators. Although our understanding of insect learning is in its early stages, efforts to integrate insect learning into pest management strategies have been promising. Due to considerable differences in cognitive abilities among insect species, a case-by-case assessment is needed for each potential application of insect learning within a pest management strategy.

scholarly journals Hydrogels: From Controlled Release to a New Bait Delivery for Insect Pest Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2061-2068
Author(s):  
Jia-Wei Tay ◽  
Dong-Hwan Choe ◽  
Ashok Mulchandani ◽  
Michael K Rust
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Minimal Environmental Impact

Abstract Here, we review the literature on the development and application of hydrogel compounds for insect pest management. Researchers have used hydrogel compounds for the past few decades to achieve the controlled release of various contact insecticides, but in recent years, hydrogel compounds have also been used to absorb and deliver targeted concentrations of toxicants within a liquid bait to manage insect pests. The highly absorbent hydrogel acts as a controlled-release formulation that keeps the liquid bait available and palatable to the target pests. This review discusses the use of various types of hydrogel compounds in pest management based on different environmental settings (e.g., agricultural, urban, and natural areas), pest systems (e.g., different taxa), and modes of insecticide delivery (e.g., spray vs bait). Due to their unique physicochemical properties, hydrogel compounds have great potential to be developed into new and efficacious pest management strategies with minimal environmental impact. We will also discuss the future research and development of hydrogels in this review.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of the almond moth, Cadra cautella, female abdominal tissues and identification of reproduction control genes

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mureed Husain ◽  
Muhammad Tufail ◽  
Khalid Mehmood ◽  
Khawaja Ghulam Rasool ◽  
Abdulrahman Saad Aldawood
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Cadra Cautella ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Almond Moth ◽  
Food Commodities

Abstract Background The almond moth, Cadra cautella is a destructive pest of stored food commodities including dates that causes severe economic losses for the farming community worldwide. To date, no genetic information related to the molecular mechanism/strategies of its reproduction is available. Thus, transcriptome analysis of C. cautella female abdominal tissues was performed via next-generation sequencing (NGS) to recognize the genes responsible for reproduction. Results The NGS was performed with an Illumina Hiseq 2000 sequencer (Beijing Genomics Institute: BGI). From the transcriptome data, 9,804,804,120 nucleotides were generated and their assemblage resulted in 62,687 unigenes. The functional annotation analyses done by different databases, annotated, 27,836 unigenes in total. The transcriptome data of C. cautella female abdominal tissue was submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (accession no: PRJNA484692). The transcriptome analysis yielded several genes responsible for C. cautella reproduction including six Vg gene transcripts. Among the six Vg gene transcripts, only one was highly expressed with 3234.95 FPKM value (fragments per kilobase per million mapped reads) that was much higher than that of the other five transcripts. Higher differences in the expression level of the six Vg transcripts were confirmed by running the RT-PCR using gene specific primers, where the expression was observed only in one transcript it was named as the CcVg. Conclusions This is the first study to explore C. cautella reproduction control genes and it might be supportive to explore the reproduction mechanism in this pest at the molecular level. The NGS based transcriptome pool is valuable to study the functional genomics and will support to design biotech-based management strategies for C. cautella.

scholarly journals An Overview of The Efficacy of Vegetation Management Alternatives for Conifer Regeneration in Boreal Forests

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (02) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Wiensczyk ◽  
Kathie Swift ◽  
Andrée Morneault ◽  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Kandyd Szuba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Physical Treatments ◽  
Management Alternatives

In this paper, we discuss the broad array of treatments that could be used to control competitive vegetation in conifer plantations in the boreal forests of Canada. We present vegetation management alternatives screened based on their treatment efficacy, which we defined as their ability to (a) control competitive vegetation and (b) not cause undue damage to conifer seedlings. The treatments reviewed range from pre-harvest (preventative) to post-plant release (reactive) treatments, and are organized into five categories: (i) silvicultural and harvest systems, (ii) physical treatments such as mechanical site preparation, cutting, girdling and mulching; (iii) thermal treatments such as prescribed fire and steaming; (iv) cultural treatments such as seedling culture, cover cropping, and grazing; and (v) chemical and biological spray treatments. We based our assessment of treatment efficacy on previous reviews, expert opinion, and published literature. We conclude on the need to further assess the effectiveness of forest vegetation management strategies in the context of multi-purpose plantations that consider ecological, social and silvicultural objectives.

scholarly journals 13-Tetradecenyl acetate, a female-produced sex pheromone component of the economically important click beetle Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Livy Williams ◽  
Jacqueline M. Serrano ◽  
Paul J. Johnson ◽  
Jocelyn G. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Attractant ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Click Beetle ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Single Compound ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Species-specific behavior-modifying chemicals have been used for more than 50 years for monitoring and management of insect pests of agriculture and human health. Elaterid beetle larvae are among insect pests in soil that are increasingly problematic, in part due to the lack of effective management strategies. However, little is known about the insect-produced chemicals that mediate the reproductive behavior of these pests. We used chemical and behavioral studies to identify, synthesize, and field test the sex attractant pheromone of adults of Melanotus communis, commonly called the corn wireworm, the larvae of which are economically important pests of U.S. crops. Our results indicated that a single female-produced chemical, 13-tetradecenyl acetate, was strongly attractive to conspecific male beetles, and did not appear to attract other species. In field evaluations, male M. communis exhibited a dose-dependent response to this compound. In a trial comparing different slow-release dispensers, a small rubber septum impregnated with the chemical was as effective as and easier to use than a plastic bag dispenser. Given that the sex attractant of this insect consists of a single compound that can be readily synthesized, its development for monitoring and management of the corn wireworm may be economically feasible.

The Impact of Tillage Practices on Thrips Injury of Peanut in North Carolina and Virginia1

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Brandenburg ◽  
D. A. Herbert ◽  
G. A. Sullivan ◽  
G. C. Naderman ◽  
S. F. Wright
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Reduced tillage peanut production is gaining popularity and the impact of this practice on insect pests is not well understood. This study monitored thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) damage and abundance on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina and Virginia on peanuts grown under different tillage regimes from 1986-92. A general trend for less thrips damage in reduced tillage plots was consistent in all years except 1992 in North Carolina. In many instances, damage to plants in reduced tillage peanuts was significantly less than in a conventionally tilled system. The implications for future pest management strategies involving reduced pesticide use as well as research needs to meet these goals are discussed.

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