Evaluation of Clinico-physiological Effects of Ketamine Alone and in Combination with Dexmedetomidine or Butorphanol in Atropinized Dogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.K. Verma ◽  
S.K. Tiwari ◽  
Rukmani Dewangan ◽  
Raju Sharda ◽  
Devendra Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Muscle Rigidity ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Atropine Sulphate ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Ketamine Hcl ◽  
Observation Period

Background: Ketamine is rarely used alone because of its association with poor muscle relaxation, tachycardia, catalepsy or muscle rigidity and therefore commonly used in combination with alpha 2 agonist or opioid to minimize the untoward effects. The aim of the present anaesthetic study was to evaluate the clinico-physiological effects of ketamine alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine or butorphanol for inducing adequate anaesthesia in dogs. Methods: The present anaesthetic study was conducted on 18 (eighteen) healthy dogs of either sex and randomly divided into three groups (K, DK and BK) with six animals in each group. Atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/ kg was administered intramuscularly 15 minutes prior to anaesthetic study to all the animals. In group K, ketamine HCl alone was administered @ 5 mg/kg by slow i/v and kept as control. In group DK and BK, after administration of atropine sulphate 15 minutes later dexmedetomidine @ 10 µg/kg i/m and butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg i/m were administered respectively. Ten minutes later ketamine HCl was administered @ 5 mg/kg slowly intravenously in both group DK and BK to induce surgical stage of general anaesthesia. The following clinical parameters were recorded viz., onset of sedation, onset of anaesthesia, degree of analgesia, extent of muscle relaxation, duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery. The physiological parameters (rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate) were recorded before anaesthetic study at 0 min. and at 10 minutes after preanaesthetic administration and then at 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after ketamine anaesthesia. All the data were analyzed using SPSS v 15.0 statistics software program and presented as mean±Standard Error. Result: The onset of sedation was quicker in group DK followed by group K and BK. Duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery in group DK was significantly (p less than 0.01) longer than in group K and BK. The degree of analgesia was excellent in group DK and good in group K and BK. The extent of muscle relaxation was excellent in group DK, good in group BK and was poor in group K. The physiological parameters showed transient changes which compensated and remained within normal range during the observation period. The above anaesthetic study suggests that ketamine in combination with dexmedetomidine or butorphanol can be safely used for inducing adequate anaesthesia in dogs. However, dexmedetomidine-ketamine can be used safely for longer duration of surgical procedures in dogs.

Cardiovascular parameters in a mixed-sex swine study of severe decompression sickness treated with the emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Mahon ◽  
W. A. Cronin ◽  
M. Bodo ◽  
S. Tirumala ◽  
D. P. Regis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Systemic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control ◽  
Observation Period

Intravenous perfluorocarbons (PFC) have reduced the effects of decompression sickness (DCS) and improved mortality rates in animal models. However, concerns for the physiological effects of DCS combined with PFC therapy have not been examined in a balanced mixed-sex population. Thirty-two (16 male, 16 female) instrumented and sedated juvenile Yorkshire swine were exposed to 200 feet of seawater (fsw) for 31 min of hyperbaric air. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), cardiac output (CO), and systemic arterial pressure (SAP) were monitored before (control) and after exposure. Animals were randomized to treatment with Oxycyte (5 ml/kg; Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, NC) vs. saline (control) with 100% oxygen administered upon DCS onset; animals were observed for 90 min. Parameters recorded and analyzed included PAP, CO, and SAP. In all animals PAP began to rise prior to cutis marmorata (CM) onset, the first sign of clinical DCS, generally peaking after CM onset. Female swine, compared with castrated males, had a more rapid onset of CM (7.30 vs. 11.46 min postsurfacing) and earlier onset to maximal PAP (6.41 vs. 9.69 min post-CM onset). Oxycyte therapy was associated with a sustained PAP elevation above controls in both sexes (33.41 vs. 25.78 mmHg). Significant pattern differences in PAP, CO, and SAP were noted between sexes and between therapeutic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in survival or paralysis between the PFC and control groups during the 48-h observation period. In conclusion, Oxycyte therapy for DCS is associated with a prolonged PAP increase in swine. These species and sex differences warrant further exploration.

scholarly journals Some Adverse Physiological Effects of Hypocarbia and Methods of Maintaining Normocarbia during Controlled Ventilation—A Review

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Pollard ◽  
David B. Gibb
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Controlled Ventilation

Some of the adverse physiological effects of hypocarbia are described and the methods available to maintain the PaCO2 within or near the normal range during controlled ventilation are reviewed.

Comparison of atracurium and vecuronium as muscle relaxants for ocular and orthopaedic interventions in dogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Kumar ◽  
Adarsh Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
S. P. Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Muscle Relaxants ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Normal Range

Twenty adult dogs of either sex, divided into 2 equal groups were used for evaluation of atracurium (0.5 mg/kg IV) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg IV) in atropine-butorphanol-diazepam premedicated and propofol (till effect IV) induced dogs which were further maintained on isoflurane with controlled IPPV mode of the ventilator for positive pressure ventilation. A total of 13 ophthalmic and 7 orthopaedic interventions were done in both the groups. Pulmonary parameters were measured at baseline (pre-operative), just after induction and at 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the administration of NMBA and the recovery parameters were recorded after weaning from the anaesthetic gas. The eyeballs deviated to the ventro-medial position after the induction with diazepam and propofol and resumed the central position within 30 seconds of atracurium or vecuronium administration thus, proving highly beneficial for the eye globe and corneal interventions. On a comparative basis, atracurium and vecuronium provided muscle relaxation for 40.1 ± 4.71 and 37.7 ± 1.01 minutes respectively. Uniform and pronounced muscle relaxation along with excellent sedation was found in both the groups. All pulmonary parameters remained within normal range. Following discontinuation of the isoflurane, the time taken to bear weight was 38.88 ± 1.45 and 39.63 ± 4.08 minutes in the atracurium and vecuronium groups respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of isoflurane and sevoflurane in avian patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1067-1073
Author(s):  
R. R. Anjana ◽  
P. V. Parikh ◽  
J. K. Mahla ◽  
D. N. Kelawala ◽  
K. P. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induction Time ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Versus Group ◽  
Quality Of Recovery ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and Aim: Literature comparing the use of isoflurane and sevoflurane inhalation anesthetic agents in birds is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane during induction, maintenance, and recovery of anesthesia in avian patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 injured avian patients (n=24) were selected randomly and divided into four groups during kite flying festival. In the present study, isoflurane and sevoflurane were used as induction and maintenance anesthetic agents, with and without butorphanol tartrate premedication agent in all the birds. Different physiological parameters were evaluated, namely, cloacal temperature (°F), heart rate (beats/min), respiratory rate (breaths/min), and SpO2 (%) were recorded at 0, 10, 20 min, and at recovery time. The quality of anesthesia was assessed on the basis of induction time, quality of induction, production of analgesia, muscle relaxation, body reflexes, recovery time, quality of recovery, sitting, standing, and complete recovery time (CRT). Results: The mean±standard error value of induction time was 230.00±32.55, 280.00±25.29, 180.00±21.90, and 260.00±36.87 s, respectively, in Groups I, II, III, and IV. The feather plucking, pharyngeal, and toe pinching reflexes were noticed, when the birds were passing through the light plane of anesthesia during induction. Comparison of cloacal temperature at the time of recovery between Group-I versus Group-III revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Comparison of mean respiratory rates at the time of recovery between Group-II versus Group-IV revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Excellent quality of recovery was observed in all the groups of anesthetic protocols. Sitting, standing, and CRT were observed shortest in avian patients maintained with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Conclusion: The quality of induction of anesthesia was rapid in avian patients when induced with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Rapid onset of induction and recovery of anesthesia were found with sevoflurane followed by isoflurane. Induction and maintenance of anesthesia in avian patients with sevoflurane resulted in the lowest time required for sitting, standing, and CRT.

scholarly journals XYLAZINE-KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA; COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN MALE AND FEMALE CANE RATS (THRYONOMYS SWINDERIANUS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Olatunji-akioye A ◽  
Ojiaka H N ◽  
Samuel E. S
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Atropine Sulphate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ketamine Anaesthesia ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Domestication of the Cane rats is on-going globally and might replace the conventional rodents used in biomedical research in future. However, the paucity of information on adequate anaesthesia vis-a-vis xylazine-ketamine drug combination in the male and female Cane rats warranted this study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six adult Cane rats {1.8±0.7 kg body weights (bwt.)} assigned into group A (Female) and group B (Male) of three rats each was used for the study. Each animal was premedicated with atropine sulphate (0.05 mg/kg bwt), and later administered xylazine (10 mg/kg bwt) and ketamine (100 mg/kg bwt) intramuscularly. Meanwhile, anaesthetic characteristics and physiologic indices of anaesthesia were monitored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results obtained showed that the physiologic indices; open eyelids, smooth induction and recovery, skeletal muscle relaxation and somatic analgesia were observed in all the animals, however, the anaesthetic indices; time to induction, time to standing, duration of analgesia and duration of recumbency showed marked sex variations. The mean values for the duration of analgesia and recumbency were significantly elevated (P&lt;0.05) in group B as compared with group A. Similar trend was seen for time to standing, but, it was non-significant (P&gt;005). However, time to induction mean value for group A was non-significantly increased (P&gt;005) when compared with group B. The heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature mean values decreased in both groups non-significantly (P&gt;0.05).<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusively, the xylazine-ketamine combination produced anaesthesia in Cane rat and the combination is more tolerated in the male Cane rats than the female Cane rats.</p>

scholarly journals Potential use of dexmedetomidine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarpal ◽  
RA Ahmad ◽  
P. Kinjavdekar ◽  
HP Aithal ◽  
AM Pawde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Deep Sedation ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
Sedation And Analgesia ◽  
Different Levels

A combination of drugs may be preferred over the use of a single agent to induce deep sedation. A synergistic interaction between the drugs reduces the dose requirements of the drugs thereby minimising the unwanted side effects associated with each drug and improving recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with midazolam-fentanyl or midazolam-fentanyl-ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs. In a prospective, blinded, randomised clinical trial, 12 mixed breed dogs were divided into three groups. Animals of Group I were injected with dexmedetomidine 20 &mu;g/kg. Animals of Group II received 20 &mu;g/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 &mu;g/kg fentanyl and animals of Group III were administered with 20 &mu;g/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 &mu;g/kg fentanyl + 10 mg/kgketamine. All the drugs were given simultaneously via the intramuscular route. Jaw relaxation, palpebral reflex, pedal reflex and response to intubation were recorded and graded on a numerical scale. Values of heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and mean arterial pressure were recorded at baseline and then at predetermined intervals up to 120 min. Onset of sedation time, onset of recumbency time, time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time were recorded. Maximal muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia were observed in animals of Group III, which was followed in decreasing order by Groups II and I. Heart rate decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) after administration of drugs in Groups I and II but a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase was recorded in Group III. Respiratory rate decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) in all the groups. Rectal temperature decreased non-significantly in all the groups. Mean arterial pressure initially increased significantly (P &lt; 0.01) in Groups I and III followed by a decrease in Group I, but in Group III it remained above the base line. In Group II, MAP decreased throughout the study period. Onset of sedation time and onset of recumbency time were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) shorter in Group III as compared to Group I. Time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time did not differ significantly between the groups. It is concluded that dexmedetomidine provides a reliable moderate sedation and analgesia. Addition of midazolam and fentanyl enhances sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation induced by dexmedetomidine. Addition of ketamine produced deep sedation and complete anaesthesia with lesser cardiopulmonary depression. Thus, dexmedetomidine can be used safely in combination with midazolam, fentanyl and ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs. &nbsp;

Cyclobenzaprine: a possible mechanism of action for its muscle relaxant effect

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Commissiong ◽  
Farouk Karoum ◽  
Rhoderick J. Reiffenstein ◽  
Norton H. Neff
Keyword(s):  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Muscle Relaxant ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Muscle Rigidity ◽  
Release Of Noradrenaline ◽  
Relaxant Effect ◽  
Decerebrate Rat ◽  
Metabolism Of Noradrenaline ◽  
Thoracic Cord

Intravenously administered cyclobenzaprine (CBZ) (Flexeril), a clinically used, centrally acting muscle relaxant, abolished muscle rigidity in the intercollicular decerebrate rat. In animals in which the locus coeruleus was lesioned bilaterally previously, CBZ failed to attenuate the electromyogram. In the ventral horn of the cord, which receives a dense noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus, CBZ caused an increase in the metabolism of noradrenaline. In the zona intermedia of the thoracic cord, which is not innervated by the locus coeruleus, CBZ caused only minimal effects on noradrenaline metabolism. Cells in the locus coeruleus were activated by CBZ. The results indicate that in the intercollicular decerebrate rat, an intact, coerulospinal, noradrenergic projection is essential for the muscle relaxant effect of CBZ. Muscle relaxation apparently results from an activation of locus coeruleus neurones, leading to an increased release of noradrenaline in the ventral horn of the cord and the subsequent inhibitory action of noradrenaline on α motoneurones.

Early Development, Identification of Mode of Action, and Use of Dantrolene Sodium

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 774-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil A. Pollock ◽  
Roslyn G. Machon ◽  
Henry Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Release ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Muscle Rigidity ◽  
Respiratory Impairment ◽  
Dantrolene Sodium ◽  
Porcine Stress Syndrome ◽  
Initial Discovery ◽  
Sites Of Action

Abstract Dantrolene—a nitrofurantoin derivative—was developed by Snyder et al. in 1967. After initial discovery of its muscle relaxation potential, investigations in a number of species demonstrated dose-dependent reductions in skeletal muscle tone that were long lasting, relatively nontoxic, and free of adverse effects such as respiratory impairment. Ellis et al. then published a number of papers investigating the means by which dantrolene produced these effects. Using a series of classic physiologic models, Ellis investigated potential sites of action for the new drug, eventually narrowing this down to the intracellular calcium-release mechanism. Ellis went on to play a pivotal role in the discovery of dantrolene’s effectiveness for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia, after reading a scientific bulletin about muscle rigidity in pigs affected by porcine stress syndrome, contacting Gaisford Harrison and sending dantrolene to him for trial.

scholarly journals Effects of personal protective equipment on the physiological parameters of health care workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Varun Mahajan, MD ◽  
Karan Singla, MD ◽  
Kamal Kajal, MD ◽  
Shiv Soni, MD ◽  
Amarjyoti Hazarika, MD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Care Workers

We would like to add to the study, Understanding the physiological effects of wearing enhanced personal protective equipment while providing patient care by Bulson and Shawl from the November/December 2019 issue of Journal of Emergency Management.

scholarly journals Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2346
Author(s):  
Paola Straticò ◽  
Augusto Carluccio ◽  
Vincenzo Varasano ◽  
Giulia Guerri ◽  
Riccardo Suriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Muscle Rigidity ◽  
Total Intravenous Anaesthesia ◽  
Intravenous Anaesthesia ◽  
Duration Of Surgery ◽  
Group D

Pain management is necessary for all surgical procedures. Little scientific evidence about drug efficacy in donkeys is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol in donkeys undergoing orchiectomy under total intravenous anaesthesia with guaifenesin-ketamine-detomidine. A randomized blinded prospective clinical trial (Protocol n. 2021/0000338), was carried out on 18 clinically healthy donkeys undergoing bilateral orchiectomy. Patients were assigned to Group D (n = 8) or Group DB (n = 10) if receiving intravenous detomidine or detomidine-butorphanol respectively, before induction of general anaesthesia with ketamine-diazepam. Intraoperative muscle relaxation, nystagmus, palpebral reflex, heart and respiratory rate, and non-invasive blood pressure were evaluated every 2 min; time to prepare the patient, duration of surgery and anaesthesia and recovery score were recorded. Group D had significantly longer surgical time, higher heart rate, higher systolic and mean blood pressure (p < 0.05; repeated measure ANOVA), increased muscle rigidity and expression of palpebral reflex (p < 0.05; Mann–Whitney U test) than group DB. Top-ups with thiopental were statistically higher in Group D. Butorphanol and detomidine together produced a more stable anaesthetic plan. The low dosage of opioid and alpha-2-agonists and reduced rescue anaesthesia are responsible for a safer and more superficial anaesthesia, which is mandatory under field conditions.

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