Production Characteristics of Ryegrass Pasture under Different Intensities of Grazing and Nitrogen Fertilization in Integrated Crop-livestock Systems

Background: There is little information on the effect of interaction between grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on the productive characteristics of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on the productive characteristics of ryegrass pasture in a crop-livestock integration system. Methods: A randomized complete block experimental design with a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement was used, with three replications. The study factors were two management grass heights, low height (LH = 10 cm) and high height (HH = 25 cm), two different nitrogen fertilization times (NP = nitrogen applied to pasture and NG = nitrogen applied to grains crop) and five evaluation periods. Result: The forage mass was higher at higher handling heights and with lower stocking rate (HH = 3995 kg DM ha-1). The forage density tended to be higher in the plots with lower grass height and nitrogen fertilization (LH = 193.5 and NP = 184.7 kg DM ha-1 cm-1). The highest accumulation rate (AR) and forage production (FP) was observed in managed pastures with HHNP (AR = 120.4 kg DM ha-1 day-1; FP = 18471 kg DM ha-1). The management of grass with HHNP provided higher forage mass, higher accumulation rate and higher dry matter production in ryegrass pasture, due to an adequate stocking rate.

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Does the residual effect of n-fertilization applied on corn phase maintain forage production of the following pasture phase in an integrated crop-livestock system?

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v36n0a2020-53545 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

Author(s):

Angela Bernardon ◽

André Brugnara Soares ◽

Denise Adelaide Gomes Elejalde ◽

Tangriani Simioni Assmann ◽

Angélica Caroline Zatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Winter Season ◽

Residual Effect ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Canopy Height ◽

Forage Production ◽

Summer Crop ◽

Livestock System

Nutrient cycling represents an important nutrient source in the Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS). In general, only the crop phase of the ICLS is fertilized, however little is known about this residual effect of nitrogen fertilization from summer crop to succeeding winter pasture. This research aimed to evaluate the forage growth dynamic and botanical composition of a mixed pasture of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) affected by two canopy height managements (high and low) and nitrogen fertilization applied to either the summer crop (corn) or winter pasture phase of an ICLS. The experiment was established in 2012 in southern Brazil. Black oat and ryegrass were growing during winter season and corn (Zea mays L.) during summer season, being this paper related to the 2014 pasture period. Treatments were composed by two canopy heights (25 and 10 cm) and two N-Fertilization Times (N-Pasture or N-Corn) of 200 kg of N ha-1. Canopy height was regulated by beef steers grazing through continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate. Forage mass was lower in the 10 cm canopy height on average, however this forage mass was composed by greater proportion of ryegrass leaves and lower proportion of dead material in relation to the treatment with 25 cm canopy height. The N-fertilization applied directly on pasture phase (N-Pasture) increased forage mass, tiller population density, participation of ryegrass and ryegrass leaf proportion in the forage mass. Furthermore, when pasture was fertilized with N, the forage accumulation rate increased about 69%, highlighting that the corn N-fertilization did not present significant effect on forage productivity. The residual effect of corn N-fertilization was not enough to maintain high forage accumulation. Thus, the pasture N-fertilization is fundamental to keep high-productive crop-livestock system.

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Forage production of elephant grass under intermittent stocking

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2013000200015 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 234-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carla Silva Chaves ◽

Carlos Augusto de Miranda Gomide ◽

Karina Guimarães Ribeiro ◽

Domingos Sávio Campos Paciullo ◽

Francisco José da Silva Ledo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Rest Period ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Forage Production ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Matter Production ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The objective of this work was to evaluate the dry matter production of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes, managed under intermittent stocking. A completely randomized design was used, with two genotypes and three replicates. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations (2x2x2) of genotypes ('BRS Kurumi' and the clone CNPGL 00‑1‑3), two light interception levels (LI) at the onset of grazing (90 and 95%), and two post‑grazing canopy heights (30 and 50 cm). A total of 24 Holstein x Zebu crossbred heifers were used. The stocking density varied in order to finish the grazing periods in two days. The interval between the defoliation, based on 95% LI, resulted in a higher leaf mass per grazing cycle. The post‑grazing height of 30 cm did not affect the number of grazing cycles but provided a greater herbage accumulation rate. The cultivar BRS Kurumi has higher pasture growth, lower rest period, and greater number of grazing cycles, which results in increased forage production in the growing season.

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Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada en la dinámica del óxido nitroso y metano en Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweickerdt.

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol12_num2_art:223 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iván Pastrana V. ◽

Sony Reza G. ◽

Manuel Espinosa C. ◽

Emiro Suárez P ◽

Eliecer Díaz A.

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Flow Dynamics ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Forage Production ◽

Brachiaria Humidicola ◽

Matter Production ◽

Methane Dynamics

Las actividades ganaderas causan un impacto significativo en los cambios ambientales, debido a las altas pérdidas de N que promueven procesos de nitrificación y aumento en emisiones de gases efecto invernadero (GEI). En el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de Corpoica (Cereté, Colombia), se evaluaron tres accesiones de B. humidicola (CIAT 16888, CIAT 26159 y CIAT 679) con tres niveles de aplicación de nitrógeno (0, 150 y 300 kg ha-1) con el fin de determinar la dinámica del flujo de gases de efecto invernadero y su relación con el crecimiento y la producción de forraje. Los resultados indicaron que el mejor genotipo, en términos de producción, fue CIAT 16888, con una producción de materia seca 2.075,32 kg ha-1, altura de 46,87 cm y relación hoja/tallo de 2,51, sin diferencias significativas con el genotipo CIAT 679 pero sí con el genotipo CIAT 26159 (P ≤ 0,05). El flujo de gases de efecto invernadero (metano y óxido nitroso) se incrementó con los niveles de N, lo que indica una correlación significativa entre el crecimiento del pasto y los flujos totales. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrous oxide and methane dynamics in Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweickerdt.Livestock activities cause a significant impact on the environment due to the release of N into the soil, which in turn results in nitrification and the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). At Corpoica’s Turipaná Research Center (Cereté, Colombia), we evaluated three different genotypes of B. humidicola (CIAT 16888, CIAT 26159, and CIAT 679) with three levels of nitrogen fertilization application (0, 150, and 300 kg ha-1) in order to determine the flow dynamics of GHG and their relationship to growth and forage production. The results indicated that the best genotype, in terms of production, was CIAT 16888, with an dry matter production of 2,075.32 kg ha-1, a height of 46.87 cm, and leaf/stem ratio of 2.51, with no significant differences with genotype CIAT 679, but with genotype CIAT 26159 (P ≤ 0.05). The flow of GHG (methane and nitrous oxide) increased as the N levels increased, indicating a significant correlation between the grass’s growth and total flows.

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Using swine farming wastewater for Signal grass cultivation

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2539 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2539 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bruno Grossi Costa Homem ◽

Valdir Botega Tavares ◽

Onofre Barroca de Almeida Neto ◽

Marisa Senra Condé ◽

Igor Machado Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Block Design ◽

Swine Wastewater ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Forage Production ◽

Swine Waste ◽

Federal Institute ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Matter Production

The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and root accumulation in Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk with swine wastewater as a fertilizer. The experiment was conducted into a greenhouse in Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba Campus. Pots with 6 dm-3 volumes were used as experimental units. Were used a randomized block design with four replications. Were studied four swine waste doses (0, 225, 450 and 675mL pot-1) over four regrowth cycles. The dry matter production of the aerial part, forage accumulation rate, crude protein and dry matter production of roots increased with the highest swine waste doses being around 670, 742, 160 and 465% respectively from lower to higher dose. There was interaction between swine waste and regrowth cycles for plant height and tillering, and in all regrowth cycles responded positively with increasing swine waste doses. Applying swine waste on pastures is therefore a viable alternative to increase productivity of B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, it recommends the use of swine waste corresponding to the dose of 675mL pot-1 to maintenance pastures

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Potensi Covercrop Kebun Sawit Sebagai Sumber Pakan Hijauan Ternak Ruminansia Pada Musim Kemarau di Pelalawan, Riau

Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jsti.v17i1.3421 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ruslan A. Gopar ◽

S. Martono ◽

Muhamad N. Rofiq ◽

Windu N.

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Dry Season ◽

Forage Production ◽

Destructive Sampling ◽

Matter Production ◽

Ruminant Animals ◽

Line Intercept

The objective of this experiment was to obtain forage/ cover crops productivity and carrying capacity for ruminant animals in Pelalawan Regency, Riau in the dry season. Data were collected from civil palm oil plantations at the aged 7, 10 and 14 years in the end of dry season with a destructive sampling method. Sampling used line intercept method which every hectare were picked 10 points by using a pair of 1 m2 sized quadrant. The result showed that the number of vegetations/ cover crops in oil palm plantations aged 7, 10 and 14 years was 42 types.The proportion of forage which consist grass, legume and ferns was diverse at each age of oil palm plantations. Forage production under oil palm plantations aged 7, 10 and 14 years were 2,571 kg/ha, 1479.76 kg/ha and 1417.22 kg/ha as fed and amounted to 811.41 kg/ ha, 471, 15 kg/ ha and 456.91 kg/ ha in the dry matter production. Average carrying capacities of oil palm plantations aged 7, 10 and 14 years was 0.36 Animal units (AU)/ha/year, 0.21 AU/ha/year and 0.20 AU/ ha/year.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi jumlah covercrop dan kapasitas tampungnya di kebun sawit sebagai sumber pakan hijauan ruminansia pada musim kemarau di kabupaten Pelalawan, Riau. Pengambilan data dilakukan di perkebunan kelapa sawit yang berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun milik rakyat pada akhir musim kemarau. Pengambilan sampel dengan destructive sampling method menggunakan metode garis berpetak memakai kuadran berukuran 1m2 dengan jumlah sampel tiap area sebanyak 10 titik. Berdasar hasil pengukuran diperoleh hasil jumlah vegetasi/ covercrop yang ada di kebun sawit berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun sebanyak 42 jenis yang bervariasi tiap umur tanaman sawit. Proporsi hijauan yang ada meliputi jenis rumput, legume dan paku-pakuan bervariasi pada tiap umur kebun sawit. Produksi hijauan yang ada di bawah kebun sawit berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun berturut-turut 2.571 kg/ha, 1.479,76 kg/ha dan 1.417,22 kg/ha dalam bentuk segar serta sebesar 811,41 kg/ha, 471,15 kg/ha dan 456,91 kg/ha dalam bahan kering. Kapasitas tampung dari kebun sawit berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun adalah 0,36 satuan ternak (ST)/ha, 0,21 ST/ha dan 0,20 ST/ha.Keywords: cover crops, oil palm plantation, forage, ruminant, dry season, Pelalawan

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Grazed pasture parameters. I. Pasture dry-matter production and availability in a stocking rate and grazing management experiment with dairy cows

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600068283 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 199-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

A.G. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cow ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Grazing Management ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Small Scale ◽

Stocking Rate ◽

Rotational Grazing ◽

Pasture Production ◽

Grazed Pasture ◽

Matter Production

1. Net pasture dry matter production and available pasture dry matter were measured over 3 years in a small-scale replica of the study of the effects of dairy cow grazing management and stocking rate reported by McMeekan & Walshe (1963).2. The four treatments were(i) Controlled rotational grazing, light stocking rate (0.95 cows/acre).(ii) Controlled rotational grazing, heavy stocking rate (1.19 cows/acre).(iii) Uncontrolled, set stocked grazing, light stocking rate (0.95 cows/acre).(iv) Uncontrolled, set stocked grazing, heavy stocking rate (1.19 cows/acre).3. The pasture measurement technique employed measured net pasture production (gains through new growth minus losses from all sources). It is argued that this parameter, rather than absolute pasture production, governs the changes in the dry matter feed supply to the grazing animal.

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Forage yield in pastures with bermuda grass mixed with different legumes

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i3.31114 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 261 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amanda Nunes Assis dos Anjos ◽

Clair Jorge Olivo ◽

Caroline Paim Sauter ◽

Aline Rodrigues Silva ◽

Fabiene Tomazetti dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Rate ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Bermuda Grass ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Stocking Rate ◽

Forage Production ◽

Common Vetch ◽

Grazing Systems

Three grazing systems with Coastcross-1 bermuda grass (CC) + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + common vetch; CC + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 were evaluated. Thirteen grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (313 days), with two, five, four and two cycles respectively in winter, spring, summer and fall. Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. Daily accumulation rate, forage production, rate of forage disappearance, agronomic intake, grazing efficiency, herbage allowance and stocking rate were evaluated. Mean rates of forage yield and stocking rate were 20.8; 17.6 and 19.7 t DM ha-1 and 7.0; 6.8 to 6.8 animal units ha-1 day-1 for the respective forage systems. The mixture Coastcross-1 plus common vetch, fertilized with 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 and Coastcross-1 fertilized with 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 provided greater productivity and better distribution of forage throughout the seasons.

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Production and quality of Tifton 85 pastures overseeded with black oat: effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n5p2071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 2071

Author(s):

João De Assis Farias Filho ◽

Fabiana Luiza Matielo de Paula ◽

Adalberto Luiz de Paula ◽

Wagner Paris ◽

Fabrício Ghinzelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Forage Production ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Dead Material

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the bromatological quality, forage production, and botanical and structural composition of Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) pastures overseeded with black oat (Avena strigosa). Four treatments were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (irrigated and non-irrigated × fertilized and non-fertilized), with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. In irrigated paddocks, the irrigation system was activated when the soil matric potential reached a value equal to, or higher than, 10 kPa and 135 kg N ha-1 was applied to fertilized paddocks, divided into four applications. The forage mass pre- and post-grazing, total forage production, and the botanical, structural, and bromatological composition of the pastures were evaluated. No interaction was observed between the irrigation and nitrogen fertilization factors for any of the variables and no significant differences were observed in forage mass between pre- and post-grazing or in Tifton leaf and stem percentages. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on forage production, which was 2626.41 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1 higher in fertilized pastures than in unfertilized pastures. In addition, fertilization resulted in a lower percentage of dead material (6.66%), higher percentage of oat leaves (30.84%), higher leaf:stem ratio (1:45), higher crude protein content (24.13%), lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (64.57%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (32.86%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.01%) than in unfertilized pastures. The use of irrigation did not influence total forage production, however, it resulted in pastures with lower NDF (65.97%) and ADF (33.54%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.48%) than unirrigated pastures. Nitrogen fertilization produced improvements in pasture structure, associated with higher dry matter yield and bromatological quality, while irrigation only produced pastures with lower fiber content and greater digestibility.

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IRRIGAÇÃO DE PASTAGENS VIA PIVÔ CENTRAL, NA BOVINOCULTURA DE CORTE.

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2009v14n4p492-503 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 492-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leonardo Pretto de Azevedo ◽

João Carlos Cury Saad

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Forage Production ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Forage Plants ◽

Matter Production ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

Center Pivot

Irrigação de pastagens via pivô central, na bovinocultura de corte. Leonardo Pretto de Azevedo1; João Carlos Cury Saad21 Instituto Federal de São Roque, São Roque, SP, [email protected] de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar o sistema de irrigação de pastagens via pivô central na bovinocultura de corte brasileira, bem como discutir a viabilidade econômica desta prática em diferentes regiões do país. Foram apresentados fatores importantes na produção de massa seca de forrageiras tropicais, como temperatura, radiação solar, adubação e água. Também foram apresentadas as vantagens e desvantagens do sistema, bem como uma breve discussão de sua viabilidade econômica. Concluiu-se que a irrigação de pastagens pode ser uma técnica economicamente viável para regiões específicas do Brasil, considerando-se os fatores envolvidos e esclarecendo que apenas o fornecimento de água às culturas não resolve o problema da estacionalidade durante o inverno. UNITERMOS: pivô central, forrageiras, viabilidade econômica AZEVEDO, L. P.; SAAD, J. C. C. Pasture irrigation under center pivot for beef cattle. 2 ABSTRACT The aims of this work were to show the pasture irrigation system by center pivot with Brazilian cattle and to discuss the economic feasibility of this technique in different regions of the country. Important parameters to dry matter production of tropical forage plants, as temperature, solar radiation, fertilization, and water requirement were shown Also, the system advantages and disadvantages and a discussion about economic feasibility of this technique were presented. It was concluded that pasture irrigation is a feasible and economical technique to some specific Brazilian regions, depending on appropriated parameters. This work also concludes that just water supply is not enough to assure forage production avoiding reduction in dry production in the winter. KEYWORDS: center pivot, pasture, economic feasibility

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Nitrate leaching and N2-fixation in grasslands of different composition, age and management

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859604003934 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 142 (2) ◽

pp. 141-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

J. ERIKSEN ◽

F. P. VINTHER ◽

K. SØEGAARD

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Nitrate Leaching ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Grazing Intensity ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Leaching Losses ◽

N Removal ◽

Matter Production ◽

Over Time

Grass-legume associations may offer a way of improving the N efficiency of dairy farming, but may also have an adverse impact on the environment by increasing leaching losses. Nitrate leaching from four cropping sequences with different grassland frequency and management (long-term grazed, long-term cut, cereals followed by 1 and 2-year grazed leys) were investigated on a loamy sand in central Jutland for both unfertilized grass-clover (perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/white clover (Trifolium repens L.)) and fertilized perennial ryegrass (300 kg N/ha) swards during 1997–2002. Furthermore, 1 year (2001) of N2 fixation in 1-, 2- and 8-year-old grass-clover pastures was determined. Nitrate leaching from grazed unfertilized grass-clover was always considerably lower than from grazed fertilized ryegrass. The effect of grassland age on nitrate leaching was insignificant in grass-clover but clear in grazed ryegrass, where levels increased dramatically with sward age. In production years 6–8, leaching from grass-clover was only 9–13% of the comparable losses from ryegrass. Under the cutting regime grass-clover showed a significant reduction in both yield and N-removal with increasing sward age, whereas for ryegrass these figures did not show any decreasing trend. N2 fixation was lower in 8-year-old swards compared with fully established 2-year-old swards as a consequence of lower dry matter production, lower clover content and a lower proportion of clover-N derived from the atmosphere. The results from the present study indicate that the higher leaching losses observed in fertilized grass compared with unfertilized grass-clover systems were caused by (1) a reduction in N2-fixation in grass-clover over time and (2) a reduction in dry matter production in grass-clover over time, lowering the grazing intensity and the recycling of grassland N via animal excreta.

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