DE QUOI LA DROGUE EST-ELLE LE NOM?

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 57-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANá‡OIS-XAVIER DUDOUET

Résumé:  Phénomá¨ne moderne et universel, la «  drogue   » peine cependant á  recevoir une définition précise. Que l”™on essaie de l”™approcher par ses effets physiologiques ou par sa prohibition, il semble que nous n”™obtenions que des points de vue partiels, alors que la globalité du phénomá¨ne continue de nous échapper. La démarche proposée ici consiste á  changer de perspective et á  envisager la «  drogue   » comme un fait social total universel, c”™est-á -dire comme une organisation sociale globale qui distinguerait, pour l”™ensemble de la planá¨te, les usages sacrés et les usages profanes. L”™article décrit, dans un premier temps, l”™opération magique par laquelle les usages licites des drogues ont été distingués des usages illicites au niveau national, dans un deuxiá¨me temps il montre comment cette opération s”™est poursuivie au niveau international afin de bá¢tir une économie licite des drogues séparée de l”™économie illicite. Cette dimension économique est approfondie dans la troisiá¨me partie, afin de mettre á  jour la logique monopoliste qui organise les usages sacrés des drogues. Une derniá¨re partie évoque quelques pistes de réflexion pour voir pourquoi la dimension licite de la «  drogue   » a, peu á  peu, été totalement occultée au profit d”™une lecture exclusivement prohibitionniste du phénomá¨ne. Sans doute, la croyance en la prohibition de la «  drogue   » était-elle nécessaire á  la dissimulation d”™une réalité plus inacceptable encore  : la monopolisation des usages licites.Mots clefs: Politique des Drogues. Contrôle International des Drogues. Industrie Pharmaceutique.OS SENTIDOS DA DROGA  Resumo: A ”droga” é um fenômeno moderno e universal; entretanto, é difá­cil atribuir-lhe uma definição precisa. Quando a abordamos através de seus efeitos fisiológicos ou a partir de sua proibição, só acessamos alguns pontos de vista parciais, pois a globalidade do fenômeno em si, continua a nos escapar. A abordagem que propomos aqui consiste em mudar de perspectiva e em pensar a ”droga” como um fato social total universal, ou seja, como uma organização social global que distinguiria, para o mundo inteiro, os usos sagrados dos usos profanos. O artigo descreve, primeiramente, a operação mágica pela qual, em ná­vel nacional, os usos lá­citos das drogas se tornaram distintos dos usos ilá­citos; a seguir, o artigo mostra como essa operação prosseguiu em ná­vel internacional, a fim de edificar uma economia lá­cita das drogas separada da economia ilá­cita. Essa dimensão econômica é aprofundada, na terceira parte, com o fim de atualizar a lógica monopolista que organiza os usos sagrados das drogas. A última parte evoca algumas pistas de reflexão para compreender as razões pelas quais a dimensão lá­cita da ”droga” foi, pouco a pouco, totalmente ocultada em benefá­cio de uma leitura exclusivamente proibicionista do fenômeno. Sem dúvida, a crença na proibição da ”droga” foi necessária á  dissimulação de uma realidade ainda mais inaceitável: a monopolização dos seus usos lá­citos.Palavras-chave: Polá­tica de Drogas. Controle Internacional das Drogas. Indústria Farmacêutica.  THE MEANING OF `DRUG”™Abstract:  The "drug" is a modern and universal phenomenon; however, it is difficult to give it a precise definition. When approached through its physiological effects or from its prohibition, we can only access some partial points of view, since the whole phenomenon itself continues to escape us. The approach proposed here is to change the perspective and to think of "drug" as a universal total social fact, that is, as a global social organization that would distinguish for the whole world the sacred uses from the profane uses. This article first describes the mystical operation by which, at the national level, the lawful uses of drugs have become distinct from illicit uses; the article then shows how this operation proceeded at the international level in order to build a legal drug economy distinct from the illicit drug economy. This economic dimension is deepened in the third part with the purpose of updating the monopolistic logic that organizes the sacred uses of drugs. The latter part proposes some reflections to understand the reasons why the licit dimension of the "drug" was gradually totally hidden in favor of a purely prohibitionist interpretation of the phenomenon. Undoubtedly, the belief in the prohibition of "drug" was necessary for the concealment of an even more unacceptable reality: the monopolization of its lawful uses.Keywords:  Drug policy. International drug control. Pharmaceutical industry.LOS SENTIDOS DE LA DROGA  Resumen: La ”droga” es un fenómeno moderno y universal; sin embargo, es difá­cil asignarle una definición exacta. Cuando la abordamos a través de sus efectos fisiológicos o a partir de su prohibición, sólo accedemos a algunos puntos de vista parciales, pues la globalidad del fenómeno en sá­ continúa escapándonos. El enfoque que proponemos aquá­ consiste en cambiar de perspectiva y en pensar la ”droga” como un hecho social total universal, es decir, como una organización social global que distinguirá­a, para todo el mundo, los usos sagrados de los usos profanos. El artá­culo describe, primero, la operación mágica por la cual, a nivel nacional, los usos lá­citos de las drogas se han vuelto distintos de los usos ilá­citos; a continuación, el artá­culo presenta cómo esta operación prosiguió a nivel internacional, a fin de edificar una economá­a lá­cita de las drogas separada de la economá­a ilá­cita. Esta dimensión económica se profundiza, en la tercera parte, con la finalidad de actualizar la lógica monopolista que organiza los usos sagrados de las drogas. La última parte evoca algunas señales de reflexión para comprender las razones por las cuales la dimensión lá­cita de la ”droga” fue, poco a poco, totalmente ocultada en beneficio de una lectura exclusivamente prohibicionista del fenómeno. Sin duda, la creencia en la prohibición de la ”droga” fue necesaria para la disimulación de una realidad aún más inaceptable: la monopolización de sus usos lá­citos.Palabras clave:  Polá­tica de drogas. Control internacional de las drogas. Industria farmacéutica.

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-71
Author(s):  
Geo Siegwart

The main objective is an interpretation of the island parody, in particular a logical reconstruction of the parodying argument that stays close to the text. The parodied reasoning is identified as the proof in the second chapter of the Proslogion, more specifically, this proof as it is represented by Gaunilo in the first chapter of his Liber pro insipiente. The second task is a detailed comparison between parodied and parodying argument as well as an account of their common structure. The third objective is a tentative characterization of the nature and function of parodies of arguments. It seems that parodying does not add new pertinent points of view to the usual criticism of an argument.


Author(s):  
Thomas F. Babor ◽  
Jonathan Caulkins ◽  
Benedikt Fischer ◽  
David Foxcroft ◽  
Keith Humphreys ◽  
...  

Among the 47 options reviewed in this book, most show some evidence of effectiveness in at least one country, but the evidence is less than definitive for many others, either because the interventions are ineffective, or the research is inadequate. Unfortunately, policies that have shown little or no evidence of effectiveness continue to be the preferred options of many countries and international organizations. The evidence reviewed in this book supports two overarching conclusions. First, an integrated and balanced approach to evidence-informed drug policy is more likely to benefit the public good than uncoordinated efforts to reduce drug supply and demand. Second, by shifting the emphasis toward a public health approach, it may be possible to reduce the extent of illicit drug use, prevent the escalation of new epidemics, and avoid the unintended consequences arising from the marginalization of drug users through severe criminal penalties.


Author(s):  
Henk Addink

The pivotal aim of this book is to explain the creation, development, and impact of good governance from a conceptual, principal perspective and in the context of national administrative law. Three lines of reasoning have been worked out: developing the concept of good governance; specification of this concept by developing principles of good governance; and implementation of these principles of good governance on the national level. In this phase of further development of good governance, it is important to have a clear concept of good governance, presented in this book as the third cornerstone of a modern state, alongside the concepts of the rule of law and democracy. That is a rather new national administrative law perspective which is influenced by regional and international legal developments; thus, we can speak about good governance as a multilevel concept. But the question is: how is this concept of good governance further developed? Six principles of good governance (which in a narrower sense also qualify as principles of good administration) have been further specified in a systematic way, from a legal perspective. These are the principles of properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights. Furthermore, the link has been made with integrity standards. The important developments of each of these principles are described on the national level in Europe, but also in countries outside Europe (such as Australia, Canada, and South Africa). This book gives a systematic comparison of the implementation of the principles of good governance between countries.


2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-167
Author(s):  
Jonathan Lewy

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Corbu ◽  
Olga Hosu

This article seeks to expand the agenda setting theory and its later ramifications, by complementing them with the hypothesis of the articulation function of mass-media. Defined as the capacity of the media to offer people the words and expressions associated with defending specific points of view, the articulation function suggests a new ramification of the agenda setting theory, namely the key words level of agenda setting. Building on the third-level assumption about the transfer of issues and attributes from the media to people’s agenda in bundles, we argue that each issue is in fact transferred together with a set of “key words”, corresponding to the additional sub-topics related to the issue.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Nur Khosiin

Abdullah Nasih Ulwan’s provides several points of view in the realm of methods of planting Islamic education in children which can later be used as a means to achieve the goals of Islamic education. This research uses the documentation method with a descriptive-interpretative approach, namely an attempt to describe the interpretation of some of the texts of the book at-tarbiyah al-aulad fi al-Islam in the third chapter. As for the primary data source is the book at-tarbiyah al-aulad fi al-Islam, the secondary data source is books and related literature, while the data analysis used descriptive analysis. The results of this study there are five methods of planting Islamic education for children, namely educating by example, customary habits, advice, supervision, and through punishment.


Pragmatics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-82
Author(s):  
Saeko Machi

Abstract This study examines cross-speaker repetition in triadic conversations in the Japanese language. For the analysis, three sets of triadic conversations between close friends taken from a TV talk show are used. The results reveal that repetition in triadic conversations performs distinctive functions that are not observed in dyadic conversations: repetition often takes place between only two participants of the triad and allows the two to team up and strengthen their bond exclusively (teaming repetition), or even playfully tease the third participant (teasing repetition). Repetition is also shared between the three participants. In such cases, it allows the participants to create an instant bond by joking or referring to shared circumstances (immediate threefold repetition), or to gradually establish rapport by connecting their utterances and co-constructing a story (repetition relay). All these types of repetition express the participants’ points of view and contribute efficiently to their relationships that shift from moment to moment. The study further demonstrates cases in which one participant makes good use of various repetition types in a short period of time and efficiently allocates thoughts and feelings to the other two participants. The study concludes that repetition plays a significant role in Japanese conversation, helping speakers to converse smoothly and manage the dynamic relationships efficiently.


SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110615
Author(s):  
Cecilia Santilli ◽  
Roberto Scaramuzzino

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between individual leaders’ career trajectories and organizational structure and identity in Italian civil society organizations (CSOs) active at national level. The analysis in this qualitative study draws on two sets of data, semi-structured interviews with leaders on their career trajectories and their understanding of what it takes to become a leader of a CSO and short biographies of leaders’ career trajectories. Three main representational logics are idenitified: within: multi-level, within: member-organization, and outside: supporting organization. The two first logics are based on a trajectory within the organizations either departing from the local and regional levels of the same organizations or within one or more member organizations. The third logic is based on a trajectory outside the organization that is marked by the ideological affiliation of the president through leading positions in other organizations within the same movement or field.


The author considers the content of the “Milan Papyrus” with the epigrams of Posidippus of Pella, the first edition of which was published in 2003, with reference to the history of the Nabataean Arabs. The mention of the Nabataean king in the work is the very first in narrative sources, which allows to reconsider some traditional points of view on the life of the Nabataeans in the early Hellenistic period before their transition to a settled life. It should be noted that referring to the early period of the history of the Nabataeans, researchers inevitably encounter a problem that is associated with a lack of narrative sources. The data available today do not fully restore the course of historical events, especially during the period when the Nabataean tribes led a nomadic lifestyle. To a certain extent, the fragmentariness of the written sources is compensated by the data of archeology, epigraphy and numismatics, however, the early Hellenistic period of the history of the Nabataeans, unfortunately, is still not adequately covered by the sources. Meanwhile, it was at that time when the Nabataeans experienced a gradual transition from a nomadic way of life to a sedentary one, as well as the most important historical processes that determined the path of their further existence under statehood were being held. Nevertheless, the range of sources is gradually expanding, which allows researchers to set new tasks and look for ways to solve them. Thus, as a result of the research, the author concludes that the data of the “Milan Papyrus” suggest that the royal Nabataean dynasty has deeper roots than was commonly believed, and from the middle of the third century BC at the head was the king, under whose command was the cavalry corps. This conclusion changes the generally accepted idea of the socio-political development of the Nabataean society in the early stages of its history.


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