scholarly journals Carbon nanotubes: mechanisms of the action, biological markers and evaluation of the (review of literature)

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Gmoshinsky ◽  
S. A. Khotimchenko ◽  
N. A. Riger ◽  
D. B. Nikityuk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Body ◽  
Action Identification ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Search And Selection

The article contains the review and analysis of data on the mechanisms of the toxic action of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the body and available results of CNT toxicological evaluation after inhalation and oral routes of the action. Identification of cellular and molecular mechanisms of CNTs toxicity allows to justify the list of the most sensitive biochemical toxicity markers that could be used for monitoring the occupational effects of CNTs and serve as a promising target for the corresponding pharmacological and immunopharmacological interventions aimed on specific prophylaxis and therapy of diseases caused by CNT. A considerable amount of experimental data obtained in vivo on inhalation animal models allows to establish the hygienic standardfor CNT in the air of the working area. As to safe levels of the oral route of CNT it needs further study for their reliable assessment. The search and selection of sources for the review was executed with the use of public databases, including (in order of relevance) PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and RISC, for the period from 2004 to 2017.

scholarly journals Posttranslational mechanisms associated with reduced NHE3 activity in adult vs. young prehypertensive SHR

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (4) ◽  
pp. F872-F881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato O. Crajoinas ◽  
Lucília M. A. Lessa ◽  
Luciene R. Carraro-Lacroix ◽  
Ana Paula C. Davel ◽  
Bruna P. M. Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Bicarbonate Reabsorption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wistar Kyoto ◽  
Lower Ratio

Abnormalities in renal proximal tubular (PT) sodium transport play an important role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) represents the major route for sodium entry across the apical membrane of renal PT cells. We therefore aimed to assess in vivo NHE3 transport activity and to define the molecular mechanisms underlying NHE3 regulation before and after development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). NHE3 function was measured as the rate of bicarbonate reabsorption by means of in vivo stationary microperfusion in PT from young prehypertensive SHR (Y-SHR; 5-wk-old), adult SHR (A-SHR; 14-wk-old), and age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. We found that NHE3-mediated PT bicarbonate reabsorption was reduced with age in the SHR (1.08 ± 0.10 vs. 0.41 ± 0.04 nmol/cm2×s), while it was increased in the transition from youth to adulthood in the WKY rat (0.59 ± 0.05 vs. 1.26 ± 0.11 nmol/cm2×s). Higher NHE3 activity in the Y-SHR compared with A-SHR was associated with a predominant microvilli confinement and a lower ratio of phosphorylated NHE3 at serine-552 to total NHE3 (P-NHE3/total). After development of hypertension, P-NHE3/total increased and NHE3 was retracted out of the microvillar microdomain along with the regulator dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). Collectively, our data suggest that the PT is playing a role in adapting to the hypertension in the SHR. The molecular mechanisms of this adaptation possibly include an increase of P-NHE3/total and a redistribution of the NHE3-DPPIV complex from the body to the base of the PT microvilli, both predicted to decrease sodium reabsorption.

scholarly journals TNAP as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular calcification: a discussion of its pleiotropic functions in the body

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goettsch ◽  
Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek ◽  
Laurence Bessueille ◽  
Thibaut Quillard ◽  
Laura Mechtouff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyridoxal Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aortic Valves ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Pleiotropic Functions ◽  
Dental Mineralization

Abstract Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It develops in several diseases and locations, such as in the tunica intima in atherosclerosis plaques, in the tunica media in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and in aortic valves. In spite of the wide occurrence of CVC and its detrimental effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), no treatment is yet available. Most of CVC involve mechanisms similar to those occurring during endochondral and/or intramembranous ossification. Logically, since tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is the key-enzyme responsible for skeletal/dental mineralization, it is a promising target to limit CVC. Tools have recently been developed to inhibit its activity and preclinical studies conducted in animal models of vascular calcification already provided promising results. Nevertheless, as its name indicates, TNAP is ubiquitous and recent data indicate that it dephosphorylates different substrates in vivo to participate in other important physiological functions besides mineralization. For instance, TNAP is involved in the metabolism of pyridoxal phosphate and the production of neurotransmitters. TNAP has also been described as an anti-inflammatory enzyme able to dephosphorylate adenosine nucleotides and lipopolysaccharide. A better understanding of the full spectrum of TNAP’s functions is needed to better characterize the effects of TNAP inhibition in diseases associated with CVC. In this review, after a brief description of the different types of CVC, we describe the newly uncovered additional functions of TNAP and discuss the expected consequences of its systemic inhibition in vivo.

scholarly journals Structure–Biological Activity Relationships of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds: Health Properties and Bioavailability

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Rodríguez-López ◽  
Jesús Lozano-Sanchez ◽  
Isabel Borrás-Linares ◽  
Tatiana Emanuelli ◽  
Javier A. Menéndez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenolic Fraction

Extra-virgin olive oil is regarded as functional food since epidemiological studies and multidisciplinary research have reported convincing evidence that its intake affects beneficially one or more target functions in the body, improves health, and reduces the risk of disease. Its health properties have been related to the major and minor fractions of extra-virgin olive oil. Among olive oil chemical composition, the phenolic fraction has received considerable attention due to its bioactivity in different chronic diseases. The bioactivity of the phenolic compounds could be related to different properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, although the molecular mechanism of these compounds in relation to many diseases could have different cellular targets. The aim of this review is focused on the extra-virgin olive oil phenolic fraction with particular emphasis on (a) biosynthesis, chemical structure, and influence factors on the final extra-virgin olive oil phenolic composition; (b) structure–antioxidant activity relationships and other molecular mechanisms in relation to many diseases; (c) bioavailability and controlled delivery strategies; (d) alternative sources of olive biophenols. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive review was developed, with particular emphasis on in vitro and in vivo assays as well as clinical trials. This report provides an overview of extra-virgin olive oil phenolic compounds as a tool for functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.

Two-Photon Imaging of Cellular Activities in Oxygen Sensing Tissues

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Wotzlaw ◽  
Utta Berchner-Pfannschmidt ◽  
Joachim Fandrey ◽  
Helmut Acker
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Oxygen Sensing ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Two Photon

AbstractThe cellular oxygen sensing system of the body ensures appropriate adaptation of cellular functions toward hypoxia by regulating gene expression and ion channel activity. Two-photon laser microscopy is an ideal tool to study and prove the relevance of the molecular mechanisms within oxygen sensing pathways on the cellular and complex tissue or organ level. Images of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) subunit nuclear mobility and protein-protein interaction in living cells, of hypoxia-induced changes in membrane potential and intracellular calcium of live ex vivo carotid bodies as well as of rat kidney proximal tubulus function in vivo, will be shown.

scholarly journals Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling for Neuronal Polarity

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 995-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Namba ◽  
Yasuhiro Funahashi ◽  
Shinichi Nakamuta ◽  
Chundi Xu ◽  
Tetsuya Takano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neuronal Polarity ◽  
Cultured Neurons ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Neuronal Polarization

Neurons are one of the highly polarized cells in the body. One of the fundamental issues in neuroscience is how neurons establish their polarity; therefore, this issue fascinates many scientists. Cultured neurons are useful tools for analyzing the mechanisms of neuronal polarization, and indeed, most of the molecules important in their polarization were identified using culture systems. However, we now know that the process of neuronal polarization in vivo differs in some respects from that in cultured neurons. One of the major differences is their surrounding microenvironment; neurons in vivo can be influenced by extrinsic factors from the microenvironment. Therefore, a major question remains: How are neurons polarized in vivo? Here, we begin by reviewing the process of neuronal polarization in culture conditions and in vivo. We also survey the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization. Finally, we introduce the theoretical basis of neuronal polarization and the possible involvement of neuronal polarity in disease and traumatic brain injury.

scholarly journals Carbon Nanotube (CNTs): Structure, Synthesis, Purification, Functionalisation, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biodegradation and Application as Nanomedicine and Biosensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 001 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayendrakumar Patel ◽  
Shalin Parikh ◽  
Shwetaben Patel ◽  
Ronak Patel ◽  
Payalben Patel
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Aggregation State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biomedical Fields

It is well acknowledged that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a potential new class of nanomaterials for technological advancement. The recent discovery of diverse kinds of carbon nanostructures has sparked interest in the potential applications of these materials in a variety of disciplines. Numerous distinct carbon nanotube (CNT) production methods have been developed, and their characterisation, separation, and manipulation of individual CNTs are now possible. Structure, surface area, surface charge, size distribution, surface chemistry, aggregation state, and purity of the samples all have a significant impact on the reactivity of carbon nanotubes, as does the purity of the samples. Currently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being successfully used in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields because of their large surface area, which makes them capable of adsorbing or conjugating with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic substances (drugs, genes, vaccines, antibodies, biosensors, etc.). They were the first to demonstrate that they are a great vehicle for drug delivery straight into cells without the need for metabolic processing by the body. This paper discusses the different types, structures, and properties of CNTs, as well as CNT synthesis and purification methods, how to functionalize CNTs, and their application in medicinal, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields, toxicological properties and their assessment, as well as in-vivo pharmacology and biodegradation pathways.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cosmetic Properties of Natural Ingredients in the Trás-os-Montes area: a PhD Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Gonçalves ◽  
Isabel Gaivão
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
The European Union

The term cosmetics refers to a product applied to the body for the purpose of beautifying, cleansing or improving appearance and enhancing attractive features. The natural cosmetics market has grown since the consumer took consciousness of the concept of natural-based ingredients. A great number of cosmetics have noxious and chemically-potent substances and have an ecological impact on the environment. A study performed by the Danish Council THINK Chemicalsfound that in total 65 chemicals of concern were found in 39 products. This means consumers are exposed to these chemicals, perhaps in a daily basis. They also found that three products contained illegal ingredients in the European Union. Thus, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly important. This requires a strong investigation into the benefits that fruits and plants can bring to health. The PhD project will focus on four natural ingredients common in the Trás-os-Montes area: almond (Prunus dulcis), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), olive (Olea europaea) and grapes (Vitis vinifera). The general purpose of this PhD project is to evaluate the cosmetic properties of the natural ingredients towards the DNA integrity promotion. Additionally, it is intended to evaluate genoprotection, longevity and prolificacy of the natural ingredients in Drosophila melanogaster. The short life cycle, the distinct developmental stages, the availability of various tools and reagents, known genome sequence and the physiological similarity of Drosophila with humans make them an excellent in vivo model organism to rapidly test toxicity in whole organism and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity. The natural product with the best result will be used to evaluate genoprotection in human lymphocytes. These are used as a surrogate tissue, as they are easily obtained, in large numbers, do not require cell culture, are diploids and are almost all in the same phase of the cell cycle. This project is in an initial phase and lacks results, which will be available along this year.

scholarly journals Strain-Specific Identification and In Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Heat-Killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3034
Author(s):  
Kyung-Sook Chung ◽  
Jae Woong Choi ◽  
Ji-Sun Shin ◽  
Seo-Yeon Kim ◽  
Hee-Soo Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Killer Cell Activity ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Immunostimulatory Activity

We previously reported that the immunostimulatory activity of heat-killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706 in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice. However, identification of heat-killed L. sakei K040706 (heat-killed LS06) using a validated method is not yet reported. Further, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its immunostimulatory effects in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice remain unknown. In this study, we developed strain-specific genetic markers to detect heat-killed L. sakei LS06. The lower detection limit of the validated primer set was 2.1 × 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL for the heat-killed LS06 assay. Moreover, oral administration of heat-killed LS06 (108 or 109 CFU/day, p.o.) effectively improved the body loss, thymus index, natural killer cell activity, granzyme B production, and T and B cell proliferation in CTX-treated mice. In addition, heat-killed LS06 enhanced CTX-reduced immune-related cytokine (interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12) production and mRNA expression. Heat-killed LS06 also recovered CTX-altered microbiota composition, including the phylum levels of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and the family levels of Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Gracilibacteraceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae. In conclusion, since heat-killed L. sakei K040706 ameliorated CTX-induced immunosuppression and modulated gut microbiota composition, they have the potential to be used in functional foods for immune regulation.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL IN VIVO EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AND COMPLEX OF VITAMINS A AND E ON THE LIVER IN RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1108-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia N. Belyaeva ◽  
M. V. Vostrikova ◽  
A. V. Alekseeva ◽  
N. N. Demina ◽  
L. P. Sycheva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Single Walled Carbon ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Introduction. A review of the literature on nanotechnology shows the advanced development of hygienic research in the field of nanotoxicology to be of fundamental importance, as it allows creating a basis for the introduction of safe production at the design stage of technological processes. The effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the body are evaluated for the use in many different technical applications, including the alleged possibility of their use as a sorbing material in the water treatment process. Material and Methods. Two-weeks intragastric effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes (oUNT) at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg and a complex of vitamins A and E (AE) at a dose of 25.3 mg/kg (vitamin E - 25.2 mg/kg and vitamin A - 0.1 mg/kg) on the liver of male Wistar rats, as well as in the same batch of animals three months after a two-week experiment and a single exposure to oUNT at a dose of 5mg/kg were studied in fifteen groups of animals. oUNT was dissolved in sunflower oil at the rate of 0.5 ml of oil per 100 g of body weight. Results. Two-weeks study of oUNT at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg and three months after a single exposure at a dose of 5mg/kg revealed no damage to the nucleus of hepatocytes, but three months after a two-week experiment, when exposed to both doses of oUNT, showed a significant increase in this index, as well as indices of fatty degeneration, only in relation to groups of the two-week exposure. Thus, with two-weeks exposure of oUNT, three months after it, as well as three months after a single exposure at a dose of 5 mg/kg the fatty degeneration develops. The effect of the complex of vitamins AE in the two-weeks experiment and three months after it significantly worsens all the studied parameters in the rat liver, and with its complex effect with oUNT indices remain at the same changed level. Discussion. Probably UNT, getting into the digestive tract, cause pathological changes both in the place of direct contact - in the small intestine and in the remote body - the liver, which is consistent with both our data and previous studies. Conclusion. oUNT in different studied periods of exposure causes the development of fatty degeneration in the liver, and the use of vitamins A and E does not reduce the response of the liver damage.

scholarly journals Characterization and in-vivo toxicological evaluation of imidacloprid nanoemulsion in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Helmi M. El-bendary ◽  
Abdel Moniem S. Hassan ◽  
Amr R. Zaki ◽  
Fatma I. Abo El-Ela
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Dispersion Technique ◽  
Nano Emulsion

Acute pesticide poisoning is an important public health problem worldwide and accounts for a significant number of deaths occurring each year. The present article aimed to investigate toxic effects of imidacloprid (IMD) nanoemulsion formulated using ultrasound dispersion technique, and characterized using FTIR, TEM anddynamic light scattering in adult rats. The synthesized Nano-emulsion droplets are mainly spherical in shape and their sizes ranged between (19nm –128 nm) with zeta potential of −38.8± 0.mV. Also, The median lethal dose (LD50) of nano imidacloprid in rats was 39 mg/kg body weight. Administration of different doses of 3, 1.4 and 0.8 mg.kg mg/kg b.wt. of IMD Nano emulsion to rats for 21 days, adversely affects the body weight and weight gain, and resulted in a significant increase in serum serum ALT, AST activities , glucose, Creatinine, urea and cholesterol concentrations, as well as reduced serum total proteins, Albumin and globulin as compared to control rats. The results clearly suggest that treatment with IMD nanoemulsion adversely affects the liver & kidney functions which confirmed by the histopathological findings. Nanoemulsion form and also increases the DNA damage as confirmed by the comet test

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