scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF PHENOL AND DIATOMIC PHENOLS IN SURFACE WATER UNDER THE IMPACT OF NATURAL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1206-1211
Author(s):  
Larisa P. Nekrasova ◽  
A. G. Malysheva ◽  
E. G. Abramov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Luminescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Sequential Reaction ◽  
Physicochemical Factors ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of

Introduction. Phenol, as well as diatomic phenols, are among the most common and priority organic pollutants of the environment. Getting into the water with sewage in real conditions of pollution, under the influence of natural physicochemical factors, phenols, as highly reactive compounds, undergo a transformation, as a result of which new, sometimes more toxic compounds may be formed. Purpose of the study is to investigate the transformation processes under the impact of the natural physicochemical factors of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in surface water. Material and methods. The processes of transformation of phenol and diatomic phenols were studied by the methods of spectrophotometry and luminescence spectroscopy. Absorption spectra were recorded with a UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), and fluorescence spectra were recorded on a CM2203 spectrofluorometer (Solar CJSC, Belarus). The degradation of phenols to CO2 and H2O (mineralization) at room temperature in natural samples was determined using a TOC-VCHP total carbon analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). Results. The decrease in phenol concentration in river water was subject to linear dependence. The transformation kinetics of resorcinol corresponded to a sequential reaction. The processes of transformation of hydroquinone and pyrocatechin were dominated by chemical oxidation processes. Hydroquinone completely transformed within 24 hours. The degree of conversion of pyrocatechol 87.5% was achieved in 3 days and did not change during the month. During the month, the mineralization of phenol amounted to 90%, hydroquinone, and pyrocatechol - 55% and 45%, respectively. The complete transformation of resorcinol occurred in 7 days. A compound having a bright fluorescence and constituting a product of resorcinol polycondensation, whose concentration increased during the whole experiment, was formed. The degree of mineralization of resorcinol was 93%. Conclusion. The transformation of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in the surface water is caused by the processes of natural chemical and biochemical oxidation and depends on the chemical composition and concentration of presented impurities.

scholarly journals Influence of Biological Factors on the Strength of Static Rope Used by Firefighters in Rescue Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
Michał Cecelski ◽  
Robert Piec ◽  
Barbara Szykuła-Piec
Keyword(s):  
Biological Agents ◽  
The State ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Document Review ◽  
The Impact

After conducting a document review, the authors found no reports concerning the influence of biological factors, such as blood, mould, and dirt, on the durability of rescue ropes. This study aims to answer the question of whether and how selected biological factors affect static rope 10.5, which is frequently used by firefighters for rescues. In the first stage of the research, focus studies were conducted among fifteen members of the Specialist High-Rescue Group in Plock (Poland), which aimed to determine the state of knowledge about the impact of biological factors on the strength of rope. The results indicated that the group had knowledge as to the impact of physical and chemical factors on the rope; however, a lack of information on the impact of biological factors was identified. In the second stage, the force necessary to break static rope contaminated with selected biological agents was measured. To achieve this, a 100-m section of a new rope was divided into 63 sections, which were then exposed to impurities. The first endurance measurement was taken after 9 months and the second after 12 months. Findings: contamination with biological agents has an impact on static rope strength, and knowledge about this impact is negligible and not included in any rope-use instructions.

scholarly journals Investigation of interaction of particles of pollution and gas bulb in flotation of wastewater waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 01032
Author(s):  
Elena Nazimko ◽  
Sergei Malko ◽  
Anna Semenova ◽  
Vladimir Dorovskoy
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Hydrophobic Surface ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Flotation Method ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Discrete Elements Method

The interaction of phases is at the basis of many technologies in different industries. Flotation method is used in wastewater treatment plants to capture and remove contaminants from wastewater. In this case, the interaction of air bubbles with particles of pollution with a hydrophobic surface. These interactions are very difficult to investigate because they are dynamic, subject to a large number of physical and chemical factors, and occur on a small scale. The processes mentioned above have traditionally been studied by laboratory experiments. These tests are tedious and time-consuming and show unsatisfactory accuracy. Analytical studies give idealized results. One of the most powerful alternatives for solving this problem is numerical modeling, which combines dynamics, accuracy and consideration of sophisticated details. This model is based on the discrete elements method. In this paper, a computer model for modeling the kinetics of the interaction of phases in wastewater treatment is considered.

scholarly journals MODELING AND ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF LAND USE IN THE WESTERN RIF REGION, MOROCCO, ON WATER QUALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W5-2021 ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
G. Fattah ◽  
F. Ghrissi ◽  
J. Mabrouki ◽  
N. Al-Jadabi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract. The Western Rif is a rural area characterized by rock extraction and agriculture. As a result, the surface of the land in the region is exposed to different sources of contamination which alters the quality of the soil. Leaching of the soil and runoff to surface water may impact the quality of surface water used by local people. A mapping of the land use by GIS of an area located at the level of the western Rif was carried out then an analysis of the interactions between the uses of the land; the practices, the quality of the surface layer of the soil and the quality of the water were made. Thanks to the processing of satellite images and to samples on the ground and assays of the physic-chemical parameters of soils and water (T °, pH, MES, turbidity, Nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.). The results of these analyzes revealed that these activities lead to an alteration in the quality of the surface layer of the soil, its characterization of which changes depending on the land use. Surface water is endowed with the components identified in the soil. This reveals that land use has generally negative physical and chemical impacts on surface waters.

scholarly journals The impact of various cations on the sorption of manganese in the thallus of freshwater algae spirogyra sp. and sea algae palmaria palmata

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Rajfur ◽  
Małgorzata Anna Jóźwiak ◽  
Andrzej Kłos
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Water Remediation ◽  
Palmaria Palmata ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Water ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Due to their occurrence in very different conditions and high resistance to physical and chemical factors, algae are pioneers colonising new environments and their sorption properties are used in biomonitoring and water remediation. The efficiency of the process of heavy metal sorption in algae used for in situ tests depends on abiotic factors, such as the chemical composition of water. Freshwater algae Spirogyra sp. were used in tests. Algae were exposed in the laboratory in manganese chloride solutions with various contents of other cations, including heavy metals and macronutrients. It has been shown that some heavy metals may desorb manganese bound to the surface of algae as a result of ion exchange in the following sequence: Cd2+ < Mn2+ ≈ Zn2+ < Cu2+. It has been also found that the competitiveness of sorption of cations naturally present in the alga environment versus Mn2+ cations changes in the sequence Na+ < Ca2+ < H+, defined for the concentrations referring to the cation unit charge. The results of tests were compared to the results of dried sea algae Palmaria palmata analyses.

scholarly journals Contamination of the Burňa watercourse, by a dumps complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 900 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
J Novakova ◽  
H Svehlakova ◽  
A Brodska ◽  
B Stalmachova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Industrial Landscape ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
One Year ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article dealing with the problematic contamination surface water in dumps complex and there were monitoring basic physical and chemical parameters, toxic and strategic metals. There were analysed inorganic ions NH4, Cl, SO4, NO3, NO2 by standard laboratory analysis, and the elements Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni were measured by method ICP MS, and elements Zn, Fe, Mn, Na by method AAS. The case study of the contamination in the Burňa watercourse basin, in industrial landscape of the Ostrava city is unique in solving the problem of ecological burdens of the Ostrava city. One year of monitoring case study showed a significant load on the watercourse with the expected contamination especially by toxic metals. The surface water Burňa watercourse was affected by a dumps complex and their chemistry. The source of the contamination is the impact of former mining, in this post-mining landscape.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WEATHERING ON IRON SLAG FROM STANDISH, NY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria L. Leonard ◽  
◽  
Rachel M. Kelk ◽  
Dori J. Farthing
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Iron Slag ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Carbon Dynamics in the Northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau from 1990 to 2030 Using Landsat Land Use/Cover Change Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingye Li ◽  
Jian Gong ◽  
Jean-Michel Guldmann ◽  
Shicheng Li ◽  
Jie Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Qinghai Lake ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Land use/cover change (LUCC) has an important impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. The spatial distribution of regional carbon reserves can provide the scientific basis for the management of ecosystem carbon storage and the formulation of ecological and environmental policies. This paper proposes a method combining the CA-based FLUS model and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model to assess the temporal and spatial changes in ecosystem carbon storage due to land-use changes over 1990–2015 in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB). Furthermore, future ecosystem carbon storage is simulated and evaluated over 2020–2030 under three scenarios of natural growth (NG), cropland protection (CP), and ecological protection (EP). The long-term spatial variations in carbon storage in the QLB are discussed. The results show that: (1) Carbon storage in the QLB decreased at first (1990–2000) and increased later (2000–2010), with total carbon storage increasing by 1.60 Tg C (Teragram: a unit of mass equal to 1012 g). From 2010 to 2015, carbon storage displayed a downward trend, with a sharp decrease in wetlands and croplands as the main cause; (2) Under the NG scenario, carbon reserves decrease by 0.69 Tg C over 2020–2030. These reserves increase significantly by 6.77 Tg C and 7.54 Tg C under the CP and EP scenarios, respectively, thus promoting the benign development of the regional ecological environment. This study improves our understanding on the impact of land-use change on carbon storage for the QLB in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP).

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