The role of consciousness and sub-consciousness in teaching of grammar in ELT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Selin Ozdemir ◽  
Fatih Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Grammar Teaching ◽  
High Level ◽  
Teaching Grammar ◽  
The Way

Teaching grammar has been regarded as one of the most crucial issues in the field of language. It gains its importance since it helps learners attain high level of accuracy and proficiency in language learning processes. During these processes, the way of teaching grammar differs under some certain circumstances and is divided into some sub-categories such as conscious grammar teaching and subconscious grammar teaching. In this study, a literature review of issues on the role of consciousness and sub-consciousness in teaching of grammar has been widely discussed since there are numerous views, claims and approaches related to choosing one of them as an ideal way to teach grammar. Both of them have a significant impact on the knowledge of grammar .The study revealed that neither conscious grammar teaching which lays emphasis on the structures and rules of a language nor subconscious grammar teaching without attention to explicit knowledge of grammar should be neglected. Keywords: Grammar teaching, consciousness, sub-consciousness, deductive, inductive.

scholarly journals Colour Ambiguity in Real Scenes and the Role of Perceptual Organisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Werner ◽  
Alisa Schmidt ◽  
Julian Hilmers ◽  
Lukas Boborzi ◽  
Manuela Weigold
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Local Region ◽  
Light Blue ◽  
The Real ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Real Scene ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
High Level

AbstractIn this study we show a reproduction of the dress-ambiguity phenomenon in a real scene and we report quantitative measurements of the corresponding colour perceptions. The original, real dress, known from #thedress-illusion, was illuminated by combined short- and longwavelength broadband lights from two slide projectors. Test subjects viewing the dress reported to perceive the dress’ fabric and lace colours as blue & black, white & gold or light blue & brown; their corresponding perceptual matches were distributed along the blue/yellow cardinal axis, and exhibited a variability comparable to the ambiguity of the dress photograph. It is particularly noteworthy that the colour ambiguity emerged despite explicit knowledge of the observers about the direction of the light source. Manipulating the background of the real dress (change in chromaticity and luminance, or masking) revealed significant differences between the perceptual groups regarding lightness and colour of the dress. Our findings suggest that observer specific differences in the perceptual organisation of the visual scene are responsible for the colour ambiguity observed for the real dress; in particular, we conclude that colour computations of white & gold viewers focused onto the local region of the dress, whereas the colour processes of blue & black and light-blue & brown viewers were strongly influenced by contextual computations including the background. Our segmentation hypothesis extends existing explanations for the dress’ ambiguity and proposes image based (in the case of the real scene) and high level (in the case of the photograph) neural processes which control the spatial reach of contextual colour computations. The relation between the ambiguity in our real scene and the dress photograph is discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Positive 3-H Words in Peacebuilding and Engagement in EFL/ESL Classes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Shi
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Contexts ◽  
The Way

This review aimed at investigating the role of help, hope, and harmony formally known as positive 3H on students' engagement and peacebuilding. This topic has recently attracted attention since teachers and the way they treat students are said to play a paramount role in the learning process and as a result, peace can be built in the classroom and students also are more likely to be actively engaged in the tasks. To start with, a definition for positive 3-H was presented coupled with the role it plays in language learning contexts. Then the way both inner peace and interpersonal peace have been applied in the learning process to build peace is discussed. Following that, the effects of positive 3-H on students' engagement and peacebuilding through raising some relevant activities are dealt with. Finally, implications and further directions are put forward.

Combating Corruption through e-Governance in India

2013 ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durga Shanker Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Business Process Reengineering ◽  
Process Reengineering ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
High Level ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Different Parts

Studies have shown a prevalence of high level of corruption in the Indian Administrative System, which adversely affects the day-to-day lives of common citizens. This chapter examines the role of e-governance in combating corruption in delivering public services. Through a literature review assessing the outcomes of a few e-governance initiatives related to improving service delivery in different parts of India, this chapter argues that even though technology assists in instituting a transparent, accountable, consistent, reliable, and efficient system for delivery services, it cannot overcome corruption by itself. It will require political will, focused administrative strategy, business process reengineering for simplifying and opening up the system, and persistent efforts to ensure that corruption entrepreneurs do not subvert the gains of the technology.

scholarly journals Spiritual Activism. Saving Mother Earth in Sápmi

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Siv Ellen Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
The South ◽  
Spiritual Activism ◽  
Mother Earth ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
The Way

Arctic Shaman Circle was founded in Oslo in November 2018. This article discusses what the Circle’s founding document refers to as “spiritual activism”, and how this was translated into action over the year that followed. I will follow one case in particular, which concerns plans for a power plant at the base of the mountain Aahkansnjurhtjie in the South Sámi area. Aahkansnjurhtjie is a sacred Sámi mountain, the shamans claim, and should be protected accordingly. My focus is on the learning processes that have emerged as the shamans have explored and argued the case, locally and nationally. I examine the negotiations that have happened along the way, in a political climate that has so far been hostile to religious arguments of any sorts, and in this example, involves a group that is contested among the Sámi. Finally, I look at the role of “indigeneity” in regard to claims, performances and responses to these particular concerns, as these have played out in different parts of the Sámi geography.

scholarly journals The Perceived Role of L2 English in the Process of Learning L3 German

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes T. Balla
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Third Language ◽  
The Third ◽  
L1 And L2

Abstract The central aim of my research is to investigate the third language learning processes of L1 Hungarian high-school learners learning L2 English and L3 German. More specifically, I aim at revealing to what extent Hungarian learners rely on their knowledge of their L1 and L2 as well as on the learning strategies they have developed while learning their L2.

scholarly journals BEING MUSLIM AND MOTIVATION IN LEARNING ARABIC: AN INSIGHT FROM THREE DECADES

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Isral Naska
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Proper Analysis

This article is a literature review on accessible three decades publicized studies about student motivation learning Arabic which was conducted in different countries and contexts. Due to the importance of Arabic in Islam as the sacred language, those research are expected to reveal the religious aspects in maintaining and shaping student motivation in learning Arabic. Unfortunately, the issue did not likely obtain adequate attention from most of the researchers. Interestingly though, review on that studies still managed to reveal that the researchers apparently mentioned the role of identity in their studies. However, it was not supported by the proper analysis which made only little can be recognized from the role of religious identity in shaping the motivation. This circumstance likely has taken place since most of the researchers did not use the poststructuralist approach which may bring them to reveal a deeper understanding of the role of identity in Arabic language learning. Furthermore, in order to obtain the more precise finding on the role of identity in maintaining student motivation, it is suggested to use the approach when addressing student motivation during Arabic learning process. Artikel ini adalah sebuah literatur review terhadap penelitian-penelitian tentang motivasi belajar Bahasa Arab sekitar 3 dekade belakangan yang dilakukan pada beberapa negara dengan konteks yang berbeda-beda. Peran Bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa yang penting dalam Islam, seharusnya mengantarkan penelitian yang ada mengungkap adanya aspek-aspek religiustitas dalam pembentukan motivasi belajar. Sayangnya, hal ini tidak mendapatkan perhatian yang cukup dari sebagian besar peneliti. Menariknya kendatipun hal tersebut terjadi, yaitu tidak tertangkapnya aspek religiusitas secara memadai, review terhadap hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan peran identitas religius para siswa tetap terlihat. Hanya saja hal tersebut tidak didukung oleh analisis yang memadai sehingga tidak banyak wawasan yang dapat diperoleh sekaitan dengan peran identitas religius tersebut. Hal ini terjadi karena kebanyakan peneliti tidak menggunakan pendekatan yang memungkinkan mereka mengeksplorasi peran identitas religius siswa dalam pembentukan motivasi belajar secara lebih mendalam, yaitu pendekatan post-structuralist. Dengan demikian, untuk memperoleh temuan yang lebih presisi, studi selanjutnya disarankan untuk menggunakan pendekatan post-structuralist untuk memahami peran identitas religius dalam pembentukan motivasi belajar Bahasa Arab

scholarly journals AUTHENTICITY WITHIN THE EIL PARADIGM

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.Y ZHEBRATKINA ◽  
◽  
V.V ROMANOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
International Language ◽  
High Level

The purpose of this work is to study the relevance of the phenomenon of authenticity in the expanding context of English as an International Language (EIL). Based on the data of modern science on this issue, as well as on the results obtained during the generalization and analysis of existing experience, we concluded that authenticity should be considered within the framework of English as an international language, taking into account the inevitable need to adapt extralinguistic elements to the situation of international communication, while paying due attention to the need to comply with the norms of native speakers in phonology and grammar. Authenticity within the paradigm of English as an International language presupposes pragmatic conformity: these are correctly, methodically selected materials included in a language learning course, correspondence of the materials to the needs of students, their language level, presentation of the material by the developers taking into account an international factor. One cannot fail to note a unique role of an English teacher and his irreplaceable contribution to communicative capabilities and authenticating abilities. Thus, authenticity within the framework of English as an International language requires interaction of language itself, dynamically developing and subject to various kinds of changes, students, teachers, authors of textbooks of a new rank, who take into account the needs of international communication and contextual factors as well. We shouldn`t not forget about native speakers who undoubtedly contribute to the development of English as an International language. But we need to note that, standards of native speakers are not primary for authentication process, but auxiliary. We are profoundly convinced that this cooperation will surely result in the so-called "strong" students - these are students with a high level of English proficiency, who will easily challenge international communication environment with mutual understanding at the intercultural level.

scholarly journals STUDY ON BELIEFS ABOUT LANGUAGE LEARNING, ROLE OF GENDER AND STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN RELATION TO SECOND LANGUAGE ANXIETY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Tracy William Tandang ◽  
Marina Mohd Arif
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Language Anxiety ◽  
Language Achievement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Beliefs About Language Learning ◽  
High Level

The study has given a myriad of insights and deeper understanding on the issue of second language anxiety, especially in Malaysia. This study encompassed several aspects in second language learning. The study focused on the relationship between second language anxiety and beliefs about language learning. Besides that, the role of gender in second language anxiety has also been one of the main focuses in the study. On top of that, this study also emphasised on the effect of second language anxiety on the second language achievement. To achieve the purpose, a study was conducted quantitatively among 334 respondents from a local public institution, which is a polytechnic in Negeri Sembilan. The respondents of the study were from Commerce Department which is the largest department in the institution. The respondents were the students from the third semester in the second year. This study used the modified version of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI). From the study, it is found that the second language anxiety of the students is moderately related to their beliefs about language learning. Besides, the second language achievement is negatively correlated with the second language anxiety, thus explains the low performance while experiencing high level of anxiety. This study also reveals that there is no significant difference found between male and female students in second language anxiety. It is anticipated for researchers to continue and expand the field of study in order to continue contributing to the body of knowledge on second language anxiety.

scholarly journals Amphibians and reptiles of the Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco, municipality of Capela, state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil

Check List ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Augusto Abrahão Morato ◽  
André Magnani Xavier de Lima ◽  
Daniele Cristina Pries Staut ◽  
Renato Gomes Faria ◽  
João Pedro De Souza-Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Habitat Conservation ◽  
Conservation Unit ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
High Level ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Northeastern Atlantic

The Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest has high diversity levels of amphibians and reptiles, but there is a lack of richness survey at several areas, while a high level of deforestation is already known. The biome is highly endangered in northeastern Brazil, and few protected areas have been the main mechanism for providing the habitat conservation. We studied the Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco, a recently established conservation unit in this biome, at the Capela municipality, in the state of Sergipe. Field surveys and literature review were conducted between 2007-2009, revealing 33 species of anuran amphibians and 26 of reptiles (one turtle, ten lizards and 15 snakes). The presence of rare and endemic species suggests an important role of this area as a source remnant of the northeastern Atlantic Forest herpetological community.

INPUT-BASED APPROACHES TO TEACHING GRAMMAR: A REVIEW OF CLASSROOM-ORIENTED RESEARCH

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Approaches To Teaching ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Grammar Teaching ◽  
Teaching Grammar ◽  
Oriented Research

There is now a substantial body of research that has investigated the role of form-focused instruction in assisting learners to learn the grammar of a second language (L2). Recent comprehensive surveys of this research have been provided by N. Ellis (1995), R. Ellis (1990; 1994; 1997), Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991), Long (1988), Spada (1997), and Williams (1995a). However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to draw clear conclusions given the sheer amount of research now available, the problems of comparing results across studies, and the interactivity of the variables involved. Spada, for example, identifies seven questions that the research has addressed but acknowledges that “we do not yet have clear answers to any of these questions” (p. 74). One way of achieving a clearer understanding of how form-focused instruction contributes to acquisition might be to examine in detail studies that have investigated the effect of specific instructional options. This article will follow such an approach by examining one particular option–input–based grammar teaching.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document