Juror and Expert Conceptions of Battered Women

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Dodge ◽  
Edith Greene
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Battered Women ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Battered Woman ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Strong Consensus ◽  
Empirical Foundation

The admissibility of expert testimony at the trial of a battered woman defendant is very controversial. Some courts allow the testimony, others do not. This study focuses on two criteria judges use to determine admissibility and attempts to provide an empirical foundation that can assist their decisions. First, the area of study about which an expert testifies must be shown to be reliable and valid. Second, the subject matter of the testimony must be beyond the ken of the average juror. The first criterion was addressed by assessing the opinions of 45 researchers in the field of spousal violence. The second criterion was examined by evaluating the knowledge of 141 jurors about myths and empirical research findings associated with battered women. Results indicate that researchers showed strong consensus on 14 of 18 issues included in a survey about the reactions of abuse victims, and that compared to these “experts,” jurors have limited knowledge on these issues. These results suggest that many of the scientific fmdings concerning battered women are reliable and that the information is often beyond the ken of the jury. The fmdings argue for the use of expert testimony in certain cases involving battered woman defendants.

scholarly journals Terms in Popular Science Communication: The Case of TV Documentaries

2018 ◽  
pp. 257-272
Author(s):  
Sylvia Jaki
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Know How ◽  
German Science ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Do So

Science documentaries on television aim to provide easy and entertaining access to research findings. To do so, producers need to know how to explain complex content for non-expert audiences in a comprehensible way. At the same time, they have to decide what aspects of a subject might be relevant for viewers, or how the subject matter could be rendered more interesting by employing strategies such as personalisation or emotionalisation. One specific decision concerns the use of terms. Both existing research and journalistic handbooks suggest that terms should be or are, in fact, avoided in popular science contexts. However, there is only little empirical research on the topic. This contribution seeks to test several pre-existing hypotheses on terms in documentaries for adults and show how often terms are used and whether/how they are explained when they appear. Examining terms in four English and four German science documentaries, the analysis points out which communicative resources are used to facilitate the comprehension of terms, and where an explanation seems to focus primarily on entertainment rather than ease of comprehension. The results challenge some of the previous views on terms in popular science communication and reveal that documentaries display highly idiosyncratic strategies when it comes to the use of terms.

THE METADIALOGUE CONCEPT IN ITS LINGUISTIC ASPECT

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-726
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Kupriyanova ◽  
I.M. Vasilyanova
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Aspect

The article summarizes the key points in the development of the metadialogue phenomenon from a linguistic point of view. Some stages of the development of this concept and the difficulties associated with its structuring are covered. The main research findings of modern foreign and domestic experts on its study are considered. Some characteristics of the subject of the research from the standpoint of various pragmatic installations are given. On the basis of the dynamic structure of the metadialogue development, certain principles of semantic relations connected with the dialectical nature of human cognition are presented. Excursion into the history and evolution of the concept is presented. Several types of formulation of the subject matter are given. In accordance with the goal of speech exposure, internal problems of the development of metadialogue are highlighted and the critical points related to solving these problems are described. The rules of metadialogue flow are explained at the level of steps, the success/failure of which directly affects the final result of communication. The prospects of development of the concept research in accordance with various types of discourse are indicated.

Global Distributive Justice

2018 ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Simon Caney
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Global Distributive Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

This chapter explores the relevance of facts and empirical enquiry for the normative project of enquiring what principles of distributive justice, if any, apply at the global level. Is empirical research needed for this kind of enquiry? And if so, how? Claims about global distributive justice often rest on factual assumptions. Seven different ways in which facts about national, regional and global politics (and hence empirical research into global politics) might inform accounts of global distributive justice are examined. A deep understanding of the nature of global politics and the world economy (and thus empirical research on it) is needed: to grasp the implications of principles of global distributive justice; to evaluate such principles for their attainability and political feasibility; to assess their desirability; and, first, to conceptualize the subject-matter of global distributive justice and to formulate the questions that accounts of global distributive justice need to answer.

Sex Differences in Children's Art

1982 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen McNiff
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
School Adjustment ◽  
Children's Art ◽  
Artistic Activity ◽  
Psychological Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
The Subject

This paper examines the similarities and differences in the art of boys and girls aged six, seven, and eight. It is primarily concerned with the ways in which the subject matter of the children's art reflects sex differences in interests, introspective thought, and symbolic organization of the world. The methodology, based on the spontaneous art experience, seeks to establish that artistic activity is a viable medium through which information on the non-discursive aspects of children's thought can be obtained. Over 1800 drawings, done by 26 children, were collected. The content of the drawings was examined for its range of subject matter and for thematic trends over time. It was found that girls and boys consistently portray very different subjects. The children's art did not present stereotypic images of sex roles nor could the contrasts be specifically attributed to genetic, social, or psychological differences between the sexes, although there was some correlation with the research findings in those areas. It was concluded that girls and boys have very different expressive interests and needs which are not fully incorporated into their educational environment and which affect all areas of school adjustment.

Use of Police Dogs in the Polish Police in the Opinion of Dog Handlers

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Mariusz Gąsiorowski
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Police Academy ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Task ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Police Dogs

The aim of this article is to evaluate the current situation as regards the use of dogs for various police duties in Poland based on the results of the research conducted by the author at the Police Academy in Szczytno as part of the research task, financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, entitled “Efficiency of the use of police dogs in the Polish Police”. The author has decided to deal with the subject matter in view of alarming statistics, which show a decrease in the number of police dogs. This fact has led the author to make an assumption formulated as the following research hypothesis: Nowadays, in Poland the use of police dogs in not adequate for the sake of public order and safety. The main research method has been a diagnostic survey using a tool in the form of a questionnaire. The survey has been addressed to a group of 154 dog handlers, most of whom work with a patrol and tracker/sniffer dog from three police garrisons, covering the territory of the following provinces: Kujavia-Pomerania, Podlasie and Lubuskie region. The author believes that the research findings indicate the need for changes in this respect, which should involve implementation of new systemic, organisational and legal solutions.

scholarly journals Analisis Isi Berita Pembangunan Periklanan dan Kelautan pada Surat Kabar Kaltim Post

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Sugiharto
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Editorial Staff ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Expert Team ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Census Result ◽  
A Minor

Abstract: The objectives of this research were to explain the characteristic of the newspaper’s profile of fishery and marine development, to compare the objectiveity of the reports based on the result of censuses of fishery and marine science and mass media experts’ opinions, to study the policy of news on fishery and marine development on Kaltim Post newspaper editorial staff. The respondents were chosen by using purposive sampling method and were supported by disproportional stratifed random sampling method for news sample clipped for evaluation from the panelist expert team. The data obtained was then analyszed by using content analysist method. The research findings show that the subject matter proportion frequency and volume are mainly dominated with news on marketing and the type of writing is dominated with news, it is also dominated with positive tendencies and non-headlines. The panelist expert team and the mass media expert gave much kind of opinion to the news. Based on the census result, the news is presented enough objectively. The reseacrh findings show that news on fishery and marine development is still considered as a minor discourse by Kaltim Post.

scholarly journals Subject Matter of Sociology of Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
Dr. Kaushik Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Present State ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Sociology Of Education ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Contribution

The sociology of education is a relatively autonomous subject, because it conducts teaching and research. It is also relatively autonomous in relation to theories and about other fields of investigation. Contemplating present state of thinking, one of the persistent problems of sociology of education is on what grounds sociologists of education can claim that they have a field of their own, distinct from that of general sociologists, anthropologists, psychologists, historians, economists and other groups of specialists. In the discussion of the sociology of education, we observe the discourse of subject matter remains elusive. No thinker states anything properly in this context. But it is not that insignificant. The subject matter of the sociology of education may be explored in three paths where through the historical contribution of the thinkers, published books, journals, and articles as documents of empirical research works, and analytical discussion takes place.

scholarly journals Battered Women and the Requirement of Imminence in Self-Defence

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Samantha Goosen
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Battered Women ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Battered Woman ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Individual Perception ◽  
The Law ◽  
Reasonable Woman Standard ◽  
Self Defence

Should the South African courts abolish the traditional imminence standard, something must be used to stand in its place. The identification of the various alternatives which have been suggested to replace imminence - most notably the establishment of the "reasonable woman standard" as advanced in the case of S v Engelbrecht 2005 (92) SACR 41 (W) - has moved the law of self-defence into the realm of subjectivity. The end result not only undermines self-defence as a justification defence, but is also unworkable for a number of reasons. For instance, utilising expert testimony to explain how the battered woman’s syndrome affects individual perception would leave a judge with no meaningful way to determine if that abused woman’s belief in the imminence of danger was reasonable, even if viewed from her distorted perspective. It is suggested that no reference need be made to the "reasonable battered woman", since South African courts already do this to a limited extent by taking a number of factors into account in determining if the abused woman acted reasonably. By rethinking certain factors in the situation as a set of relatively innocuous normative propositions, the abused woman’s actions can be judged in accordance with standard propositions in the law of self-defence.

Naturalizing the Subject of Economics: From Following the Norms of Natural Science to Owning the Laws of Nature

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moral Certainty ◽  
Empirical Foundation

One of the central threads in the historical development of economic science since the 18th century is the search for ways to turn the economy into a discipline resembling natural science, to put it on a solid empirical foundation expressed in mathematical language completely devoid of subjectivity while it apprehends the laws of nature. The article reviews the epistemological history of economics as a discipline through confrontations between epistemic virtues (“moral certainty” and “mechanical objectivity”), research strategies (empiricism and mathematical rationality) and institutional status (science or art). In this regard, the authors analyze the transitions from understanding economics as a “moral science” through the marginalist and formalist revolutions to taking economics as a field for formal ontologies and abstract mathematical models and tools. They then focus on tracing economic theory’s consistent adherence to the epistemological standard of scientific knowledge which was set by classical mechanics — the historical core of science in the modern era — together with the costs incurred by mathematical presentation and rejection of the ideal of “moral certainty”. The authors show how the loss of the empirical component and the growing issue of the substantive component of formal models have resulted in the “empirical turn” in economics. Using the example of neuroeconomics as the most radical attempt to naturalize the subject matter of economics, they outline the modern attempts to saturate economic research with empirical content and return to the project of a “physicalist” economics that will discover the laws of nature as the natural sciences have done. The authors argue from the ambivalent nature of the purposes and results of neuroeconomics to show that the empirical path of neuroeconomics, which was adopted in order to link the formal concepts of neoclassical economic theory with the experimental data and material models of neuroscience, leads instead to further degradation of the subject matter of economics as social objects are replaced with their presumed material infrastructure (neurophysiological correlates of social facts) without solving the problem of the empirical foundation for economic theory.

Curriculum Construction with Student Input

1973 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
Neil Davidson ◽  
Ronald McKeen ◽  
Theodore Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Student Needs ◽  
Traditional Programs ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Curriculum Construction ◽  
Student Input

Several educators, including Zacharias and White (1964) and Davis (1965), have stated that a curriculum should reflect the interests and aptitudes of the students for whom the curriculum is intended. The research of Mager and Clark (1963). Mager and McCann (1961), and Kaplan (1964) indicates that many students seek information in an order that is different from the order suggested by teachers, textbooks, or traditional programs. Their research findings also indicate that all students have some relevant knowledge concerning the subject matter at hand, no matter how naïve the students claim to be. Hence, it is suggested that student needs, interests, and aptitudes be given consideration in the construction of curriculum.

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