The Effects of Gender-Role Traditionality and Gender of Abuser on Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence and Perceived Body Size of the Victim and Abuser

Partner Abuse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-248
Author(s):  
Niwako Yamawaki ◽  
Christina Riley ◽  
Nathan Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
New Directions ◽  
And Gender

The current study examined college students’ perceptions of male victims compared to female victims in a female abuser–male victim scenario and a male abuser–female victim scenario. Victim blaming, minimization of the seriousness of the abuse, and body size perceptions and how gender-role traditionality (GRT) affects these perceptions were investigated. Male victims were blamed as the victim more and their abuse was minimized more compared to female victims. These differences were moderated by GRT. Only the female victim and abuser varied in body size perceptions, and these perceptions were also moderated by GRT. Males blamed the victim and minimized the seriousness of the abuse more than did females. Implications for intervention programs and new directions in IPV research are discussed.

Abstract 196: Comparing Bystander Response to an Unannounced Cardiac Arrest Based on Victim Gender Using an Immersive Virtual Reality System

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Leary ◽  
Alfredo Almodovar ◽  
David Buckler ◽  
Jaldhi Patel ◽  
Zainab A Chaudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Bystander Response

Introduction: Bystander response to a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) should ideally be the same for all victims, however studies have shown disparities in response exist based on the gender of the victim. Current virtual reality (VR) wearable technology allows for the creation of high realism scenarios permitting manipulation of the victim’s gender in order to observe bystander response. Objectives: We sought to compare lay bystander response to an unannounced simulated VR SCA event based on the victim’s gender. Methods: Using our VR SCA system integrated with a CPR recording manikin, we randomized the avatar victim’s gender to either female or male (Figure 1). Subjects were able to interact with simulated bystanders, give vocal commands such as “call 911” or “get an AED”, and perform CPR on the simulated victim in the virtual environment while simultaneously performing CPR on the manikin. Subjects were unaware of the nature of the event but were told to respond however they would in real-life to an emergency situation. Subject’s ability to proceed through the Chain of Survival (Call 911, Perform CPR, Ask for and Use an AED) and CPR quality were recorded. Results: Between 9/2017 and 12/2017, 75 subjects were enrolled; mean age was 31±11 yrs, 35% were female, 49% were White, and 66% had never been trained in CPR or were trained >2 yrs prior. In total, 59% of subjects performed CPR, and 11% used an AED. CPR was performed on male victims 65% of the time vs 54% on female victims (p=NS, Figure 2a); An AED was used 21% of the time for male victims vs 15% for female victims (p=NS, Figure 2b). If the subject was male, CPR was performed on a female victim 56% of the time vs 71% for a male victim; female subjects performed CPR on a female victim 50% vs 58% on a male victim (p=NS). Conclusion: In our unannounced, immersive VR SCA study, there was a trend toward less CPR and AED use on female avatar victims. Future work will need to be powered to evaluate disparities in CPR and AED use based on gender.

scholarly journals Attributions of victim responsibility in revenge pornography

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Gavin ◽  
Adrian J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Perpetrator ◽  
Victim Responsibility ◽  
Male Perpetrator

Purpose Revenge pornography is a growing risk among adolescents and young adults. Often stemming from sexting, some victims of revenge pornography report experiencing victim-blame similar to that accompanying the reporting of rape. The purpose of this paper is to explore the assumptions that underlie attributions of victim-blame, with a focus on perpetrator and victim responsibility, as well as gendered assumptions surrounding sexting. Design/methodology/approach A total of 222 UK university students (111 male, 111 females) read one of two versions of a hypothetical revenge pornography scenario, one involving a male victim of a female perpetrator, the other a female victim of a male perpetrator. They then responded to an open-ended question regarding responsibility. Findings Qualitative content analysis of these responses identified three inter-related themes: the victim’s behaviour, mitigating victim responsibility and minimising the behaviour. Social implications The majority of participants in this study attributed at least some responsibility to the victims of revenge pornography depicted in the scenarios. Sex of the victim played a less important role than assumptions around sexting. Originality/value The study suggests that victim-blame is linked to the consent implied by sharing intimate images with a partner, but is also mitigated by the normative nature of this relationship practice. There was some evidence that the experience of male victims of revenge pornography is trivialised. These findings have implications for e-safety and victim support.

Prevalence and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence in Canada as Measured by the National Victimization Survey

Partner Abuse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Lysova ◽  
Eugene Emeka Dim ◽  
Donald Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Controlling Behaviors

National victimization surveys that conceptualize intimate partner violence (IPV) as crime can contribute to a better understanding of the most severe forms of victimization in the intimate partner relationship. Based on the 2014 Canadian General Social Survey on Victimization, this study examined the prevalence of victimization resulted from physical and/or sexual IPV, controlling behaviors and also consequences of IPV for both men and women in a sample representative of the Canadian population. Given the paucity of research on male victims of IPV at the national population level, this article specifically discussed the experiences of men who reported violence perpetrated by their female intimate partners. Results showed that 2.9% of men and 1.7% of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual IPV in their current relationships in the last 5 years. In addition, 35% of male and 34% of female victims of IPV experienced high controlling behaviors—the most severe type of abuse known as intimate terrorism. Moreover, 22% of male victims and 19% of female victims of IPV were found to have experienced severe physical violence along with high controlling behaviors. Although female victims significantly more often than male victims reported the injuries and short-term emotional effects of IPV (e.g., fear, depression, anger), there was no significant difference in the experience of the most long-term effects of spousal trauma—posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms. This article argues that future research should explain the increased gap in reporting of the IPV victimization among men compared to women.

scholarly journals But, Who Is the Victim Here? Exploring Judgments Toward Hypothetical Bidirectional Domestic Violence Scenarios

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052091750
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hine ◽  
Ledja Noku ◽  
Elizabeth A. Bates ◽  
Kealey Jayes
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Perpetrators ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Influence Perceptions

Gendered models of abuse describe intimate partner violence (IPV) as unilaterally perpetrated by dominant, aggressive men toward vulnerable women. This unidirectional conceptualization has contributed to a “domestic violence stereotype” which, alongside broader attitudes regarding gender, influences attitudes toward “non-typical” victim and perpetrator groups (e.g., male victims, female perpetrators, those within same-sex relationships), and has significant outcomes for help-seeking decision-making, as well as responses from service providers and the criminal justice system. While prevalence data and research suggest bidirectional violence is in fact the most common pattern, there is still little known about how the stereotypes and attitudes described above manifest in scenarios where both parties occupy “victim” and “perpetrator” labels. The present pilot study therefore asked 178 undergraduate students to allocate “victim” and “perpetrator” labels, and make judgments of severity, resolution, and justice outcomes, toward hypothetical opposite-sex IPV scenarios varying on the proportion of abuse perpetrated by each party, and type of violence. Results showed that participants were infrequently labelled men as “victims,” and women as “perpetrators,” across scenarios. They were also less likely to recommend that the man should call the police. These exploratory results suggest that powerful stereotypes about IPV and gender may serve to influence perceptions of bidirectional violence and point to a need to study this issue in more detail to elucidate the most appropriate way to begin to address these issues.

Identifying Potential Challenges to Providing Emergency Advocacy Services to Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Partner Abuse ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Ron Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Full Study ◽  
Qualitative Component

Acknowledging that intimate partner violence (IPV) is not exclusively limited to female victims is an important step toward addressing the needs of male victims. Just as important is the need to identify potential challenges which agencies offering emergency advocacy services must overcome to successfully provide assistance to men. The study used a mixed methods research model to identify and evaluate challenges faced by agencies related to providing emergency advocacy services to male victims. This article discusses the qualitative component of that study in which potential challenges were identified through interviews with IPV experts nationwide. The findings of the qualitative component of the full study were then used to create a survey for the quantitative phase, which was later administered to agencies in California that provide emergency advocacy services.

scholarly journals The Unusual Case of Sexual Homicide Against Males: Comparisons and Classification

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110491
Author(s):  
Julien Chopin ◽  
Eric Beauregard
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Sexual Homicide ◽  
Strategy Method ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Crime Commission ◽  
Empirical Typology

This study examines the specificities of sexual homicides involving male victims. First, this study aims to identify characteristics specific to SH involving male victims by comparing them to SH involving female victims and determine whether rational choice approach and routine activities theories are useful to explain the crime-commission process. Second, this study aims to provide the first empirical classification of SH involving male victims. The sample used in this research comes from the Sexual Homicide International Database (SHIelD) including 662 cases of cases—100 cases involving male victims and 552 involving female victims. Bivariate and multivariate analysis are performed to examine the differences between the two groups and latent class analysis is used to generate an empirical classification of cases involving male victims. Findings indicate the victim’s gender plays an important role in the different choices made by sexual homicide offenders of male victims to successfully complete their crime. They adapted their crime-commission process to overcome the risks associated with a physical confrontation with a male victim (i.e., target selection, approach strategy, method of killing). Classification analysis suggests that it exists three different types of sexual murderers assaulting male victims: the robber sexual murderer, the sadistic sexual murderer, and the pedophile murderer. This research proposes the first empirical typology of sexual homicide involving male victims and provides both a true picture of the reality and a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon.

Experiences of Physical and Psychological Violence Against Male Victims in Canada: A Qualitative Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2091189
Author(s):  
Eugene Emeka Dim
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Heterosexual Relationships ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Gender Symmetry ◽  
Physical And Psychological Violence ◽  
Gender Neutrality

The concept of intimate partner violence (IPV) implies gender-neutrality in the experiences of violence. Gender symmetry in IPV implies similar numbers of men and women victims. Data from the 2014 Canadian General Social Survey (Victimization) indicate that 262,267 men and 159,829 women were victims of self-reported spousal violence over the past 5 years. Despite the prevailing notion that IPV predominantly affects female victims, these data suggest that men too are victims of IPV, especially in heterosexual relationships. However, very few qualitative studies have shed light on heterosexual male victims’ experiences of IPV. This article describes some of these experiences and also seeks to understand the effects of IPV on male victims. Qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 male victims of IPV were used to explore their experience of physical IPV and psychological IPV, as well as the consequences of such abuse. Results revealed common themes pertaining to the type of abuses (i.e., physical, controlling and threatening behaviours, and verbal abuse) male victims experienced and the subsequent physical and psychological impacts. This study identifies the need to distinguish between physically and psychologically abused male victims of IPV.

Understanding Bystanders' Willingness to Intervene in Traditional and Cyberbullying Scenarios

2019 ◽  
pp. 1345-1364
Author(s):  
Justine A. Walker ◽  
Debora Jeske
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Willingness To Intervene ◽  
Verbal Bullying ◽  
And Gender

Bullying incidents in traditional and online settings are a cause for concern to many parties. The goal of the current study was to explore the extent to which a bystander would intervene in a bullying incident and the degree to which this behavior is influenced by group size (the number of other witnesses), the setting (traditional or cyberbullying), and gender of the victim. Using an online survey method, participants were presented with eight bullying scenarios, each of which involved verbal bullying of a victim. Participants (N = 82) were asked to report how likely they would be to intervene in each of these scenarios. Results showed that female victims were more likely to be helped than male victims. Furthermore, female participants were more willing to intervene than the male participants in the cyberbullying scenarios. Altruism was a positive predictor of participants' willingness to intervene. The present findings suggest that certain gender differences in helping behavior may depend on the context in which bullying is observed (traditional or cyberbullying).

Victim Gender, Rater Attitudes, and Rater Violence History Influence Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry A. Erickson ◽  
Melissa Jonnson ◽  
Jennifer I. Langille ◽  
Zach Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ipv Perpetration ◽  
Victim Sex ◽  
Male To Female

Perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been proposed to play a role in the stigmatization and underreporting of violence by individuals who are victimized by intimate partners, especially in cases that are inconsistent with the male-to-female IPV paradigm. We examined the independent and combined influences of victim and perpetrator sex, attitudes toward gender roles, and history of IPV perpetration on perceptions of IPV among 240 college students. We employed a vignette methodology to manipulate perpetrator and victim sex in a fully crossed design. Results indicate that violence perpetrated against males is perceived as less serious and more justified, and male victims are perceived to be more blameworthy than female victims. Traditional gender role attitudes and histories of IPV perpetration are associated with greater blaming of victims and justification of perpetrators across contexts.

Research-Supported Recommendations for Treating LGBTQ Perpetrators of IPV: Implications for Policy and Practice

Partner Abuse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-504
Author(s):  
Clare Cannon ◽  
Fred Buttell
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Batterer Intervention ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Batterer Intervention Programs ◽  
Current Article ◽  
And Gender

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global social problem that results in economic, social, and health costs for individuals and their communities. Moreover, due to the stress, anxiety, and home isolation brought on by COVID-19, recent reports suggest an alarming increase in the number of reported IPV victims and, thus perpetrators the world over. In particular, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identified people are as or more likely than heterosexuals to experience and perpetrate IPV, while they are less likely to receive media attention, social support, or legal protections. Batterer intervention programs, informed by public policy and laws, are the predominant mechanism of interventions for perpetrators of IPV in the United States. As a vulnerable population with increased health and economic disparities, how do disasters impact treatment of IPV perpetration by LGBTQ people? To answer this question, the current article reviews the literature on batterer intervention programs and IPV in sex and gender minority relationships to better understand how to deliver research-supported treatment during disasters. Next, to reduce such disparities, we provide research-supported recommendations for treating LGBTQ perpetrators of IPV and shed light on meaningful interventions in the COVID-19 context. Implications and recommendations for public policy are further discussed.

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