scholarly journals Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system of monitoring and accounting of carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions on lands of the agricultural fund of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-218
Author(s):  
A. L. Ivanov ◽  
I. Yu. Savin ◽  
V. S. Stolbovoy ◽  
Yu. A. Dukhanin ◽  
D. N. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
National System ◽  
Carbon Absorption ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system for monitoring and accounting the balance of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions are considered. The purpose, typification, requirements for the spatial placement of “carbon” polygons, assessment of the carbon absorption capacity of forests and agricultural ecosystems in the Russian Federation, the standard methodology recommended by the international community for assessing carbon stocks in soils, which should be applied in the Russian Federation to ensure comparability of the results of greenhouse gas accounting between countries, determination of the carbon absorption capacity of natural ecosystems and soils are discussed. The potential of carbon uptake by agricultural soils is shown. The list of indicators for assessing soil carbon according to the IPCC methodology for Tiers 2 and 3 is given. Taking into account the analysis of international practice, as well as on the basis of theoretical and applied experience of national science, the priority measures have been developed, they are aimed at working out and implementation of the national strategy for the use of terrestrial ecosystems in order to regulate greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. 

scholarly journals Participation of Russia in the International Cooperation for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Energy Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-391
Author(s):  
Maria Aleksandrovna Liubarskaia ◽  
Viktoria Sergeevna Merkusheva ◽  
Olga Sergeevna Zinovieva
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article analyzes the participation of the Russian Federation in international cooperation on the climate change prevention. Global climate change in terms of its impact on world economy is presented as a catalyst for multidirectional shifts in many sectors of economy. The adoption of international documents such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), the Paris Agreement (2015), and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2015) are viewed as vital steps for regulating international cooperation in this sphere. Analyzing the provisions of the 2020 Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2009), the authors emphasize the aspiration for international political and economic integration and deep economic interest in modernization as main factors, affecting Russian climate policy strategy. One of the mechanisms of implementing state policy in the field of environmental safety is the adoption of state regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and the consideration of these measures in the development of longterm strategies for socio-economic development. The authors urge for creating regional strategies for climate change prevention with necessary adjustment and adaptation to a specific region or constituent entity of the Russian Federation. In presenting the research results, the concept of “global warming potential” and the role of managing this potential in achieving sustainable development goals are disclosed. The authors argue that a significant contribution to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions is made by the production activities of the energy sector. Based on the data of the largest international companies (Chevron, ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, BP, PetroChina, Shell, Gazprom, LUKOIL, Rosneft), directions for reducing their negative environmental impact were determined, including the classification of tools for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. International practice analysis forms the necessary ground to elaborate the most promising modern tools for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by Russian oil and gas companies.

scholarly journals Forest complex of Russia in ensuring the national commitments of the Paris climate agreement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.В. Кузминых ◽  
С.Е. Грязнов
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement

Изменение климата планеты вследствие концентрации парниковых газов в атмосфере является на сегодняшний день одной из основных глобальных экологических проблем. Лесные экосистемы и связанная с ними деятельность занимают важное место в формировании баланса углерода в атмосфере. Положительное влияние лесных экосистем на формирование углеродного баланса планеты признается международными климатическими соглашениями. Парижское соглашение об изменении климата, которое вступило в силу 4 ноября 2016 г., подтверждает возможность выполнения национальных обязательств стран за счет увеличения поглощения углерода лесами. Российской Федерацией продекларированы следующие обязательства по  предотвращению глобального изменения климата – ограничить выбросы парниковых газов на уровне 70–75% от уровня 1990 г. к 2030 г. при условии максимально возможного учета поглощающей способности лесов. В условиях замедления темпов развития российской экономики обязательства, заявленные Российской Федерацией, будут выполнены при условии реализации мер по ограничению и сокращению выбросов парниковых газов, тесно увязанных с политикой и мерами по модернизации российской экономики. Специальных дополнительных мер не потребуется. В перспективе управляемые леса России будут по-прежнему обеспечивать накопление углерода, но поглощаемая ими величина углекислых газов существенно уменьшится. В целях предотвращения снижения вклада лесных экосистем страны в формирование углеродного баланса в атмосфере необходимо проведение мероприятий по сохранению и расширению покрытой лесом площади, а также по совершенствованию управления лесными ресурсами. Лесной сектор России может выступить на международном уровне в качестве поставщика экологических углеродных услуг по сокращению выбросов парниковых газов и увеличения поглощения углерода лесными экосистемами. Основой для их реализации является механизм международной кооперации Парижского климатического соглашения. The climate change due to greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere is today one of the major global environmental problems. Forest ecosystems and related activities occupy an important place in the formation of the carbon balance in the atmosphere. A positive effect of forest ecosystems on the formation of the carbon balance of the planet is recognized in international climate agreements. The Paris agreement on climate change, which entered into force on 4 November 2016, confirms the possibility of fulfilling the national commitment of the countries due to the increase of forests carbon absorbing. The Russian Federation declared the following commitments to prevent global climate change ‒ to limit greenhouse gas emissions by 70–75 percent from 1990 levels by 2030, assuming the maximum possible given the absorptive capacity of forests. In the face of a slowing Russian economy development the commitment of the Russian Federation will be implemented under condition of limiting and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are closely linked to the policies and measures on modernization of the Russian economy. Special additional measures are not required. In the future Russian managed forests will continue to provide carbon accumulation, but absorbed amount of carbon dioxide will decrease significantly. In order to prevent reduction of the contribution of forest ecosystems of the country in the formation of the carbon balance in the atmosphere it is necessary to conduct activities for the conservation and expansion of forested area, and on improving the management of forest resources. The forest sector of Russia can act at the international level as a provider of environmental services of carbon to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. The basis for their implementation is a mechanism of international cooperation of the Paris climate agreement. 

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of traditional and alternative energy in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 03015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Dvinin ◽  
Ekaterina Nikolaeva
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
The Russian Federation

The study obtained the totals of material intensity (resource intensity) and greenhouse gas emissions for all regions of the Russian Federation with traditional and alternative energy sources. The share of alternative energy in the regional energy balance, the total amount of natural resources consumed as a result of its activities (expressed in total material input numbers). It has been established that the emission of greenhouse gases by the traditional electric power industry is 788.56 million tons. Greenhouse gas emissions from alternative power generation activities in the Russian Federation are relatively low, with emissions of 0.11 million tons, and are associated exclusively with the activities of biofuel plants. The volume of matter transported due to traditional energy activities in the Russian Federation is 2 billion tons. The volume of material transported due to alternative energy activities in the Russian Federation is minimal and amounts to 421 thousand tons. Even in a hypothetical scenario, when alternative electricity completely replaces traditional energy, the volume of transported material will be almost 7 times less than fossil fuel energy. Thus, the ecological and economic advantage of alternative energy development in the Russian Federation is established, which is expressed in significant resource saving.

scholarly journals Biogas Production in the Russian Federation: Current Status, Potential, and Barriers

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3620
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nevzorova
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The Russian Federation

Russia has signed the Paris Agreement and recently approved its ratification. However, the Russian Government does not consider abandoning the production and use of hydrocarbons to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the goals of the Agreement, Russia must find new innovative solutions. This study demonstrates that biogas is one of the most necessary renewable sources in Russia. Despite this, the deployment of biogas technologies is currently extremely slow. In this regard, to assess their subsequent impact on the Russian energy sector as a whole, it is important to identify the factors that hinder the wider implementation of biogas technologies. Based on the findings, the most critical barriers were identified and discussed in detail. In the light of the results, some policy-related recommendations are also proposed.

Application of the Polluter-pays Principle in Russian Legislation on Climate Change: Problems and Prospects

Climate Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210
Author(s):  
Alena V. Kodolova ◽  
Alexander M. Solntsev
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Draft Statute ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle

The Russian Federation is the fourth largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. The article is a study of how these emissions are monitored in Russia. In the framework of the polluter-pays principle (ppp), the current Russian legislation on pollutants provides for payment only for methane emissions. No payments are established for any of the other greenhouse gases. The authors conclude that, at present, Russian legislation does not regulate action against climate change, although many political and legal documents are being adopted aimed at adapting to the effects of climate change. A draft statute “On State Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Absorption and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” is analysed. Despite the fact that this draft law is strongly opposed by the affected industries, the authors conclude that the adoption of this law and the creation of a targeted national climate fund will contribute to the implementation of the ppp in Russia for the purpose of combating climate change.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF CARBON REGULATION MECHANISMS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-365
Author(s):  
M. M. Balashov
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

The European Commission is currently preparing to implement a new form of carbon regulation a cross-border carbon tax. As conceived by the authors, such a decision will force exporters of goods with a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions during production to improve the environmental friendliness of production and, as a result, to reduce their carbon footprint. In addition, the carbon tax will create a competitive advantage for foreign companies with low greenhouse gas emissions. Such a policy of the European Union can seriously affect the economy of the Russian Federation and Russian companies that are export-oriented. Today, all over the world, more and more importance is attached to environmentally neutral technologies and industries. To keep up with the global trend, as well as to maintain the level of competitiveness, the Russian economy needs to adapt. The speed and efficiency of adaptation directly depend on system solutions both at the state level (development of the necessary regulatory legal acts and standards for reporting and disclosure of information) and at the level of enterprises most sensitive to carbon regulation (audit of the carbon footprint, modernization of production facilities, responsible approach to neutralization carbon footprint). The purpose of this work is to study the impact of carbon regulation mechanisms on the development of industry in the Russian Federation, in accordance with it, the following tasks are formed: to describe the mechanisms of carbon regulation, to assess the economic impact on the domestic industry, to consider world practices of confirming the carbon footprint, to identify threats to implementation of the national program “International cooperation and export” from the introduction of carbon regulation.

Food, Agriculture & the Environment: Can We Feed the World & Save the Earth?

Daedalus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tilman ◽  
Michael Clark
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Nutritious Food

Secure and nutritious food supplies are the foundation of human health and development, and of stable societies. Yet food production also poses significant threats to the environment through greenhouse gas emissions, pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services from the conversion of vast amounts of natural ecosystems into croplands and pastures. Global agricultural production is on a trajectory to double by 2050 because of both increases in the global population and the dietary changes associated with growing incomes. Here we examine the environmental problems that would result from these dietary shifts toward greater meat and calorie consumption and from the increase in agricultural production needed to provide this food. Several solutions, all of which are possible with current knowledge and technology, could substantially reduce agriculture's environmental impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, land clearing, and threats to biodiversity. In particular, the adoption of healthier diets and investment in increasing crop yields in developing nations would greatly reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture, lead to greater global health, and provide a path toward a secure and nutritious food supply for developing nations.

Inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Kaluga region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju. M. Zhukova ◽  
M.Yu. Zavarzina ◽  
T.M. Prokhorova
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Kaluga Region

Climate change, namely global warming, remains at the forefront of the global environmental debate. At present, the international Paris Agreement, which aims to maintain the average temperature of the planet, is in force. The Russian Federation develops, annually updates, publishes and provides a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases. Each region shall annually conduct an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and removals on its territory. According to international recommendations and methods for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals, the base year should be 1990, because then it becomes possible to carry out an analysis for a multi-year period. Different methodological bases and instructions of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources are used to estimate GHG emissions and removals. Inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Kaluga region for the period 1990, 2012-2017 was conducted by JSC "Research Institute of Atmosphere", and for 2018 – LLC Ecoanalitika. The amount of absorbed greenhouse gases was considered for such land categories as forest land, arable land, fodder land, lands of settlements and special purpose lands. GHG emissions were estimated by the sectors "Energy" (Section I), "Industrial Processes and Product Use" (PIP) (Section II), "Agriculture" (Section III) and "Waste" (Section IV). The calculation of greenhouse gas emissions may be of varying complexity. The higher the level of complexity, the more accurate the results. Presented data for 1990, 2012-2018 show that GHG emissions excluding absorption increased by 5 per cent, while emissions excluding absorption decreased by 38 per cent. The presented chart shows that the largest amount of emissions is in the Energy Sector. The results of the assessment of GHG emissions and removals should be used in planning the development of the annual inventory.

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