scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY OF PERSONALITY JUDGMENTS BASED ON WRITTEN VERBAL PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-348
Author(s):  
Lana Tucaković ◽  
Jovana Bjekić ◽  
Goran Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Exclusion Criterion ◽  
Personality Judgment ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Personality Judgments ◽  
Verbal Production ◽  
Expert Ratings

The process of personality judgment occurs in daily social interactions and represents an attempt to identify characteristics of someone else's personality, in the way to explain past and predict future behaviors. The results of this process have implications on future decisions and actions of people. This research aimed to examine the accuracy of non-expert ratings of Extraversion and Conscientiousness based on short written texts. The sample consisted of 215 participants (Mage = 28.58, SD = 10.30; 80.5% females). The exclusion criterion was that participants were psychologists or psychology students, i.e., individuals familiar with personality research and taxonomies. Participants rated Extraversion and Conscientiousness, based on the texts written by five different individuals. Criteria used to estimate the accuracy of judgments were the agreement between self-report measures on HEXACO PI-R from people who wrote the texts and ratings from participants, as well as the agreement between multiple raters. The results showed that there was a moderate self-other agreement for Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Also, the results showed that there was a high between-raters agreement for Extraversion and Conscientiousness. This study indicates that it is possible to judge one’s personality based on written verbal production, as well that raters tend to form similar impressions about the personality from written texts.

Birds of a Feather Do Flock Together

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Youyou ◽  
David Stillwell ◽  
H. Andrew Schwartz ◽  
Michal Kosinski
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Personality Judgments ◽  
Personality Similarity ◽  
Peer Report

Friends and spouses tend to be similar in a broad range of characteristics, such as age, educational level, race, religion, attitudes, and general intelligence. Surprisingly, little evidence has been found for similarity in personality—one of the most fundamental psychological constructs. We argue that the lack of evidence for personality similarity stems from the tendency of individuals to make personality judgments relative to a salient comparison group, rather than in absolute terms (i.e., the reference-group effect), when responding to the self-report and peer-report questionnaires commonly used in personality research. We employed two behavior-based personality measures to circumvent the reference-group effect. The results based on large samples provide evidence for personality similarity between romantic partners ( n = 1,101; rs = .20–.47) and between friends ( n = 46,483; rs = .12–.31). We discuss the practical and methodological implications of the findings.

scholarly journals How Plausible Is the Implausible? Students’ Plausibility and Prevalence Ratings of the Self-Report Symptom Inventory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Boskovic ◽  
Thomas Merten ◽  
Harald Merckelbach
Keyword(s):  
Psychology Students ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychological Assessments ◽  
Symptom Validity Tests ◽  
Symptom Inventory ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
Report Symptom ◽  
Validity Tests

AbstractSome self-report symptom validity tests, such as the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI), rely on a detection strategy that uses bizarre, extreme, or very rare symptoms. Thus, items are constructed to invite respondents with an invalid response style to affirm pseudosymptoms that are usually not experienced by genuine patients. However, these pseudosymptoms should not be easily recognizable, because otherwise sophisticated over-reporters could strategically avoid them and go undetected. Therefore, we tested how well future psychology professionals were able to differentiate between genuine complaints and pseudosymptoms in terms of their plausibility and prevalence.Psychology students (N = 87) received the items of the SRSI online and were given the task to rate each item as to its plausibility and prevalence in the community.Students evaluated genuine symptoms as significantly more plausible and more prevalent than pseudosymptoms. However, 56% of students rated pseudosymptoms as moderately plausible, whereas 17% rated them as moderately prevalent in the general public.Overall, it appears that psychology students are successful in distinguishing bizarre, unusual, or rare symptoms from genuine complaints. Yet, the majority of students still attributed relatively high prima facie plausibility to pseudosymptoms. We contend that if such a trusting attitude is true for psychology students, it may also be the case for young psychology practitioners, which, consequently, may diminish the probability of employing self-report validity measures in psychological assessments.

Temporal Personality Variations among Participants from a University Subject Pool

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3_part_2) ◽  
pp. 1247-1254
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Holden ◽  
John R. Reddon
Keyword(s):  
Psychology Students ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Subject Pool

This study examined personality differences in participants from a university subject pool as a function of the time of participation during the academic term and year. For 150 introductory psychology students with required participation in a subject pool, significant associations were found between time of participation and specific personality variables as measured by Jackson's Personality Research Form. Significant temporal associations with more general personality modal profiles were also obtained. Investigators using university subject pools are warned that these temporal variations in personality may represent possible confounds in research.

Ambiguous terminology in animal personality research: a self-report questionnaire and a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Sánchez-Tójar ◽  
Maria Moiron ◽  
Petri Toivo Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Questions

Whether animal personality studies provide insights of broader evolutionary and ecological relevance to behavioural ecology is frequently questioned. One source of controversy is the vast, but often vague conceptual terminology used. From a statistical perspective, animal personality is defined as repeatable among-individual variance in behaviour; however, numerous conceptual definitions of animal personality exist. Here, we performed a 1) self-report questionnaire and 2) systematic literature review to quantify how researchers interpret conceptual and statistical definitions commonly used in animal personality research. We also investigated whether results from the questionnaire agree with those of the literature review. Among the 430 self-reported researchers that participated in our questionnaire, we observed discrepancies in key questions such as the conceptual definition of animal personality or the interpretation of repeatability. Our literature review generally confirmed the global patterns revealed by the questionnaire. Overall, we identified common disagreements in animal personality research and discussed potential solutions. We advocate for the usage of statistically-oriented terminology because conceptual definitions can seemingly be interpreted at multiple levels of biological organization. We expect that adopting such statistically-oriented terminology will, at least partly, avoid the confusion generated by the label “animal personality”, and ultimately help to clarify and move the field forward.

The Impact of Domestic Violence on Women’s Self-Attitude in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Zhanna Kalmatayeva
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Attitude Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article was to study the problems of domestic violence of women and its consequences in Kazakhstan. The analysis of the results of the study of self-attitude and self-esteem of women subjected to domestic violence. Revealed there is a correlation between the level of self-attitude of domestic violence victims and the non-differentiated I-concept. 140 women participated in the present study, 70 women are control group which not subjected to domestic violence and 70 women of them who have currently reported domestic violence in the Crisis Center "Umit" in Nur-Sultan in the period from November 2017 to October 2019. Quantitative research method was used in terms of survey model by implementing a psychological test “The self-attitude test questionnaire (SA)” that assesses self-relation, differentiated by self-esteem, self-sympathy, self-interest, and expectations of self-reliance of participants. Also, during the study was used personal questionnaire “Who am I?” a variant of non-standardized self-report, approaching the projective methods of personality research. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the answers in terms of their levels of the participants’ self-esteem and self-relation and further, since it was revealed according to the results reflect the difference in the two groups by the values obtained from these scales, the Student's t-test for independent groups was used [2] was used to reveal whether there is any correlation between the components of the scale. The obtained results can be used to interventions and training of family for counselors in order to promote women's self-esteem and self-relation.

Exploring cultural meanings of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors in children and adolescents: A contextual-developmental perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-265
Author(s):  
Xinyin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Developmental Perspective ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviors ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Children's Behaviors ◽  
Different Cultures

In this article, I discuss major theoretical and methodological issues in the study of cultural meanings of children’s behaviors. Research in this area is conducted mainly through assessing individual beliefs using hypothetical vignettes or other self-report methods. I argue that it is important to investigate functional meanings of children’s behaviors from a contextual-developmental perspective, which emphasizes the role of social and developmental processes in mediating links between culture and behaviors. Information about the relevance of behaviors to social interactions and relationships and to the development of adjustment outcomes in different cultures helps us understand the nature of the behaviors beyond individual views. Such understanding is crucial for interpreting cross-cultural differences and similarities in the display of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors.

Using Basic Personality Research to Inform Personality Pathology

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Normal Personality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Life Course

Personality pathology—which is characterized by a pervasive, maladaptive, and inflexible pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors—has long been defined as a set of categories that are distinct from each other a “normal” personality. Research over the past three decades has challenged that assumed separation and instead suggested that abnormal personality is merely a maladaptive extension of the same features that describe the personality of all humans. This volume surveys cutting-edge research on the science of basic personality and demonstrates the application of these ideas and methods to conceptualizing pathology. It first provides a historical overview as well as the present state of the personality disorder literature. Ensuing chapters then highlight critical issues in the assessment and conceptualization of personality, its development across the life course, and biological underpinnings. In this way the chapters are inherently useful as a primer of the present knowledge concerning the basic science of personality from specific genes to complex social interactions. Furthermore, each chapter aims toward not only elucidating current understandings of personality but demonstrating its direct application to clinical diagnosis and conceptualization.

A review and preview of developments in the measurement of sociability

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101
Author(s):  
Nicholas Boswell ◽  
Jian Cao ◽  
W. Jackeline Torres ◽  
Margaret Beier ◽  
Ashutosh Sabharwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mental Health Effects

Sociability is a complex, multifactorial trait. Its importance is underscored by a multitude of negative physical and mental health effects related to loneliness and social isolation. However, current measures of sociability primarily rely on subjective recall and self- report, which have inherent weaknesses and limitations. Although objective and automatic measurements could help to avoid some of these issues, they are still in early stages of development. In this article, the authors review past and present methods of measuring sociability and social interactions. This encompasses both subjective and objective subsets of qualitative and quantitative measurement modalities to gain a broader, more accurate perspective on sociability. Through an analysis of advantages and disadvantages of measurement methods within these categories, a foundational knowledge of sociability measurement can be understood. Utilizing current technology and research methods holds promise to more accurately represent individuals' social networks and social patterns.

scholarly journals Understanding the Office: Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Measure Activities, Posture, Social Interactions, Mood, and Work Performance at the Workplace

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Engelen ◽  
Fabian Held
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Studying the workplace often involves using observational, self-report recall, or focus group tools, which all have their established advantages and disadvantages. There is, however, a need for a readily available, low-invasive method that can provide longitudinal, repeated, and concurrent in-the-moment information to understand the workplace well. In this study, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to collect 508 real-time responses about activities, posture, work performance, social interactions, and mood in 64 adult office workers in three Australian workplaces. The response rate was 53%, and the time to fill out the survey was 50 seconds on average. On average, the participants were sitting, standing, and walking in 84%, 9%, and 7% of survey instances, respectively. The participants reported they were working alone at their desks in 55% of all reported instances. Reported mood varied up to nine points within one person over the course of the post-occupancy observations. EMA can be used to paint a rich picture of occupants’ experiences and perceptions and to gain invaluable understanding of temporal patterns of the workplace, how the space is used, and how aspects of the workplace interact. This information can be used to make improvements to the physical and social workspaces and enhance occupants’ work performance and mood.

scholarly journals What Do People With Schizophrenia Do All Day? Ecological Momentary Assessment of Real-World Functioning in Schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Granholm ◽  
Jason L Holden ◽  
Tanya Mikhael ◽  
Peter C Link ◽  
Joel Swendsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Supported Housing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability worldwide. As new treatments for functioning are tested, the need grows to demonstrate real-world functioning gains. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may provide a more ecologically valid measure of functioning. In this study, smartphone-based EMA was used to signal participants with schizophrenia (N = 100) and controls (N = 71) 7 times a day for 7 days to respond to brief questionnaires about social interactions and functioning behaviors. Excellent adherence was found, with both groups completing an average of 85% of surveys and only 3% of participants with schizophrenia excluded for poor adherence. Four-week test–retest reliability was high (r = .83 for total productive behaviors). Relative to controls, participants with schizophrenia reported significantly less total productive activity (d = 1.2), fewer social interactions (d = 0.3), more nonproductive behaviors (d = 1.0; watching TV, resting), and more time at home (d = 0.8). Within the schizophrenia group, participants living independently showed better functioning on EMA relative to participants in supported housing (d = 0.8) and participants engaged in vocational activities showed better functioning than individuals not engaged in vocational activities (d = 0.55). Modest correlations were found between EMA and an in-lab self-report measure of functioning activities performed in the community, but not between EMA and measures of functional capacity or potential. This study demonstrated the feasibility, sensitivity reliability, and validity of EMA methods to assess functioning in schizophrenia. EMA provides a much-needed measure of what individuals with schizophrenia are actually doing in real-world contexts. These results also suggest that there may be important disjunctions between indices of abilities and actual real-world functioning.

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