scholarly journals Argumentationsindikatoren in deutschen, polnischen und englischen Interviews. Versuch einer vergleichenden Analyse nach der pragma-dialektischen Typologie der Argumentationsschemata

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Bartosz Buć
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
Argumentation Analysis

Um Textpassagen in Bezug auf ihre argumentative Funktion zu untersuchen, braucht man geeignete Werkzeuge, die als argumentative Indikatoren verstanden werden können. Ihre Rolle als wirksames Mittel der Argumentationsanalyse wurde in einigen Beiträgen beschrieben. Allerdings ist die Frage, ob sie in verschiedenen Sprachen anwendbar sind, noch nicht beantwortet. Nach der Pragma-Dialektik kann jede Argumentation auf ein bestimmtes Argumentationsschema zurückgeführt werden. Darum kann die Argumentation auf einer Analogie, einem Kausalverhältnis und einem symptomatischen Verhältnis beruhen. Darüber hinaus gibt es typische Argumentationsschemata, die angewendet werden können, um festzustellen, welche Art von Argument verwendet wird. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die Zusammenstellung von Indikatoren für drei Argumentationsschemata. So wird versucht, auf der Grundlage der Analyse von Interviews zu bestimmen, welche Wörter und Phrasen für die Identifizierung der Art der Argumentation nützlich sein können.Argumentative indicators in German, Polish and English interviews. Attempt of a comparative analysis according to the pragma-dialectical typology of the argumentation schemesTo examine passages of text in terms of its argumentative function one needs appropriate tools understood as argumentative indicators. Their role as an effective means of the argumentation analysis has been described in some contributions. However, the question if they are applicable in different languages, has not been answered yet. According to the pragma-dialectics every argumentation can be attributed to a specific argumentation scheme. Therefore, argumentation can be based on: a relation of analogy, a causal relation and a symptomatic relation. Furthermore, there are typical argumentative models that can be applied in order to determine what type of argument is used. The focus of this paper is to compile indicators of three argumentation schemes. Thus, it is attempted to determine on the basis of the analysis of interviews, which words and phrases can be useful for identifying the type of argumentation.

scholarly journals Analysis of e-mail tools for educational purposes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Stanislav Proichev ◽  
Hanna Chemerys
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Email Marketing ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
E Mail

Based on the analysis of scientific work was to determine the popularity and development of email marketing as one of the effective means of communication. Here are the main benefits of email marketing. The study found that email marketing allows effective communication between educational institutions and future recipients of educational services. There is a need to identify appropriate and effective tools for Internet mailing. The work is devoted to analyzing and exploring the functionality of mailing tools and constructors for email creation. During the study, the concept of "letter constructor" was defined. A comparative analysis was performed describing the main features, advantages and disadvantages of Stripo, Tilda, Makemail, Beefree, and Mailchimp, Unisender, E-sputnik, SendPulse mail designers. The appropriate combination of tools for mailing for educational purposes is determined.

scholarly journals Story Similarity in Arguments from Analogy

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Argument From Analogy ◽  
Model Similarity

In this paper a hybrid model of argument from analogy is presented that combines argumentation schemes and story schemes. One premise of the argumentation scheme for argument from analogy in the model claims that one case is similar to another. Story schemes are abstract representations of stories (narratives, explanations) based on common knowledge about how sequences of actions and events we are familiar with can normally be expected to unfold. Story schemes are used (a) to model similarity between two cases, and (2) as the basis of evidence to support the similarity premise of an argument from analogy. Four examples of argument from analogy are used to test the theory.

scholarly journals Comparative characteristics of power capabilities of cadets of various sports sections (armsport, crossfit, kettlebell lifting, powerlifting)

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
V. P. Yahodzinskyi ◽  
O. M. Kisilyuk ◽  
D. P. Polozenko ◽  
O. A. Desyatka ◽  
V. O. Novytskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Military ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Push Up

Power sports have always been very popular among servicemen. This is especially evident in recent times, when such power sports, as armsport, crossfit, kettlebell lifting, powerlifting have received some development. The article presents a comparative analysis of the power capabilities of cadets who specialize in various power sports. The study involved male cadets of the 4th year of various faculties (n=53) of the Military Academy (Odessa), who in the process of training were engaged in power sports: armsport (n=12), crossfit (n=16), kettlebell lifting (n=15), powerlifting (n = 10). In addition, the results of cadets-athletes were compared with the results of cadets of the faculty of training specialists of airborne assault troops and military intelligence and special purpose, who did not attend sports sections of the academy (n=60). Analysis of the power of the cadets was carried out on the following exercises: pull-up, lifting by coup, lifting by strength on the crossbar, 24 kg kettlebell snatch, push-up on the parallel bars, push-up. The conducted researches testified to the high level of development of power qualities of cadets of all sections of academy in power sports. There was no significant difference between the results of cadets of different power sports in most exercises. It is established that the power capabilities of cadets who are engaged in various power sports are significantly better than those of cadets who are not engaged in sports. This suggests that any of the studied power sports can be an effective means of developing and improving the power opportunities of future officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

scholarly journals A Simple Theory of Argument Schemes

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-578
Author(s):  
Geoff Goddu
Keyword(s):  
Simple Theory ◽  
Complete Theory ◽  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
Argument Schemes ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Minimalist Theory

While there has been in depth discussion of many particular argumentation schemes, some lament that there is little to no theory underpinning the notion of an argumentation scheme. Here I shall argue against the utility of argument schemes, at least as a fundamental part of a complete theory of arguments.  I shall also present and defend a minimalist theory of their nature—a scheme is just a set of proposition expressions and propositional functions. While simple, the theory contravenes several typical desiderata of argumentation schemes such as (i) aiding in the identification of enthymemes and (ii) keeping arguments constrained to a manageable taxonomy. So much the worse for the desiderata. Instead, I shall recommend focusing less on schemes and more on the component propositional functions.

Epistemic and deontic authority in the argumentum ad verecundiam

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-315
Author(s):  
Marcin Koszowy ◽  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Informal Fallacy ◽  
Argumentum Ad Verecundiam ◽  
Deontic Authority

Abstract The aim of this paper is to elaborate tools that would allow us to analyse arguments from authority and guard against fallacious uses of them. To accomplish this aim, we extend the list of existing argumentation schemes representing arguments from authority. For this purpose, we formulate a new argumentation scheme for argument from deontic authority along with a matching set of critical questions used to evaluate it. We argue that clarifying the ambiguity between arguments from epistemic and deontic authority helps building a better explanation of the informal fallacy of appeal to authority (argumentum ad verecundiam).

Abductive, presumptive and plausible arguments

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Current practice in logic increasingly accords recognition to abductive, presumptive or plausible arguments, in addition to deductive and inductive arguments. But there is uncertainty about what these terms exactly mean, what the differences between them are (if any), and how they relate. By examining some analyses ofthese terms and some of the history of the subject (including the views of Peirce and Cameades), this paper sets out considerations leading to a set of definitions, discusses the relationship of these three forms of argument to argumentation schemes and sets out a new argumentation scheme for abductive argument.

Social-Cyber Maneuvers Analysis During the COVID-19 Vaccine Initial Rollout (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Blane ◽  
Daniele Bellutta ◽  
Kathleen M Carley
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Online Community ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Initial Distribution ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Entire Network ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND During the period surrounding the approval and initial distribution of Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine, many users took to social media to voice their opinions on the vaccine. They formed pro- and anti-vaccination groups and influenced behaviors to vaccinate or not to vaccinate. The methods of persuasion and manipulation for convincing audiences online can be characterized under a framework for social-cyber maneuvers known as the BEND maneuvers. Previous studies have been conducted on the spread of COVID-19 vaccine disinformation. However, none have used a process that conducts comparative analyses over time on both community stances and the competing techniques of manipulating both the narrative and network structure to persuade target audiences. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to understand community response to vaccination by dividing Twitter data from the initial Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine rollout into pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine stances, identifying key actors and groups, and evaluating how the different communities use social-cyber maneuvers, or BEND maneuvers, to influence their target audiences and the network as a whole. METHODS COVID-19 Twitter vaccine data was collected using the Twitter API for one-week periods before, during, and six weeks after the initial Pfizer-BioNTech rollout (December 2020-January 2021). Bot identifications and linguistic cues were derived for users and tweets, respectively, to use as metrics for evaluating social-cyber maneuvers. ORA-PRO software was then used to separate the vaccine data into pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine communities and facilitate identifying key actors, groups, and BEND maneuvers for a comparative analysis between each community and the entire network. RESULTS Both the pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine communities used combinations of the 16 BEND maneuvers to persuade their target audiences of their particular stances. Our analysis showed how each side attempted to build its own community while simultaneously narrowing and neglecting the opposing community. Pro-vaccine users primarily used positive maneuvers such as excite and explain messages to encourage vaccination and backed leaders within their group. In contrast, anti-vaccine users relied on negative maneuvers to dismay and distort messages with narratives on side effects and death and attempted to neutralize the effectiveness of the leaders within the pro-vaccine community. Furthermore, nuking through platform policies showed to be effective in reducing the size of the anti-vaccine online community and the quantity of anti-vaccine messages. CONCLUSIONS Social media continues to be a domain for manipulating beliefs and ideas. These conversations can ultimately lead to real-world actions such as to vaccinate or not to vaccinate against COVID-19. Moreover, social media policies should be further explored as an effective means for curbing disinformation and misinformation online. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable

Approche discursive de la généricité des monographies illustrées: le parti pris des « Albums de la Pléiade » et des « Écrivains de toujours »

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-285
Author(s):  
Pascale Delormas
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Relationship

Like other instruments of cultural transmission such as school anthologies, illustrated monographs demonstrate a conception of the author which conforms with the conventions of literary history. However, a comparative analysis of different anthologies of the same author makes it possible to conclude that biographical discourse is far from being a homogeneous discursive category. The construction of Rousseau's auctorial figure in the collection ‘Écrivains de toujours’ and in the collection ‘Albums de la Pléiade’ is a good example of this claim. An examination of the relationship between iconography and text is an effective means of approaching illustrated monographs as plurisemiotic objects: though in both of the series studied here the technique is based on collage and commentary, it is carried out differently. Neither at the textual level nor at the level of the image are the editorial choices similar. Thus in the Pléiade album, the photographs act as testimony and the text is more a comment on the photographs; in Rousseau par lui-même, the text is a commentary on the author's works and the images which accompany it assume an illustrative function. In the first case a true cult of the author is maintained, while in the second case the text veers away from the legendary perception of the author. However, the enunciative characteristics of the relationship between Rousseau and his biographers always manifest sympathy and admiration. A further study of other monographs of the same collections will allow for a broader application of these conclusions.

scholarly journals Carbon Taxation: A Tale of Three Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Criqui ◽  
Mark Jaccard ◽  
Thomas Sterner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Carbon Taxation

Carbon pricing is considered by most economists as a central dimension to any climate policy. It is assumed to bring simple, transparent, and cost-effective means to change investment and consumption behaviors. The most straightforward method is carbon taxation, but its implementation is more complex. This study provides a comparative analysis of carbon taxation in three countries—Sweden, Canada, and France—aimed at drawing lessons for the future of carbon taxation. Comparing the experience of the three countries reveals that carbon taxes, once in place, do have the intended effect. In this sense, they work well. However, the analysis also reveals very different situations in terms of advances, difficulties, and results, which highlights the need to carefully consider the social and political conditions for the acceptance and effective implementation of such economic instruments. Against this background, the comparative analysis yields four main insights that deserve further research from economics and social scientists: the ability to combine pure economic instruments and other regulation or policies and measures; the management of lobbies and vested interests; the identification of a clear strategy for the recycling of the carbon revenues, whether earmarked or not; and finally, the importance of these three dimensions of carbon taxes in the new settings of zero net emission policies.

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