To the issue of the formation of peacekeeping idea (on the example of the Suez Crisis of 1956)

Author(s):  
Daria M. Pokrovskaya

The Suez Crisis of 1956 is considered one of the most acute regional conflicts of the Cold War period. Two of the five member states of the Security Council were involved in the conflict, who actively exercised the right of “veto” during any attempts at settlement, which paralyzed the existing mechanism for resolving conflicts within the UN. The disagreements of the “great” powers threatened to grow from a diplomatic confrontation into a military one, and conflict from regional to global. The solution was found at one of the sessions of the General Assembly, where Canadian L.B. Pearson presented his idea of resolving the conflict by creating the UN Emergency Forces. The study is devoted to the idea of creating a UN peacekeeping force, the founder of which is Canadian diplomat L.B. Pearson. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of L.B. Pearson in the formation of the idea of peacekeeping, on the example of participation in the settlement of the Suez Crisis. We discuss the historical aspects and conditions for the creation of the UN Emergency Forces, a comparative analysis was conducted with the first observation missions of the UN, substantiate principles, which became the basis for the functioning of peacekeeping forces. We draw conclusion that it was L.B. Pearson’s ideas that contributed to the resolution of one of the most acute crises of the second half of the 20th century, and the creation of peacekeeping forces proved the effectiveness of the UN in maintaining international peace and security, conflict resolution, and also laid the foundation for modern peacekeeping.


Author(s):  
Kelly Whiting

A major challenge for contemporary military policy makers has been the integration of gender into policy. Since 2000, Canada has opened all military roles (including combat and naval ones) to women. This includes Canadian participation in peacekeeping operations (PKO), an essential part of the national identity.  From Lester B. Pearson’s work with the United Nations during the Suez crisis to missions in Haiti, Cyprus and Bosnia, Canada has been a part of multilateral operations to support peaceful resolution of conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Tens of thousands of Canadians have served in over 40 peacekeeping and peace support operations since the 1960s (Veterans Affairs Canada, 2011, 2012). Despite the freedom to participate, women still constitute a significant minority of Canadian and UN peacekeeping forces. Yet, the nature of PKO and the roles Canadians play today has changed significantly since the end of the Cold War. The impact of armed conflict on women has dramatically increased and the violation of women’s rights has become a focal point in most modern conflicts. Due to the changes in conflicts and the role of a peacekeeper, the integration of gender into all aspects of peacekeeping operations would significantly increase their operational effectiveness. I will begin by explaining the types of modern peacekeeping operations, defining the concept of gender and discussing how operational effectiveness of peacekeeping is measured. Utilizing this definition of operational effectiveness, this presentation will explore how the inclusion of gender will increase operational effectiveness from two perspectives – that of the peacekeeper and that of the victim.



2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 361-384
Author(s):  
Ayodele Akenroye

The end of the Cold War witnessed the resurgence of ethnic conflicts in Africa, which necessitated the deployment of peacekeeping missions in many crisis contexts. The risk of HIV transmission increases in post-conflict environments where peacekeepers are at risk of contracting and spreading HIV/AIDS. In response, UN Security Council Resolution 1308 (2000) stressed the need for the UN to incorporate HIV/AIDS prevention awareness skills and advice in its training for peacekeepers. However, troops in peacekeeping missions remain under national command, thus limiting the UN prerogatives. This article discusses the risk of peacekeepers contracting or transmitting HIV/AIDS, as well as the role of peacekeeping missions in controlling the spread of the disease, and offers an account of the steps taken within UN peacekeeping missions and African regional peacekeeping initiatives to tackle the challenges of HIV/AIDS. While HIV/AIDS remains a scourge that could weaken peacekeeping in Africa, it seems that inertia has set in, making it even more difficult to tackle the complexity of this phenomenon.



2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt ffytche

This article examines the impact of Freud on conservative liberal intellectuals in America particularly during the Cold War. It argues that, compared with studies of the ‘radical’ or left-wing assimilations of psychoanalysis, the Freud of the political Right has been relatively neglected. It concentrates on three figures in particular – Irving Kristol, Norman Podhoretz and Leo Strauss, all of whom were a major influence on the formation of American neoconservatism, and ultimately on the Bush administration at the time of the War on Terror. The article also examines the role of Lionel Trilling in mediating Freudian ideas to Kristol and Podhoretz, who were disaffected with the progressive aspects of liberalism, and shifted their allegiance to the Right by the 1980s. Freud's work, especially Civilization and its Discontents, functions as an ideological landmark at the borderline of their reflections on religion, morality, the failures of democracy and the foundations of social order.



2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jacek Tomasz Ogrodniczek ◽  
Adrian Pyda ◽  
Mariusz Kłonica

The role of adhesive technology in industry has increased significantly in recent times. The need to transfer evergreater stresses while reducing the mass of devices causes difficulties in engineering. The use of dissimilarmaterials prioritise this technology. Special equipment is required to ensure the right technological conditions.CAD software facilitates the creation of a virtual design to meet the formulated requirements. This articlepresents the method of designing the instrumentation allowing to conduct the study of adhesives cured by UVrays.



2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Toğral Koca

Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesinin ardından, ulus ötesi etkileriyle küresel gelişmeler, güvenlik konusunda çalışan akademisyenleri, politika yapıcıları, siyasetçileri devlet-merkezli ve askeri-odaklı güvenlik tanımının ötesine taşımıştır. Bu dönüşümle, kalkınmayı güvenlikle ilişkilendiren söylemler de ivme kazanmıştır. Bu söylemlerin ve güvenlik ile kalkınma arasında kurulan bağın göç ve hareketlilik olguları üzerinde de önemli etkileri olmuştur. Zenginler, vasıflı işçiler, “gelişmiş” Batı’nın turistleri serbest dolaşım hakkından sorunsuz bir şekilde yararlanırken; aynı hakkı kullanmak isteyen, sığınmacıları, mültecileri, fakir, vasıfsız ve “düzensiz” göçmenleri kapsayan ve “artık nüfus” olarak nitelendirilebilecek gruplar yoğun ve sert teknolojik/bürokratik kontrol ve güvenlik pratiklerine maruz kalmaya başlamıştır. Bu pratiklerden bir tanesi, Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) dış sınırlarını bu “istenmeyen”/”artık nüfusa” karşı korumak için faaliyete geçirilen Frontex’in kurulmasıdır. Operasyonel ve kurumsal yapısı itibariyle militarize bir organ olan Frontex, “artık nüfus”tan doğabilecek sözde tehditlere karşı bir kontrol teknolojisine dönüşmüştür. Bu çalışma, biyopolitikayı bir yönetim teknolojisi olarak ele alan Foucaultcu yaklaşım temelinde, bu değişim ve gelişmeleri eleştirel bir yolla çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunu yaparken, ilk olarak, AB’nin göç rejimini şekillendiren ve biyopolitikanın bir yansıması olan kalkınma ve güvenlik arasında kurulan bağ tahlil edilmiştir. Daha sonra, Frontex ve Frontex’in Türkiye-Yunanistan sınırındaki rolü incelenerek bu tahlil daha somut hale getirilmiştir. Son olarak, Frontex’in operasyonlarının göçmen haklarını ihlal ettiği ortaya konmuş ve bu nedenle AB ve ilgili devletler tarafından geliştirilen biyopolitik göç rejimine karşı insan odaklı, eleştirel bir siyasi duruşun geliştirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. ENGLISH TITLE & ABSTRACTBiopolitics, security and the role of Frontex on the Turkish-Greek borderFollowing the end of the Cold War, global developments with their transnational effects have induced security scholars, policy makers and politicians to move beyond state-centric and military-focused conceptualization of security. In this transformation, discourses linking development to security have gained momentum. To put it differently, “liberal” states of the West have constructed a biopolitical distinction between “developed” and “underdeveloped” populations and administered the latter as a security threat to the former. Such framings and the nexus between security and development have had important repercussions for the mobility of people. The rich, skilled labours, tourists from “developed” West have come to enjoy the right to free movement without much of interruption. On the other hand, the “surplus” population, including asylum seekers, refugees, poor, unskilled and “irregular” migrants have been exposed to intense technological/bureaucratic control and surveillance practices. One of them is the introduction of Frontex for policing the European Union (EU)’s external borders against this “unwanted”/”surplus” population in conformity with new discourses linking development to security. This militarized body equipped with war-like devices has turned into a technology of containment related to the so-called threats stemming from “surplus” population. On the basis of these transformations, this paper aims to problematize and unpack these issues through building upon Foucauldian approaches on biopolitics as a technology of government. In particular, the paper, first, deconstructs the nexus between development and security in the EU’s migration regime. This analysis is made more tangible by looking into the activities of Frontex on the Turkish-Greek border. Finally, this paper draws the attention to the human rights implications of this security architecture and resultant practices. 





1974 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. David Meyers

This article examines the intraregional conflict management activities of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Three traditional regionalist claims are tested and suggestions concerning the future role of such organizations are provided. The findings indicate that in a number of cases the OAU was not an effective agent for conflict management; its limitations were clearest in internal disputes and those international conflicts involving allegations of subversion. Evidence from this study does not convincingly support the proposition that similarities of interests, problems, and loyalties found at the regional level make it more likely that attempts at settlement will be forthcoming and successful. Other findings indicate that the organization was able to isolate intra-regional conflicts from entanglement in more complex global disputes; this ability was, however, highly dependent on the desire of the great powers to remain uninvolved. The OAU was able to relieve the UN of the potential burden of numerous local conflicts, but this too sometimes proved dependent on policy decisions made by the United States or the Soviet Union. It is suggested that regional organizations may assist the superpowers in avoiding unwanted involvement in local disputes, but that unless the conflict management capacity of such organizations is increased, the result may be that many conflicts will remain unsettled.



Author(s):  
Boris Pauković ◽  
Dražen Marinković

The purpose of this paper is to show the post-processor role and importance in the creation of programming code which CNC machine controller can understand and proceed. Today, the use of CNC technology introduces the Industry 4.0 principles in the production, thus increasing the productivity and precision of the produced parts. It is very important to optimize all the production steps, from choosing the right CAD software for vectors drawing, defining tools and generating tool paths, creating and optimizing post-processor, to translating the tool paths in the programming code which controller of the CNC machine can understand, as well as educating the operators to be able to calibrate the machine and understand and run the CNC programming code properly. When all the abovementioned steps are correctly defined, the production can be optimized and best results are guaranteed.



2018 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Alexandre Aroeira Salles

<p>The adversarial system (the principle of the right to a fair hearing) needed for proceedings before administratives and accounting courts in Brazil</p><p> </p><p>A CRFB/88 entregou às atividades de controle interno e de controle externo brasileiros importantes competências, incluindo a função de aplicar sanções a pessoas físicas e jurídicas, podendo-lhes ainda condenar à devolução de valores irregularmente dispendidos. Ao mesmo tempo, a CRFB/88 garantiu, por meio do artigo 5o, a todos os indivíduos que o Estado somente lhes possa privar de seus bens e direitos caso siga fielmente as normas-princípio do devido processo legal, do contraditório e da ampla defesa. Desrespeitando frontalmente tais princípios, a Lei no 8.443/1992 organizou seu aparato de forma a incluir nas atribuições de seus ministros o papel de fiscalizar, acusar, instaurar, instruir, gerir as provas e decidir seus processos acusatórios contra os indivíduos. Além disso, a referida lei estabeleceu um processo em que as partes não conseguem: produzir suas provas; acompanhar as provas produzidas pelos seus acusadores e ao mesmo tempo julgadores; serem ouvidas; e nem recorrerem para instância que não já as tenha fiscalizado e julgado. Portanto, é necessário modernizar tal lei para viabilizar tanto uma organização como um processo justo.</p><p> </p><p>The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 provided the administrative agencies with important competencies for the internal and external control of public activities, including the function of imposing sanctions and order the return of amounts spent improperly against citzens. At the same time, the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, through its Article 5, guarantees to all individuals that the State can only deprive them of their assets and rights if it faithfully follows certain specific principles (“normas-princípio”) of due legal process, adversarial system and full defense. Disrespecting directly such principles, the act Law 8.443/92 structured its bodies in such a way as to give to the officials the role of auditing, accusing, instituting, instructing, administering the evidence and deciding on its accusatory proceedings against individuals. Moreover, these Laws established a process in which the parties cannot: produce their evidence; analyse the evidence presented by their accusers/judges; be heard; or even appeal to a forum that has not already reviewed and decided on their case. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt this act to enable the creation of a structure and process that is fair.</p>



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