scholarly journals Anchoring Effects: Resolving the Contradictions of Personality Moderator Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lukas Röseler
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Anchoring And Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Moderator Effects ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Plausible Reason

Anchoring effects, that is, the attraction of numerical judgments toward a previously considered number, are among the most robust findings in social psychology. At the same time, explaining the effect and its nuances such as moderator effects has not yet been accomplished despite numerous different models of anchoring. During the past decade, personality moderators of anchoring effects have gained attention and replications of findings beyond the classical anchoring effects have been conducted. I summarize the state of personality moderator research on anchoring effects. I systematizing the eight most thoroughly investigated personality traits (Big Five, cognitive ability, cognitive reflection, and self-control) into three broad paths (exploratory, based on theories of judgment and decision making, and based on anchoring theories). Meta-analyses for each of the potential moderators revealed that there is currently no evidence of any personality moderator of anchoring. The most plausible reason for the absence of personality moderators is that individuals’ susceptibility to anchoring cannot be measured reliably. I discuss possible solutions, such as parameters derived from the anchoring and adjustment model. German Summary Ankereffekte (der Einfluss einer in Erwägung gezogenen Zahl auf nachfolgende numerische Schätzungen) gehören zu den robustesten Befunden der Sozialpsychologie. Gleichzeitig ist es bis jetzt trotz vieler Ankermodelle nicht gelungen, das Phänomen mit seinen Nuancen und Moderatoren zu erklären. Während der letzten 13 Jahre lag der Fokus der Forschung zu Ankereffekten auf den Zusammenhang zwischen der Anfälligkeit für Ankereffekte und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften. Ich fasse den Stand dieser Forschung systematisch zusammen, indem ich die acht am stärksten untersuchten Persönlichkeitseigenschaften (Big Five, Intelligenz, kognitive Reflexion, und Selbstkontrolle) in drei Forschungsprogramme (exploratorische Forschung, Forschung basierend auf Modellen des Entscheidens und Urteilen, und Forschung basierend auf Ankermodellen) zusammenfasse. Meta-Analysen für alle acht Moderatoren ergaben, dass keiner von ihnen einen mit der Anfälligkeit für Ankereffekte zusammenhängt. Der dafür plausibelste Grund ist, dass die Anfälligkeit für Ankereffekt nicht reliabel gemessen werden kann. Ich diskutiere verschiedene Lösungen für dieses Reliabilitätsproblem, wie zum Beispiel die theoriebasierte Herleitung neuer Parameter.

scholarly journals The Stepwise Anchoring Paradigm: Measuring Reliable Components of Anchoring and Adjustment as the Next Step in Moderator Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Röseler ◽  
Astrid Schütz ◽  
Ivonne K. Dolling ◽  
Kathrin Friedinger ◽  
Yolanda Hösch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Anchoring And Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Adjustment Model ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Surprising Fact

Although anchoring research has explored personality moderators for at least 13 years, it has not produced any robust findings. The reason for this surprising fact is rooted in the problem that most anchoring tasks have unacceptable reliability levels. In a preregistered experiment, we introduce a paradigm that we call the stepwise anchoring paradigm. It is based on the incumbent insufficient adjustment model of anchoring and previous research by Frech et al. (2020). Using the stepwise anchoring paradigm and estimates of animals’ weights, we reliably measured parameters of anchoring effects and investigated whether these parameters were correlated with theoretically relevant personality traits (i.e., cognitive reflection and impulsiveness). The reliability of the number of adjustment steps was acceptable (α = .749, 12 items, N = 123) and much higher than the reliability of the total adjustment (α = .399), which has previously been used as an indicator of susceptibility to anchoring. However, we found no correlations between anchoring parameters and impulsivity or cognitive reflection. Thus, a method for reliably measuring the susceptibility to anchoring is now available, but personality traits that may be related to this variable have yet to be identified.

Proportion of Individuals With Past-Year Suicidal Ideation Who Attempted Suicide Over the Past 10 Years in the United States, and the Influence of Age and Sex

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shannon Lange ◽  
Courtney Bagge ◽  
Charlotte Probst ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Age Category

Abstract. Background: In recent years, the rate of death by suicide has been increasing disproportionately among females and young adults in the United States. Presumably this trend has been mirrored by the proportion of individuals with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of individuals in the United States with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide differed by age and/or sex, and whether this proportion has increased over time. Method: Individual-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2008–2017, were used to estimate the year-, age category-, and sex-specific proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. We then determined whether this proportion differed by age category, sex, and across years using random-effects meta-regression. Overall, age category- and sex-specific proportions across survey years were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: Although the proportion was found to be significantly higher among females and those aged 18–25 years, it had not significantly increased over the past 10 years. Limitations: Data were self-reported and restricted to past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Conclusion: The increase in the death by suicide rate in the United States over the past 10 years was not mirrored by the proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide during this period.

scholarly journals The Clinical Utility of Virtual Reality in Neurorehabilitation: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 117957351881354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Massetti ◽  
Talita Dias da Silva ◽  
Tânia Brusque Crocetta ◽  
Regiani Guarnieri ◽  
Bruna Leal de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Background: Virtual reality (VR) experiences (through games and virtual environments) are increasingly being used in physical, cognitive, and psychological interventions. However, the impact of VR as an approach to rehabilitation is not fully understood, and its advantages over traditional rehabilitation techniques are yet to be established. Method: We present a systematic review which was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). During February and March of 2018, we conducted searches on PubMed (Medline), Virtual Health Library Search Portal databases (BVS), Web of Science (WOS), and Embase for all VR-related publications in the past 4 years (2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018). The keywords used in the search were “neurorehabilitation” AND “Virtual Reality” AND “devices.” Results: We summarize the literature which highlights that a range of effective VR approaches are available. Studies identified were conducted with poststroke patients, patients with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, and other pathologies. Healthy populations have been used in the development and testing of VR approaches meant to be used in the future by people with neurological disorders. A range of benefits were associated with VR interventions, including improvement in motor functions, greater community participation, and improved psychological and cognitive function. Conclusions: The results from this review provide support for the use of VR as part of a neurorehabilitation program in maximizing recovery.

Kids Today

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Duckworth ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Self Control ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Past Half

Compared to 50 years ago, are children today better or worse at delaying gratification? If you answered “worse,” then you have company. Roughly 3 out of 4 parents believe that self-control has decreased over the past half-century. Likewise, when given a brief description of the famous marshmallow test, the same proportion of parents guess that preschoolers today are less able to delay gratification than their counterparts in the 1960s. Here's how one older gentleman described the decline of self-controlled behavior among kids of his generation. The children now love luxury; they have bad manners, contempt for authority; they show disrespect for elders and love chatter in place of exercise. Children are now tyrants, not the servants of their households. They no longer rise when elders enter the room. They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble up dainties at the table, cross their legs, and tyrannize their teachers.

scholarly journals Work Engagement – A Systematic Review of Polish Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Anita Pollak ◽  
Małgorzata Chrupała-Pniak ◽  
Patrycja Rudnicka ◽  
Mateusz Paliga
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Organizational Psychology ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Positive Work

Abstract Over the past decade work engagement has gained both business and academia attention. With growing number of studies and meta-analyses the concept of work engagement is one of the pillars of positive work and organizational psychology. This systematic review presents the current state of research on work engagement in Poland. Results confirmed that work-engagement studies have not yet reached the threshold to conduct meta-analysis. The review of measurement methods and synthesis of findings allows to identify strengths and gaps in Polish studies. Discussion of limitations and biases in current research is accompanied with urge to overcome them and develop thriving stream of research on work engagement.

scholarly journals A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762198973
Author(s):  
Kathleen D. Vohs ◽  
Brandon J. Schmeichel ◽  
Sophie Lohmann ◽  
Quentin F. Gronau ◽  
Anna J. Finley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Ego Depletion ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Action Orientation ◽  
Replication Method ◽  
Depletion Effect ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Nonsignificant Result ◽  
Meta Analyses

We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project ( k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result ( d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Exploratory analyses on the full sample (i.e., ignoring exclusion criteria) found a statistically significant effect ( d = 0.08); Bayesian analyses showed that the data were about equally likely under the null and informed-prior hypotheses. Exploratory moderator tests suggested that the depletion effect was larger for participants who reported more fatigue but was not moderated by trait self-control, willpower beliefs, or action orientation.

scholarly journals Surface Ablation Techniques for Myopia – A Review of the Advances Over the Past 25 Years

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Jesper Hjortdal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Excimer Laser ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Ablation Techniques ◽  
Photorefractive Keratectomy ◽  
Excimer Lasers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surface Ablation ◽  
Meta Analyses

Photorefractive keratectomy for correction of myopia was the first excimer laser-based technique to be developed. During the last 25 years, excimer lasers have improved technologically, several variations of the technique have been developed and pre- and postoperative pharmaceutical therapies have been investigated. This review article summarises these developments and the published meta-analyses on comparison of surface ablation techniques and laser in situ keratomileusis. The main conclusion is that there seem to be no differences between the clinical results obtained with the different variations of surface ablation techniques.

Historical Aspects of Rhythm Notation and Rhythm Sequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Snare Drum ◽  
Motor Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Movement Sequence ◽  
Percussion Instruments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Percussion Instrument

For percussionists, rhythm notation represents more than a mere temporal sequence of music; it also assists the selection and execution of the appropriate technique. This musical execution is often dependent on the percussion instrument, although it is safe to argue that the movement sequence when sounding an instrument is independent of its size and proportions. Starting from the first beats, it is as crucial to learn and master movement routines as it is to understand and feel the time between notes, since these together enable one to play out rhythm notation precisely and internalise the correct motor processes. Applying the adequate movement sequences during the learning process consciously could result in substantial self-control abilities, which can also be utilised during practice. In the past centuries, the style of percussionists’ performance has transformed substantially due to the evolution of instruments and mallets, as well as performers’ efforts towards faster tempos. In this study, a brief overview on the history of percussion instruments is followed by the presentation of the technical evolution and milestones of how snare drums and other drums are played. When practicing percussion instruments, we must bear in mind the vast contribution of percussionists from bygone centuries, who laid the foundations of modern-day techniques either in wars or for others’ entertainment. Keywords: tabor, snare drum, traditional grip, rudimental

scholarly journals Etiology and Surgical Management of Cervical Spinal Epidural Abscess (SEA):: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 59S-67S ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Stricsek ◽  
Justin Iorio ◽  
Yusef Mosley ◽  
Srinivas Prasad ◽  
Joshua Heller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Epidural Abscess ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Spinal Epidural Abscess ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Spinal Epidural ◽  
Early Surgical Intervention

Study Design: Systematic analysis and review. Objective: Evaluation of the presentation, etiology, management strategies (including both surgical and nonsurgical options), and neurological functional outcomes in patients with cervical spinal epidural abscess (SEA). Methods: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria were used to create a framework based on which articles pertaining to cervical SEA were chosen for review following a search of the Ovid and PubMed databases using the search terms “epidural abscess” and “cervical.” Included studies needed to have at least 4 patients aged 18 years or older, and to have been published within the past 20 years. Results: Database searches yielded 521 potential articles in PubMed and 974 potential articles in Ovid. After review, 11 studies were ultimately identified for inclusion in this systematic review. Surgery appears to be a well-tolerated management strategy with limited complications for patients with cervical SEA. However, the quantity of data comparing medical and surgical treatment of cervical SEA is limited and the bulk of the data is derived from low quality studies. Conclusion: Data reporting was heterogeneous among studies making it difficult to draw discrete conclusions. Early surgical intervention may be appropriate in selected patients with cervical epidural abscess, but it is not clear what distinguishes these patients from those who are successfully managed nonoperatively.

Are Big Five Traits and Facets Associated With Anchoring Susceptibility?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Nathan N. Cheek ◽  
Julie K. Norem
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Anchoring Effects

Anchoring, the assimilation of judgments to previously considered values, is one of the most robust findings in psychology, and researchers have been increasingly interested in finding individual difference moderators of anchoring effects. Several investigations have examined the relation between Big Five traits and anchoring susceptibility, but previous studies have produced a confusing and contradictory pattern of results. We identify limitations of previous work and report a large preregistered study ( N = 945) to test whether Big Five traits and facets relate to anchoring. We find no significant relations between any traits or facets and anchoring susceptibility. We discuss the implications of our results and future directions for research on individual differences in anchoring susceptibility.

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