scholarly journals Intensive Sports Nutrition Program Improving Body Composition and Energy Intake among Elite Combat Sport Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Aprilia Kusumawardhani ◽  
Farapti Farapti ◽  
Mahmud Aditya Rifqi ◽  
Sri Adiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sport Nutrition ◽  
Combat Sport ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang :Gizi olahraga merupakan aspek penting dalam mengatur asupan makanan dan komposisi tubuh untuk mencapai performa yang optimal. Studi epidemiologis menunjukkan sebagian besar asupan atlet tidak adekuat dan dapat mempengaruhi komposisi tubuh yang ideal.Tujuan :Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh pendampingan gizi olahraga terhadap komposisi tubuh dan asupan energi atlet bela diri.Metode :Pendampingan gizi intensif dilakukan selama empat bulan (Juni- September 2019). Pengukuran komposisi tubuh  dilakukan 2 kali, yakni sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dengan menganalisis hasil pengukuran dari alat BIA (Bio Impadance Analyzer) tipe MBCA (Medical Body Compotiton Analyzer) 515/514 merk seca©. Variabel yang dianalisis diantaranya, total asupan kalori sehari diukur menggunakan instrumen Recall-24 jam, komposisi tubuh diukur dengan alat BIA yakni Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM) dan Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM). Pendampingan gizi dilakukan oleh ahli gizi olahraga yang mengunjungi 24 responden setiap bulan dan memberikan materi pendidikan gizi, memberikan makanan sehat dan memberikan konseling permasalahan gizi atlet.Hasil : Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan secara signifikan pada asupan energi total (1496,2±654,4 menjadi 1688,5±679,8, p= 0,002). Pada komposisi tubuh terjadi peningkatan pada FFM dan SMM yakni (56,57 ± 9,91 kg vs 57,01 ± 9,53, p = 0,032) dan (27,49 ± 5,58 vs 27,75 ± 5,31, p = 0,005) dan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dalam variabel  FM.Kesimpulan : Kesimpulan dari percobaan ini adalah pendampingan gizi secara intensif dapat meningkatkan asupan energi total, FFM dan SMM pada atlet bela diri. Kata Kunci : Komposisi tubuh, pendampingan gizi, asupan energiABSTRACTBackground :Sports nutrition is very urgent to improve nutrition knowledge, dietary intake and body composition to achieve an optimum athletic performance. Epidemiological studies showed most athletes lack of getting adequate intake and maintaining an ideal body composition.Objective :This study aims to analyze the effect of sport nutrition education on body composition and energy intake among elite combat sport athletes.Methods :Intensive sport nutrition was conducted for four months June until September 2019. Body composition was assessed  for 2 times, before and after intervention using bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), with seca© brand 515/514 type of stainless steel electrodes.Measurement of energy intake with recall 24 hours before and after the intervention. The variables studied were Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM), Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM) and energy intake.The professional sport nutritionist and dietitians visited 24 subjects every month by teaching nutrition education, bringing the healthy food, and facilitating the counseling about sport nutrition.Result :Energy intake increased significantly (1496,2±654,4 to 1688,5±679,8, p= 0,002). FFM and SMM increased significantly pre to post (56.57±9.91 kg vs 57.01±9.53, p=0.032) and (27.49±5.58 vs 27.75±5.31, p=0.005) respectively, meanwhile no significant differences in FM variable.Conclusion : Our findings indicate that intensive sport nutritionimproved energy intake, FFM and SMM among elite combat sport athletes. Keywords : Body compotition, sport nutririon education, energy intake

scholarly journals Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jameason D. Cameron ◽  
Ronald J. Sigal ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Angela S. Alberga ◽  
Denis Prud’homme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Obese Adolescents

There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body’s lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.

Body composition as a predictor of sunitinib toxicity in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15566-e15566
Author(s):  
Samantha Cushen ◽  
Aoife M Ryan ◽  
MinYuen Teo ◽  
Peter MacEneaney ◽  
Patrick McLaughlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Overweight Group

e15566 Background: Sunitinib is a standard first-line option for metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). Identification of biomarkers associated with outcome or toxicity is a challenge. Body composition is a prognostic factor in cancer and sarcopenia is associated with treatment toxicity and survival. We investigated if body composition by CT scan predicted dose limiting toxicity (DLT) from sunitinib in mRCC. Methods: Patients (pts) with mRCC receiving sunitinib 50mg as 1stline therapy between 2007-2012 were included. Ethical approval was obtained and prospectively maintained databases analysed. Skeletal muscle cross-sectional area at L3 was measured by CT. Sarcopenia was defined using published cut offs. Toxicity was assessed after 4 cycles of drug (CTCAE, v4.0). Results: 55 pts (43 male), mean age 64yrs (±10.6) were included. 67% were overweight/obese (BMI>25kg/m2). Sarcopenia was present in 33% (56% of normal BMI, 44% overweight group). Overall 40 pts (73%) experienced DLT (51% M, 100% F, p<0.016). DLT occurred in <6 months in 53% (44% M vs 83% F, p<0.016) and these pts were older (mean 68 yrs vs 60 yrs, p<0.01), had lower skeletal muscle mass (51.8 cm2/m2 vs 59.4 cm2/m2, p<0.012), and fat free mass (FFM) (51.4kg vs 57.7kg, p<0.03), and received higher drug dose in mg/kg FFM (1.01 vs 0.89, p<0.02). Common toxicities were GI (65%) and fatigue (47%). Of pts <25th percentile skeletal muscle mass 92% experienced DLT, higher than pts >75th percentile (p<0.05). Pts <25th percentile had an average of 5 toxicities vs 2 in those >75th percentile (p<0.003). All toxicities were more common in muscle wasted patients (p<0.05). 77% (n=10) of pts receiving a drug dose >75th percentile (1.105mg/FFM) experienced DLT in <6 months vs 44% (n=17) receiving a dose <75thpercentile (<1.099mg/FFM; p<0.037). Conclusions: Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with mRCC, is easily measured, is an occult condition in pts with normal/high BMI, and is a significant predictor of DLT in pts receiving 1st line sunitinib. Our results highlight the potential use of baseline body composition to predict toxicity. The role of sarcopenia in targeted therapy is evolving and its potential to predict toxicity should be further studied.

scholarly journals Association of Sarcopenic Obesity and Body Composition With Metabolically Unhealthy Overweight/Obese Phenotypes Among Iranian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyu Tijani Jibril ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Farideh Shiraseb ◽  
Niloufar Rasaei ◽  
Khadijeh Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Iranian Women ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, with its prevalence has increased over the past decade. Major changes in body composition with aging have a significant effect on many clinical outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity consists of both the presence of abnormal adipose tissue with a deficit of muscle mass. Results Of the 241 subjects in this study (average age 35.32 years), 176 (73.03%) were classified as MUO phenotype. Based on this study, the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 7.88%. We found that high fat-free mass was more strongly and significantly associated with MUO phenotype. Furthermore, we found that individuals with high fat-free mass and high skeletal muscle mass had a significantly low prevalence of MUO phenotype. A significant positive correlation between metabolic phenotypes and sarcopenic obesity was also observed after all potential covariates were adjusted for. These results of this study suggest that increased adiposity and decreased skeletal muscle mass are associated with unfavorable metabolic traits among overweight and obese Iranian women. SO was also found to be associated with a greater risk of developing MUO phenotype.

scholarly journals Association of sarcopenic obesity and body composition with metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese phenotypes among Iranian women: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyu Tijani Jibril ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Farideh Shiraseb ◽  
Niloufar Rasaei ◽  
Khadijeh - Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, with its prevalence has increased over the past decade. Major changes in body composition with aging have a significant effect on many clinical outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity consists of both the presence of abnormal adipose tissue with a deficit of muscle mass. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 241 overweight/obese women aged between 18–48 years in Tehran, Iran, registered by the use of the multistage cluster random sampling method. Blood samples were taken following standard procedures. Body composition was assessed through a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. The metabolic risk was assessed according to Karelis criteria and the subjects were classified as either MHO or MUO phenotypes. Results Of the 241 subjects in this study (average age 35.32 years), 176 (73.03%) were classified as MUO phenotype. Based on this study, the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 7.88%. We found that high fat-free mass was more strongly and significantly associated with MUO phenotype. Furthermore, we found that individuals with high fat-free mass and high skeletal muscle mass had a significantly low prevalence of MUO phenotype. A significant positive correlation between metabolic phenotypes and sarcopenic obesity was also observed after all potential covariates were adjusted for. Conclusion These results of this study suggest that increased adiposity and decreased skeletal muscle mass are associated with unfavorable metabolic traits among overweight and obese Iranian women. SO was also found to be associated with a greater risk of developing MUO phenotype.

scholarly journals Diet Macronutrient Composition, Physical Activity, and Body Composition in Soldiers During 6 Months Deployment

2018 ◽  
Vol 184 (3-4) ◽  
pp. e231-e237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarja Nykänen ◽  
Kai Pihlainen ◽  
Matti Santtila ◽  
Tommi Vasankari ◽  
Mikael Fogelholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Total Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health

Abstract Introduction Optimal diet together with good physical fitness maintains readiness and military performance during longer deployments. The purpose of this study was to describe changes in dietary macronutrient and energy intake, total physical activity and body composition during a 6-month deployment in South Lebanon. Furthermore, associations of diet macronutrient intake and physical activity on body composition were also studied. Materials and Methods Forty male soldiers kept a 3-day food diary and their body composition was measured via bioimpedance and ultrasonography. Total physical activity was evaluated by accelerometers in a subgroup of participants. Measurements were conducted in the PRE-, MID-, and POST-deployment. Results Mean carbohydrate intakes were 39.5–42.6 E%, protein intakes 18.7–22.3 E%, and fat intakes 34.9–35.7 E%. Daily energy intake remained stable (10.1–10.3 MJ/D). Total physical activity was decreased during deployment (e.g., step count from 9,835 ± 2,743 to 8,388 ± 2,875 steps/day, p = 0.007). Skeletal muscle mass and subcutaneous fat increased by 1.3% (p = 0.019) and 1.9% (p = 0.006), respectively. Energy and fat intake associated positively with body mass and skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.31–0.48, p &lt; 0.05–0.001). Conclusions Carbohydrate intakes and physical activity were low, compared with the general recommendations. Protein intakes were relatively high. Skeletal muscle mass and subcutaneous fat increased. Suboptimal diet together with low level of physical activity may have a negative impact on body composition, physical performance, and cardiometabolic health. Consequently, soldiers should be encouraged to consume more fiber-rich carbohydrates and less saturated fatty acids as well as maintain a high level of physical fitness to sustain military readiness during long-term deployments.

scholarly journals Combining Amino Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation with Exercise Training Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass and Prevent Bone Mineral Density Loss in Participants with Low Muscle Mass

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Ha Cao Thi Thu ◽  
Satoshi Kurose ◽  
Yaeko Fukushima ◽  
Nana Takao ◽  
Natsuko Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Supplement Group

This study evaluated the impact of exercise training with amino acid and vitamin D supplementation on muscle and bone mass in participants with low muscle volume. Twenty-nine Japanese participants (56-84 years old) were enrolled and assigned into the supplement (n=15) and non-supplement (n=14) groups. All participants underwent a 6-month exercise program. Supplements and nutrition support were provided to the participants in the supplement group for 12 weeks. Body composition and whole bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The outcomes, including body composition, whole BMD, and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), were evaluated twice: pre- and post-intervention. The SMI was 6.51(6.28; 7.14) and 5.58 (5.24; 6.05) (kg/m2) in men and women, respectively. The average SMI change was 0.13% (-0.05%; 0.31%) and 2.33% (-0.88%; 5.48%); [mean (lower; upper quartile)]. The average BMD loss in the non-supplement group was -2.78%, and the BMD increased in the supplement group by 4.34%; there was an absolute difference between the two groups (p<0.05). After the intervention, serum myostatin was changed (p=0.001, non-supplement>supplement), serum vitamin D was increased (p=0.03; supplement>non-supplement), and BMD was maintained (p=0.03, supplement>non-supplement). There was a significant difference in the serum myostatin level at baseline and at 6-month in the non-supplement group, with a mean difference of 483.78 ng/ml (p=0.01). There was no significant improvement in the total lean mass, and handgrip strength. Resistance exercise combined with an amino acid supplement affects muscle and bone mass in the short-term intervention.

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass to truncal fat mass ratio as a new index for osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome in older adults: emphasizing the role of central obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazuardhi Dwipa ◽  
Rini Widiastuti ◽  
Alif Bagus Rakhimullah ◽  
Marcellinus Maharsidi ◽  
Yuni Susanti Pratiwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

Abstract Background The relationship between obesity and low bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults is still unclear. Most of the previous study did not account the factor of sarcopenia which is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass due to aging, and distribution of fat in obesity. Thus, this study was aimed to explore the correlation between appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), total fat mass (FM), and truncal fat mass (TrFM) as well as indexes (ASMM/FM and ASMM/TrFM ratio) with BMD in older adults.Methods This was an analytic cross-sectional study. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) were used to assess BMD and body composition, respectively. Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM) were used in the analysis to reflect sarcopenia, Fat Mass (FM) and Trunkal Fat Mass (TrFM) were used to reflect general and central obesity, respectively. All data were obtained from medical records of Geriatric Clinic of Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung Indonesia from January 2014 to December 2018. The correlation between body compositions variable with BMD were analyzed using Spearman’s test. We also conducted a comparison analysis of body composition variables between low and normal BMD using Mann-Whitney test. Results A total of 112 subjects were enrolled in the study. ASMM and TrFM were positive (rs=0.517, p<0.001) and negative (rS=-0.22, p=0.02) correlated with BMD, respectively. FM were not correlated with BMD, rS=-0.113 (p=0.234). As indexes, ASMM/FM and ASMM/TrFM had positive correlation with BMD, rS=0.277 (p<0.001), and rS=0.391 (p<0.001), respectively. The ASMM, TrFM, and ASMM/TrFM ratio between normal and low BMD also significantly different (p<0.001), meanwhile FM were not (p=0.204).Conclusion ASMM and TrFM have a positive and negative correlation with BMD, respectively. ASMM/TrFM ratio as new sarcopenia-central obesity index has a positive correlation with BMD.

P0960HOME BASED RESISTANCE EXERCISE PROGRAM AND SARCOPENIA IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: IT IS A USEFUL INTERVENTION?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicent Esteve Simó ◽  
Anna Junqué Jiménez ◽  
Verónica Duarte Gallego ◽  
Irati Tapia González ◽  
Fátima Moreno Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Home Based

Abstract Background and Aims Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disorder associated with adverse outcomes including falls, physical disability and mortality particularly in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Currently, progressive resistance training exercise has been shown a proven method to treat and prevent sarcopenia. Nevertheless, these findings are poorly investigated in HD patients since exercise programs are not widespread. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of a home-based resistance exercise program (HBREP) on muscular strength, functional capacity and body composition in our hemodialysis patients with sarcopenia according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria (EWGSOP2). Method A 12 weeks single-center prospective study. HD patients from our institution with EWGSOP2 sarcopenia diagnosis were enrolled in a HBREP. Demographical an anthropometrical data, main biochemical and nutritional parameters, hand grip (HG) muscular strength, functional capacity tests: Sit to stand to seat 5 (STS5); Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), gait speed (GS), as well as body composition determined by electrical bioimpedance (BIA) and sarcopenia severity were analized. Results 18 HD patients with sarcopenia (71.4% severe) were included (4 drop out).78.6% men. Mean age 74.7 years and 53.3 months on HD. The main etiologies of ESRD were the HBP (21.4%) and DM (14.3%). Globally, a significant improvement was observed at the end of the study in relation to muscular strength (HG 19.9±6.1 vs 22.2±7.1 kg, p 0.001) and functional capacity tests (STS5 21.9±10.3 vs 17.2±9.9 sec, p 0.001; SPPB (6.9±2.3 vs 9.1±2.5 score, p 0.001 and GS 0.8±0.1 vs 0.9±0.2 m/s, p 0.015). Likewise, higher total skeletal muscle mass (SMM, 14.3±2.8 vs 14.5±2.9 kg) and SMM index (SMM/height2, 5.5±0.7 vs 5.7±0.9 Kg/m2 ) were found at the end of the study, although these differences were not significant. Finally, 2 patients (14.8%) reverse the EWGSOP2 sarcopenia criteria and 3 (21.4%) enhanced their severe sarcopenia. No relevant changes regarding anthropometrical data, main biochemical and nutritional parameters or dialysis adequacy were observed at the end of the study. Conclusion A home-based resistance exercise program improves muscular strength, functional capacity and body composition in our sarcopenic hemodialysis patients. With our results, home-based resistance exercise programs should be considered a key point in the prevention and treatment of skeletal muscle mass reduction due to sarcopenia in these patients. Further studies are mandatory to confirm our encouraging results.

scholarly journals Activin-type II receptor B (ACVR2B) and follistatin haplotype associations with muscle mass and strength in humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 2142-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Walsh ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci ◽  
Stephen M. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Haplotype Structure ◽  
Type Ii

Genetic variation in myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle, in cattle has shown remarkable influence on skeletal muscle, resulting in a double-muscled phenotype in certain breeds; however, DNA sequence variation within this gene in humans has not been consistently associated with skeletal muscle mass or strength. Follistatin and activin-type II receptor B ( ACVR2B) are two myostatin-related genes involved in the regulation and signaling of myostatin. We sought to identify associations between genetic variation and haplotype structure in both follistatin and ACVR2B with skeletal muscle-related phenotypes. Three hundred fifteen men and 278 women aged 19–90 yr from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were genotyped to determine respective haplotype groupings (Hap Groups) based on HapMap data. Whole body soft tissue composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quadriceps peak torque (strength) was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Women carriers of ACVR2B Hap Group 1 exhibited significantly less quadriceps muscle strength (shortening phase) than women homozygous for Hap Group 2 (109.2 ± 1.9 vs. 118.6 ± 4.1 N·m, 30°/s, respectively, P = 0.036). No significant association was observed in men. Male carriers of follistatin Hap Group 3 exhibited significantly less total leg fat-free mass than noncarriers (16.6 ± 0.3 vs. 17.5 ± 0.2 kg, respectively, P = 0.012). No significant associations between these haplotype groups were observed in women. These results indicate that haplotype structure at the ACVR2B and follistatin loci may contribute to interindividual variation in skeletal muscle mass and strength, although these data indicate sex-specific relationships.

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