Nutritional Status Based on Four Anthropometric Indices and Associated Factors in Children between the Ages 0-2 Years Old in a Slum of Surabaya

Introduction: Bulak Banteng sub-district is one of the slums in Surabaya. In a study in Bulak Banteng sub-district in 2015, 6.6% of children experienced malnutrition and 3% of children with Lower Red Line status. The highest number of children with Lower Red Line status was in RW 08. This study aimed to determine the nutritional status of children aged 0-2 years old in RW 08 Bulak Banteng sub-district, Surabaya, in 2018.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive study from primary data conducted by anthropometric measurement directly on toddlers and interviews with caregivers. Assessment of four anthropometric indices includes weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age. A sample of 50 toddlers was taken by proportional random sampling technique.Results: 31 children (62%) aged 0-2 years old in RW 08 Bulak Banteng sub-district had normal growth status based on weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age. The remaining growth status of 27 children (54%) is as follows. Based on the weight-for-age index, a child (2%) was severely underweight, and 7 children (14%) were underweight. Based on the height-for-age index, 4 children (8%) were severely stunted, and 7 children (14%) were stunted. Based on the index of weight-for-height, a child (2%) was severely wasted, and 5 children (10%) were wasted. Based on the index of head circumference-for-age, there were 1 child (2%) microcephaly and 3 children (6%) macrocephaly.Conclusion: This study found that many children aged 0-2 years old in the slum area of RW 08 Bulak Banteng sub-district in Surabaya experienced growth delays.

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The anthropometric assessment of body composition and nutritional status in children aged 2–15 years: A cross-sectional study from three districts in Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0257055

Author(s):

Md. Kamruzzaman ◽

Shah Arafat Rahman ◽

Sharmin Akter ◽

Humaria Shushmita ◽

Md. Yunus Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Family Income ◽

Critical Role ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Background Early life nutrition plays a critical role in the development of better health and nutrition in adulthood. However, assessing the nutritional status of Bangladeshi children and adolescents through measurement of body composition using skinfold thickness is barely studied. The current study aims to determine children’s body composition and nutritional status, and contributing factors among children aged 2 to 15 years in the northern part of Bangladesh. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done in Bangladesh. Anthropometric methods, including multiple skinfold thickness and basic anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics, were used. Body composition was calculated from multiple skinfold thicknesses using the standard regression equation. Nutritional status was measured using Z score according to WHO 2007 reference standard. A total of 330 children from Naogaon, Bogra and Kurigram districts in Bangladesh were examined from April 2019 to September 2019. Results The Nutritional status of 2–15 years old child is exceedingly poor in the northern part of Bangladesh. Fat mass and fat-free mass were higher among children from Kurigram district than from Bogra and Naogaon district. Body fat percentages and arm fat area were greater among female children than males. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was around 25%, 32% and 29%, respectively, and the rate was higher among girls and children aged 2–5 years. The average SD score for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age was -1.295, -0.937 and -1.009. The median weight-for-age and height-for-age Z scores of boys and girls were below the WHO reference percentile rank. Girls were twice (OR:1.951, CI:1.150–3.331) as likely to suffer from being underweight than boys. Children who don’t practice handwashing are three times (OR:3.531, CI:1.657–7.525) more likely to be underweight. Children become underweight and stunted when their family income is not sufficient to maintain their nutritional requirements. Conclusions The children of the three northern districts had a poor nutritional status, and family income was the potential contributing factor. Therefore, interventions like the promotion of income-generating activities and integrated approaches to ensuring food diversification could be an option to address the nutritional problem of children of the three northern districts of Bangladesh.

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Nutritional Status among under-5 Children of a selected slum in Dhaka city

Northern International Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/nimcj.v7i2.29658 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 143-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Md Aynal Hoque ◽

Md Abu Sayeed ◽

Mohammed Rizwanul Ahsan ◽

Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun ◽

Farhana Salim

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Birth Certificates ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Z Score ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Background : Malnutrition is a serious public health problem that has been linked to increase risk of morbidity and mortality. Child malnutrition causes 27% of child deaths in developing countries in 2015.Objective : To estimate the nutritional status of under five children of a selected slum in Dhaka city.Methodology : This was a descriptive cross sectional study and conducted among 100 under 5 children purposively selected at Agargaon slum in Dhaka city during January-2015 to July-2015. Anthropometric measurements were taken by using standard methods. Those were weight, height, MUAC. Information regarding age of children was taken from patients birth certificates or hospital records. Nutritional status was estimated by calculating Z-score, weight for age, height for age, weight for height and mid upper arm circumference. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.Results : Mean age of the study population was 32.95 months. Male was 52% and female was 48%. Regarding Anthropometric assessment according to weight for height Z-score, 39% were wasted moderately and 13% were severely wasted and height for age Z-score, showed 47% of children were stunted moderately and 14% children were severely stunted. According to weight for age Zscore, 46% of children were moderately underweight and 16% children were severely underweight. According to MUAC classification 43% of children were in border line and 16% were malnutrition.Conclusions : Overall, nutritional status of the under 5 child of slum of Agargaon were not satisfactory.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.7(2) Jan 2016: 143-145

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The Nutritional Status of Individuals Adopted Internationally as Children: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13010245 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 245

Author(s):

Richard Ivey ◽

Marko Kerac ◽

Michael Quiring ◽

Hang T. Dam ◽

Susie Doig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Body Mass ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Older Children ◽

Z Scores ◽

Catch Up ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Since 1955, international adoption has been a way of finding homes for children who have been orphaned or abandoned. We aimed to describe the nutritional status of individuals adopted internationally and their long-term nutritional and health outcomes. We searched four databases for articles published from January 1995 to June 2020, which included information on anthropometric or micronutrient status of children adopted internationally (CAI). Mean Z-scores on arrival to adoptive country ranged from −2.04 to −0.31 for weight for age; −0.94 to 0.39 for weight for height; −0.7 to 0 for body mass index; −1.89 to −0.03 for height for age; −1.43 to 0.80 for head circumference for age. Older children, those adopted from institutionalized care or with underlying disability, were more likely to be malnourished. Though long-term data was scarce, mean Z-scores post-adoption ranged from −0.59 to 0.53 for weight for age; −0.31 to 1.04 for weight for height; 0.39 to 1.04 for body mass index; −1.09 to 0.58 for height for age; −0.06 to 1.23 for head circumference for age. We conclude that though CAI are at high risk of malnutrition at baseline, marked catch-up growth is possible, including for those older than two years of age on arrival. This has implications not only for CAI but for the wider population of malnourished children worldwide. Research on how to optimize catch-up growth is a priority.

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Growth diagrams of Indonesian children The nationwide survey of 2005

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi46.3.2006.118-26 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 118 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jose Batubara ◽

Anna Alisjahbana ◽

Angèle JGMGerver-Jansen ◽

Bachti Alisjahbana ◽

Tony Sadjimin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Circumference ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

Growth Chart ◽

Growth Disorders ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Growth Standards ◽

Reference Curves ◽

Growth References ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Background Reference curves of growth have been developedin many countries based on cross-sectional data. The World HealthOrganization (WHO) has recommended an international referencewhich is based on the growth standards developed within the UnitedStates during the 1970s. In general these growth references areused in Indonesian pediatric clinics although it is known that thesereferences are not appropriate for this population with a differentethnic background. In order to evaluate reliably Indonesian chil-dren with growth disorders reference standards based on mea-surements in Indonesian children are necessary.Objective To make a standard growth chart for Indonesian chil-dren especially with regards to height, weight, and head circum-ference from a healthy Indonesian infants and children, age 0-18years. This standard charts were compared to CDC growth charts.Methods Weight and height and head circumference were takenfrom children with age ranging from birth up to 18 years. All sub-jects were recruited from 7 different parts of Indonesia. The agegrouping for children from 0-1 years old was based on 3-monthinterval, while for children older than 12 months was based on a 6-month interval. The study was cross sectional.Results There were 34 800 children (17 229 boys and 17 571girls) included in this study with age ranging from 0 up to 18 years.Graphs were presented for weight for age, supine length for age,head circumference for age in male and female infants, and weightfor height and height for age in boys and girls 1-18 years.Comparson of the results of this study with the CDC data werepresented as a graph.Conclusion The standard charts for Indonesian children basedon weight for height, supine length for height and head circumfer-ence for age were presented in graphs for children 0-1 year, weightfor height and height for age for boys and girls 1-18 years old. Allchildren were compared to CDC growth charts and there exists amean difference of -1.47 SDS for boys and -1.43 SDS forgirls.

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PERILAKU PICKY EATER DAN STATUS GIZI PADA ANAK TODDLER

Midwifery Journal Jurnal Kebidanan UM Mataram ◽

10.31764/mj.v3i1.155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Endah Puji Astuti ◽

Ika Fitria Ayuningtyas

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Primary Data ◽

Growth Disorders ◽

Normal Height ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Picky Eating ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Arm Circumference ◽

Good Nutrition

Abstrak: Anak toddler adalah anak usia 1–3 tahun, pada periode ini merupakan konsumen pasif, artinya anak menerima makanan dari apa yang disediakan ibunya. Anak usia toddler memiliki karakteristik tersendiri dalam berbagai ranah pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya. Kesulitan makan dan berlangsung lama sering dianggap biasa, sehingga akhirnya timbul komplikasi dan gangguan tumbuh kembang lainnya pada anak. Picky eating adalah salah satu masalah kesulitan makan yang umum dialami oleh 8% sampai 50 % anak- anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui gambaran perilaku picky eater pada anak toddler dan status gizi anak toddler di Gamping Kidul Ambarketawang Gamping Sleman Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan diskriptif dengan metode cross sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah anak usia toddler yang mengikuti posyandu saat dilakukan penelitian yang diantarkan oleh orangtua. Data primer diambil dengan mengukur antropometri anak (berat badan/umur, tinggi badan, lingkar kepala, lingkar lengan atas) dan pegisian kuesioner oleh orang tua tentang perilaku makan orang tua dan anaknya. Hasil penelitian status gizi pada anak toddler di Gamping Kidul Ambarketawang Gamping Sleman Yogyakarta indeks massa tubuh BB/U katagori gizi baik 87,10%, tinggi badan normal 83,87%, lingkar kepala normal 90,32% dan Lila normal 61,29%. Perilaku picky eater pada anak toddler 74,19% tidak mengalami picky eater. Abstract: Children toddler is a child aged 1-3 years, in this period is a passive consumer, meaning children receive food from what provided by his mother. Toddler-age children have their own characteristics in various spheres of growth and development. Difficulty eating and lasting is often considered normal, so that eventually arise complications and other growth disorders in children. Picky eating is one of the common eating difficulties experienced by 8% to 50% of children. The purpose of this research is to know the description of picky eater behavior in toddler children and nutritional status of toddler children in Gamping Kidul Ambarketawang Gamping Sleman Yogyakarta. The type of this research is descriptive quantitative with cross sectional method. The sample of this research is toddler age children who follow posyandu when conducted research delivered by parents. Primary data was taken by measuring the anthropometry of the child (weight / age, height, head circumference, upper arm circumference) and pegikuian questionnaire by parents about the eating behavior of parents and children. Result of research of nutritional status at toddler children in Gamping Kidul Ambarketawang Gamping Sleman Yogyakarta body mass index BB / U good nutrition category 87,10%, normal height 83,87%, normal head circumference 90,32% and normal Lila 61,29% . Behavior picky eater on children toddler 74.19% did not experience picky eater.

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Anthropometric Parameters among Children Under 6 Years with Stunting

Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) ◽

10.26699/jnk.v8i2.art.p221-227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 221-227

Author(s):

Abdul Malik Setiawan ◽

Apriyani Puji Hastuti

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Body Mass ◽

The Body ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Feeding Practice ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Anthropometric Parameter ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Anthropometric measurement is a quantitative measurement as a nutritional status and can describe composition of the body. Stunting is when children have a low height-for-age. There are potential causes of stunting in Indonesia, including factor maternal nutritional status, breastfeeding practice, complementary feeding practice, exposure to infection, and related distal determinants such as education, dietary pattern, health care, and water sanitation hygiene. The objective of the research was to assess the association between gender, age and anthropometric parameters (weight-for-age, weight-for-height, body mass index for age) among children-under-six-years with stunting. The research used a cross sectional method which used documentation research of gender, weight, height or length and age reports of 25.158 children under six years. The anthropometric parameters of the children were categorized using weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), body mass index for age. This research used spearman rank test and binary logistic regression to analyze association between gender, age, weight-for-age, weight-for-height, body mass index for age, and height or length-for-age. Results: There were male 14.027 (55.8%), 2-6 years 15.789 (62.8%), with normal anthropometric parameter (weight- for-age, weight-for-height, and body mass index for age in stunted children. There was no significantly correlation between the children's gender and height-for-age (=0.096) and OR 0.993 (0.933- 1.056). Furthermore, there was low significantly correlation between age, anthropometric parameter (weight-for-age WAZ, weight-for-height WHZ and body mass index for age) with height-for-age (=0.000). Stunted children who had normal nutritional status were 0.469 times more likely to experience stunting.

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Nutritional Status, Feeding Practices and Disease Conditions of Preschool Orphans In South West Nigeria

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_125 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1053-1053

Author(s):

Sunday Nupo ◽

Abosede Nupo ◽

Olasumbo Ilori ◽

Mercy Eboyi

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Standard Data ◽

South West ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to assess the nutritional status, feeding practices and disease conditions of preschool orphans in Lagos South west Nigeria. A cross sectional study was conducted on one hundred and fifteen orphans aged 1–5 years living in orphanage homes. Methods A pretested structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on the socio demographic characteristics and hygiene practices, 24- hour dietary recall technique was used to determine the nutrient intake and the nutritional status were assessed using Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), Weight for age, height for age, weight for height and compared with WHO standard. Data were analyzed using Statistical package for social science version 21 and WHO Anthroplus. Results The result obtained showed that more than half were female (55.7%). The mean nutrient intakes were Energy (1562.76 kcal,), protein (21.41 g), calcium (116.76 mg), Vitamin A (150 mg) and iron (9.10 mg). The MUAC revealed that 3% were severely malnourished, 5% were moderately malnourished while 7% were mildly malnourished. Weight for age showed that 3% were severely underweight, weight for height revealed that 12% had moderate wasting while 7% were severely wasted. Body Mass Index for age showed that 17% were underweight. Majority (96%) practiced good hygiene, 42% had malaria, 29% had fever, 6% had diarrhea, 23% had typhoid and 14% had cough at one time or the other. Conclusions The study showed a positive relationship between the nutritional status and disease conditions wasting (r-0.40, P > 0.679), Height for age (r-0.0036, P > 0.708), weight for age (r-0.002, P > 0.980), BMI for age (r-0.022, P > 0.818). The study showed that some of the children in the Orphanage homes had poor nutritional status and disease conditions. There is need for intervention to assist these vulnerable groups. Funding Sources None.

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Risk of Factor on History Disease with Nutritional Status on Toddlers Aged 24-59 Months in Pidie Jaya District

Journal of Nutrition Science ◽

10.35308/jns.v2i2.3347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Zuhra Tun Nur ◽

Suryana Suryana

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

P Value ◽

Food History ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

ABSTRACTThe nutritional problem has happened in Indonesia. One of them is toddler malnutrition. Children who are malnourished have a low immune system. Thus it is susceptible to infectious diseases. Factors that can prevent nutritional problems in toddlers include the age of weaning and the toddler's immune system. Breastfeeding until the two-years-old, weaning, and body resistance will also affect the toddler's nutritional status. The research aimed to identify the risk factors of disease history on toddler stunting's nutritional status in Pidie Jaya District. The research's implementation was descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional research design with a sample size of 34 people—data on weaning patterns and disease history obtained through interviews with questionnaires. Anthropometry measurements obtained the nutritional status data of toddlers. Analysis used chi-square test. Based on the results, most of the 14.7% of toddlers had a history of fever, 52.95% of unwilling toddlers. Toddlers with well nutritional status with weight-for-age index 64.7%, skinny nutritional status with weight-for-height index 55.9%, short nutritional status with height-for-age 52.9%, and regular dietary status with BMI-for age index 73.5%. Conclusion there was an influence of children's history disease in the last three months on nutritional status in the index height-for-age P-value = <0.015 (<0.05) with OR 6.0, but there was no influence of sick history on nutritional status with index weight-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age (P-value >0.05). It was important for the mother to implement a healthy lifestyle, environmental hygiene, and hygiene of the food history to become better.

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Growth Pattern and Prevalence of Underweight and Stunting Among Rural Adolescents

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v31i1.3640 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 17-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S Bisai ◽

K Bose ◽

D Ghosh ◽

K De

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Growth Pattern ◽

Early Adolescents ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Late Adolescents ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Z Scores ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Introduction: A cross-sectional study of 1094 (boys = 665; girls = 429) rural school children aged 11- 18 years of Midnapore Sadar North subdivision, Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to evaluate their growth pattern and nutritional status. Methodology: Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were measured following standard techniques. Underweight and stunting were used as indicators of nutritional status. Underweight and stunting were defined as weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age (HAZ) <-2 z-scores, respectively, of the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) guidelines. Results: Results revealed that boys were significantly heavier than girls from age 16 onwards; they were also significantly taller from age 14 years. The mean WAZ for boys and girls were -1.488 and -1.417, respectively. The corresponding mean values for HAZ were -1.317 and -1.486. The overall rates of underweight and stunting were 28.3% and 27.8%, respectively. The prevalence of underweight was significantly higher among boys (31.0%) than girls (24.2%). These rates for stunting were 27.4% and 28.4%, for the boys and girls. The rate of underweight and stunting was more in late adolescents (15-18 years) than early adolescents (11-14 years). In boys, the prevalence of stunting was significantly (1.5 times) more in late adolescents than early adolescents. According to the WHO classification for assessing severity of malnutrition, the rates of stunting were medium in both sexes. The rates of underweight were high and very high for girls and boys, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, present study provided evidence that the nutritional status of these adolescents were not satisfactory especially among late adolescents. Key Words: Adolescent; Rural; Nutritional Status; Underweight; Stunting DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i1.3640J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(1):17-24

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Nutritional Status of Under-5 Children in a Slam of Dhaka City and Influence of Immunization and Socio-economic Condition on Malnutrition

Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Journal ◽

10.3329/dshj.v36i1.52634 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 34-38

Author(s):

Md Aynal Hoque ◽

Hossain Sahid Kamrul Alam ◽

Md Abu Sayeed

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Family Income ◽

Economic Condition ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Z Score ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socioeconomic Condition ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Background: In slum area there is a very high prevalence of malnutrition. Many factors can cause malnutrition, most of which relate to immunization, socio economic condition and repeated infections, particularly in underprivileged population. Objectives: To observe the nutritional status and effect of immunization and socio economic condition on malnutrition among under-5 children in a selected slum of Dhaka city. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 384 under-5 children randomly selected from PWD slum in Dhaka city. It was carried out during January- 2013 to December-2014. Anthropometric measurements like wasting was determined from weight for height Z-score, stunting was determined from height for age Z-score, underweight was determined from weight for age Z-score and malnutrition also assessed by Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: In this study in slum 40.36% were found malnourished according to MUAC, according to weight for height Z-score wasting was present in 29.43% children, according to height for age Z-score stunting was found in 28.39% and according to weight for age Z-score underweight was found in 46.89% children. There is a decreased number of malnutrition cases when family income rise. Out of the 384 study children 68% were completely immunized, 16.9% were incompletely immunized and rest 15.1% were not immunized. Number of MUAC malnutrition, wasting, stunting and underweight cases increases in cases of incomplete immunization and no immunization. Conclusions: Overall, nutritional status of the under-5 child of slum of PWD is not satisfactory. Family income and immunization status plays role in malnutrition. So socioeconomic condition should improve and mass immunization programshould be implemented in urban slum areas. DS (Child) H J 2020; 36(1) : 34-38

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