scholarly journals Utilization Of Sterol Glycosides In Fame (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Byproducts From The Biodiesel Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Noor Ridha Yanti ◽  
Meilana Dharma Putra ◽  
Agung Nugroho ◽  
Hesty Heryani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
By Products

In recent years, the development of renewable energy such as biodiesel has been widely researched throughout the world as technology advances in the era of Industry 4.0. At the final station of biodiesel production in the maturation tank, the by-products will form by-products in the form of sterol glycosides in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters which have not been utilized. This study aims to determine the volume of biodiesel from a mixture of sterol glycosides with a ratio of 0.5% H2SO4 catalyst concentration; 1%; 1.5% and 2% and tested their characteristics in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182: 2015). Biodiesel production was carried out by esterification with a molar ratio of 1:6 (sterol glycoside: methanol) to variations in H2SO4 catalyst concentration. The results of the highest yield volume biodiesel were obtained from a catalyst concentration of 1.5% of 28.02% and the lowest yield of 17.50% in a 0.5% catalyst. Based on the characteristic test of biodiesel by varying the concentration of catalyst H2SO4 obtained density of 852 – 862 kg m-3, viscosity of 4.642 – 4.950 mm2 s-1 and saponification number of 191.007 – 198.164 mg-KOH g-1 according to standard characteristics SNI 7182:2015, while for the water content of 0.1965 – 0.1976% and acid numbers of 2.151 – 3.232 mg-KOH g-1 isn’t according to standard characteristics. Based on research, pre-treatment treatments was recommended before the refining process to reduce the amount of acid and moisture content so according to standard characteristics.

scholarly journals Waste cooking oil processing for fatty acid methyl ester and mono glycerides production with magnetite catalyst

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 220-226
Author(s):  
Widayat ◽  
Hadiyanto ◽  
D.A. Putra ◽  
Nursafitri I. ◽  
H. Satriadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl

The objective of this research was to produce biodiesel using waste cooking oil and various magnetite catalysts with the esterification-transesterification process. Magnetite catalysts tested were α- Fe2O3, α- Fe2O3/Al2O3, α- Fe2O3/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catalysts were prepared through chemical precipitation and calcination. The esterificationtransesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO: methanol molar ratio of 15:1, catalyst (1% wt of oil), heated at 65℃ for 3 hrs. The results showed biodiesel production using α- Fe2O3-ZSM-5 catalyst obtained higher %FAME (83.28%), yield (91.915%) and monoglyceride content (16.72%) compared to others due to larger pore volume. Biodiesel produced passed the requirement of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) based on density, acid number and viscosity.

scholarly journals Sintesis Metil Ester Asam Lemak dari Biji Alpukat (Parsea americana Mill) Menggunakan Polimer Penyangga Katalis Berbahan Dasar Eugenol

KOVALEN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
Sumarni ◽  
Erwin Abdul Rahim ◽  
Ni Ketut Sumarni ◽  
Ruslan ◽  
Hardi Ys. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl

Research on the manufacture of methyl esters from avocado seeds (Parsea americana Mill) with eugenol-based catalysts has been conducted. The aim is to determine the catalyst concentration used to produce methyl esters with the highest rendement and determine the composition of fatty acid methyl ester in avocado seeds. This study was used variations in concentrations of 0.25%, 1%, 1.75%, 2.25%, and 3%. The results of this study showed that the best concentration is 2.25% with the calculation of the results of 24.8% methyl esters in avocado seeds, namely lignoceric and octadecenoic acid methyl ester. Keywords: Avocado seeds, fatty acid methyl esters

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of the Aerophytic Cave Alga Coccomyxa subglobosa as a Source for Biodiesel Production

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6494
Author(s):  
Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska ◽  
Katarzyna Gałczyńska ◽  
Jerzy Oszczudłowski ◽  
Andrzej Massalski ◽  
Jacek Semaniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Algal Culture ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Lipid Species

The microscopic alga Coccomyxa subglobosa, collected from the Głowoniowa Nyża Cave (Tatra Mountains, Poland), is a source of fatty acids (FAs) that could be used for biodiesel production. FAs from subaerial algae have unlimited availability because of the ubiquity of algae in nature. Algal culture was carried out under laboratory conditions and algal biomass was measured during growth phase, resulting in 5 g of dry weight (32% oil). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile was analyzed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of lipids and chloroplasts in C. subglobosa was demonstrated using GC–MS and confocal laser microscopy. Naturally occurring FAMEs contained C12–C24 compounds, and methyl palmitate (28.5%) and methyl stearate (45%) were the predominant lipid species. Aerophytic algae could be an important component of biodiesel production, as they are omnipresent and environmentally friendly, contain more methyl esters than seaweed, and can be easily produced on a large scale.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from vegetable oil refinery waste using ohmic-assisted esterification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Alishahi ◽  
MEHRDAD NIAKOUSARI ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Golmakani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Conversion Yield ◽  
Refinery Waste ◽  
Acid Methyl

Abstract The ohmic-assisted esterification method was compared and contrasted with the conventional esterification method for biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) production from vegetable oil refinery waste containing high free fatty acids. The reaction variables were free fatty acid:methanol molar ratio (1:1, 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15), catalyst concentration (1%, 2%, and 3%) and reaction time (5, 30, and 60 min). By increasing the conversion yield of free fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters, density increased while viscosity and refractive index decreased. Optimum reaction conditions were a molar ratio of 1:10 and a catalyst concentration of 3% after 60 min of esterification reaction, while having a 95.74% conversion yield. There was no significant difference between fatty acid methyl esters produced with ohmic-assisted esterification and conventional esterification methods in terms of fatty acid profile, physicochemical and heating properties. Meanwhile, energy consumption by the conventional esterification method was about 25% higher than that of ohmic-assisted esterification. In fact, ohmic-assisted esterification can be considered as a green, cost-effective alternative method for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil refinery waste.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Khawer Khan ◽  
Noaman Ul-Haq ◽  
Wajeeh Ur Rahman ◽  
Muzaffar Ali ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Khaya senegalensis Seed Oil using Heterogeneous Catalyst

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Mohammed Babakura ◽  
Jibrin M. Yelwa ◽  
Abubakar Ibrahim ◽  
Bashir M. Aliyu ◽  
Jibrin Y. Yahaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

Biodiesel was produced by transesterifying Khaya senegalensis oil with methanol in the presence of Al2O3 as catalyst. Molar ratio of 15:1 (methanol to oil) was followed to shift the reaction to product side for more yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and the use of a heterogeneous catalyst enabled the reaction to proceed faster. The oil and biodiesel were characterized following ASTM standards. The free fatty acid, acid value, viscosity, specific gravity, moisture content, saponification value, pour point, cloud point were examined in this research and the result obtained show that Khaya senegalensis Seed Oil is a good for biodiesel production. The biodiesel obtained was separated from glycerol, washed with distilled water and dried. Samples of oil and biodiesel were scan within mid-infrared region of 4000 cm-1 – 400 cm-1 with fourier transform infrared spectrometer by agilent technologies. The spectra obtained were interpreted and analyzed with the aid of structure correlation chart. The results revealed that the biodiesel contained fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The FTIR spectrum for the biodiesel revealed the functional groups with characteristics bands, C=O, -(CH2)n-, C-O, C=C and C-H in the spectrum.

scholarly journals Effect of Free Fatty Acid Pretreatment to Yield, Composition and Activation Energy in Chemical Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Nor Saadah Mohd Alias ◽  
Harumi Veny ◽  
Fazlena Hamzah ◽  
Noorhaliza Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ester Synthesis ◽  
Acid Methyl

Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis using calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst with absence and presence of free fatty acid (FFA) pretreatment (untreated and pretreated) prior to reaction have been investigated. The preliminary study was started from theoretical stoichiometric amount molar ratio of methanol to oil. This preliminary experiment showed that indeed, in transesterification with the chemical catalyst the molar ratio of methanol to oil should be exceeding the theoretical stoichiometric molar ratio, due to the fast reversible reaction. The highest FAME content of 81% was achieved at a temperature of 75 °C with pretreated FFA. The composition of methyl ester with pretreated FFA was affected by temperature, where increasing temperature leads to increasing of methyl oleate as major methyl ester in the product. The relation of temperature dependence was further studied by Arrhenius law correlation. It is shown that activation energy was affected by pretreatment of fatty acid. The activation energy (Ea) of transesterification with untreated and pretreated free fatty acid were found as ± 16 kJ/mol and ± 68 kJ/mol, respectively. Unlike untreated FFA, the Ea of transesterification with pretreated FFA was within the range of activation energy for transesterification for the base catalyst. This study showed that methyl ester synthesis was best obtained when FFA was pretreated prior to transesterification. In addition, WCO is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production since it is biodegradable, economic, environmentally friendly and abundantly available.

scholarly journals Identification of Three Strains of Mycobacterium Species Isolated from Clinical Samples Using Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profiling

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ozbek ◽  
O Aktas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Cellular Fatty Acid ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Cyclopropane Fatty Acid ◽  
Mycobacterium Species ◽  
Microbial Identification ◽  
Acid Methyl

The cellular fatty acid profiles of 67 strains belonging to three different species of the genus Mycobacterium were determined by gas chromatography of the fatty acid methyl esters, using the MIDI Sherlock® Microbial Identification System (MIS). The species M. tuberculosis, M. xenopi and M. avium complex were clearly distinguishable and could be identified based on the presence and concentrations of 12 fatty acids: 14:0, 15:0, 16:1ω7c, 16:1ω6c, 16:0, 17:0, 18:2ω6,9c, 18:1ω9c, 18:0, 10Me-18:0 tuberculostearic acid, alcohol and cyclopropane. Fatty acid analysis showed that there is great homogeneity within and heterogeneity between Mycobacterium species. Thus the MIS is an accurate, efficient and relatively rapid method for the identification of mycobacteria.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production using co-solvents: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e99911672
Author(s):  
George Simonelli ◽  
José Mario Ferreira Júnior ◽  
Carlos Augusto de Moraes Pires ◽  
Luiz Carlos Lobato dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
High Yields

Biodiesel is a renewable and biodegradable biofuel, generally produced by the fatty materials transesterification. Due to its importance in the diversification of the energy matrix of countries, various studies have been carried out to improve its production process. One of the technologies developed is the use of co-solvents in the process. The co-solvents decrease the mass transfer resistance between the oil and the alcohol during the chemical reaction. In this paper, a review of the literature on the biodiesel production using co-solvents was presented. The research gathered information about various studies that are relevant to the theme, aiming to show the state of the art, the substances most used as co-solvents, and the conditions of the process variables that result in high yields of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In the homogeneous basic catalysis of vegetable oils, potassium hydroxide is the most used catalyst. Its range of application normally varies from 0.5% to 1.8% in relation to the mass of oil. The reaction time may vary from 10 minutes to 2 hours, the temperature from 25 °C to 100 °C, the molar ratio (MR), from 3:1 to 12:1, and the amount of 30% (w/w) co-solvent, or in some cases up to 0.7:1 co-solvent to alcohol molar ratio.

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