Job and Worker Flows

2015 ◽  
pp. 62-76
Author(s):  
N. Vishnevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Worker Flows ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Country

Current economic literature demonstrates an increasing interest to the process of job’s creation and destruction as well to labor force turnover. The article summarizes the results of recent foreign theoretical and empirical research on various aspects of labor mobility. Particular attention is paid to the research analyzing differences in dynamics of labor and job reallocations in developed and transitional economies. The cross-country comparative analysis provide a basis for several important conclusions. Firstly, despite significant cross-country differences the dynamics of job reallocation in economies under transition exceeds on the whole those in developed countries. Secondly, the structure of the economy (manufacturing sector versus services) is one of the main factors determining both job and worker flows. Thirdly, there is an opposite relationship between the dynamics of job turnover and the size of enterprise. Small firms play a very important role in job creation, while large firms dominate in absolute numbers of jobs created. Fourthly, among the factors determining the differences in job and labor force dynamics institutional characteristics occupy an important place. This suggests that country-specific policies and institutions are likely to play an important role in determining the level of job and worker reallocation. Stringent employment protection for regular contracts is believed to have a statistically significant negative effect on the workers’ reallocation. Unemployment benefits’ generosity appears to have a positive impact on average gross worker flows. By contrast, statutory minimum wages do not seem to have any sizeable effect on gross worker flows.

Social Institutional Explanations of Global Internet Diffusion

2008 ◽  
pp. 3746-3764
Author(s):  
Hongxin Zhao ◽  
Seung Kim ◽  
Taewon Suh ◽  
Jianjun Du
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Internet Diffusion ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Country

This study attempts to examine empirically how social institutional factors relate to Internet diffusion in 39 countries. Based on nine-year cross-country data, the analytical results show that the rule of law, educational systems, and industrialization significantly influenced the global Internet diffusion, while the economic system did not exert significant impact. Uncertainty avoidance as a national cultural phenomenon significantly inhibited the Internet diffusion. This significant and negative effect is particularly true with less developed countries (LDCs).

scholarly journals Factors influencing small, medium and micro-sized enterprises’ borrowing from banks: The case of the Botswana manufacturing sector

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbert R. Mutoko ◽  
Stephen M. Kapunda
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Negative Effect

The objective of the study: The main objective of this study is to determine the factors that influence manufacturing small, medium and micro-sized enterprises’ (SMMEs) borrowing from banks.Problem statement: This article examines factors that affect SMMEs’ ability to borrow money from commercial banks. Empirical evidence was collected from manufacturing SMMEs.Motivation for the study: There is a scarcity of studies on factors influencing borrowing among Botswana manufacturing SMMEs.Methodology: The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The random stratified sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 100 manufacturing SMMEs from a population of 329 registered manufacturing SMMEs in Botswana. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression estimation was used to obtain the main objective.Main findings: The empirical results showed that longevity in position and annual turnover have positive impact on getting access to bank loans, while marital status has a negative effect on access to bank loans.Practical implications: An understanding of factors influencing borrowing can increase chances of an SMME gaining financing from commercial banks, thus solving the challenge of access to finance.Contributions: The results are significant to SMMEs, policymakers, the banking sector and other researchers. Furthermore, this study increases literature on SMME challenges and financing logistics.

Factors of Macroeconomic Dynamics in the Transition to the Information Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Леонид Басовский ◽  
Leonid Basovskiy ◽  
Елена Басовская ◽  
Elena Basovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

The study was made of the relationship between GDP growth rates and individual components of its final use by combining factor analysis using the principal component method and regression analysis. The period from 1955 to 1980 was studied using data on the average annual growth rate of components over fiveyear periods in the countries of the non-socialist world. The growth rates of the various components of the use of GDP at different stages as the fourth technical and economic structure of the fourth dominates and the development of crisis phenomena in the economy has had a variable impact on economic growth. During the crisis period, the impact of the growth of all components of using GDP on economic growth has dropped sharply. The greatest role in this period was played by the growth of current expenditures of the state. Comparison of the structure of the use of GDP using factor analysis by the method of principal components was carried out by the average annual values for the period from 1950 to 1980. As the development crisis approaches, as the models show, the influence of factors of the structure of using GDP on economic growth decreases. During the entire period, high levels of government spending had a negative effect on economic growth. The impact of exports and imports was positive for the entire period studied. Overcoming the crisis in the economies of developed countries led to a transition to a positive impact of investment on economic growth.

scholarly journals Analsis determinan yang mempengaruhi perdagangan luar negeri Indonesa terhadap dua negara yang terlibat perang dagang Amerika Serikat VS China

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-486
Author(s):  
Emilia Emilia ◽  
Adi Bhakti ◽  
Candra Mustika
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Population Variable ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Exchange Rate

The purpose of this study is to analyze how Indonesia's exports and imports compared to the United States and China and to investigate how the exchange rate, labor force, and population influence Indonesia's imports from China and the United States. The results show that Indonesia's exports to the United States and Indonesia's exports to China are 2.02, while the average comparison of Indonesian imports from the United States and Indonesia's imports from China is 1.31. the average is more significant when compared to Indonesia's exports and imports with China. Based on the regression results, the exchange rate variable has a significant negative effect on Indonesia's exports and imports with the United States and China. The labor variable has a significant positive impact on Indonesia's exports and imports to the United States and China. In contrast, the population variable significantly affects Indonesia's exports to the United States. It does not substantially affect Indonesian imports from the United States and does not dramatically affect Indonesia's exports and imports with China.  

What Determines the Costs of EmploymentProtection Legislation for Employers? Evidence from Cross-country Enterprise Surveys

2014 ◽  
pp. 127-143
Author(s):  
O. Mironenko
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Enterprise Surveys

The article examines the determinants of the costs incurred by employers while they fulfill the requirements of employment protection legislation. Using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys data from over 50,000 firms in 93 countries in 2005-2011 we verify that, ceteris paribus, these costs are higher for large, private, domestically owned firms in the manufacturing sector, as well as for those enterprises which are more covered by enforcement. With firm characteristics held constant, the costs of employment protection are significantly higher in more developed countries with stricter regulation of temporary employment and higher relative minimum wage, and are considerably less in countries with socialist and German legal systems than in the common law countries.

scholarly journals Effect of Government Capital Expenditure on Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falade Olanipekun Emmanuel ◽  
Olagbaju Ifeolu Oladiran
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Percent Level ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Econometric Evidence ◽  
Negative Effect

<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">The study investigates the relationship between government expenditure and manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. Government expenditure is disaggregated into capital and recurrent with a view to analyse the relative effect of these categories of government expenditure with emphasis on the capital component. The study employed time series data from 1970 to 2013.  Data on manufacturing sector output, capital and recurrent expenditure, nominal and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exchange rate and interest rate were collected from Statistical Bulletin and Annual Report and Statement of Accounts published by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Econometric evidence revealed stationarity of the variables of interest at their first difference while the Johansen cointegration approach also confirms the existence of one cointegrating relationship at 5 percent level of significance. In addition, error correction estimates revealed that while government capital expenditure has positive relationship with manufacturing sector output in Nigeria, recurrent expenditure exerts negative effect on manufacturing sector output. The results showed that one per cent increase in government capital expenditure resulted in an increase of 11.2 per cent in manufacturing sector output while recurrent expenditure decreases it by 26.9 per cent. This reveals that government capital expenditure has positive impact on manufacturing sector output. The study therefore suggests that larger percentage of government expenditure in the annual budget should be on capital component coupled with improved implementation of expenditure policies rather than recurrent expenditure which does not really have a significant impact on the manufacturing sector.</span></p>

Social Institutional Explanations of Global Internet Diffusion

2010 ◽  
pp. 59-81
Author(s):  
Hongxin Zhao ◽  
Seung Kim ◽  
Taewon Suh ◽  
Jianjun Du
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Internet Diffusion ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Country

This study attempts to examine empirically how social institutional factors relate to Internet diffusion in 39 countries. Based on nine-year cross-country data, the analytical results show that the rule of law, educational systems, and industrialization significantly influenced the global Internet diffusion, while the economic system did not exert significant impact. Uncertainty avoidance as a national cultural phenomenon significantly inhibited the Internet diffusion. This significant and negative effect is particularly true with less developed countries (LDCs).

Pension Systems Dynamics

2018 ◽  
pp. 142-177
Author(s):  
Salvador Rivas-Aceves ◽  
Edmundo Marroquín-Tovar ◽  
Héctor X. Ramírez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Systems Dynamics ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Negative Effect

The main focus of the chapter is to define directions and magnitudes of causality of the pension systems, labor force, and hours worked for selected OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries through a pool data analysis. The information is examined within basic, intermediate, and advanced statistical analyses by regional comparison of the OECD countries. Main results include: (a) a positive impact of Labor Force size on Pension Systems, (b) a negative effect of the Average Hours Worked on Pension Systems, (c) when introducing cross-section and time series heterogeneity, relations are sustained from both global and regional inquiry, (d) an insightful and meticulous investigation can be performed using public and open databases if depuration of the information is well conducted.

scholarly journals The Effect of Polarization on Economic Growth, Social Capital, and Democracy: A Cross-Country Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Maham Zahra Mehdi ◽  
Danish Ahmed Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Democracy And Education

In the last decade, one of the biggest global issues that have been debated upon is whether increased rates of migration, diversity, and political polarization stemming from these factors have any impact on the economic growth of countries. Accordingly, this paper explores the effect of polarization on democracy, social capital, education, and economic growth in a cross-country analysis involving developed countries, developing countries, and the least developed countries. A bilateral time series analysis was conducted by treating each country-set in isolation, as well as a group and focusing on the period 2009 to 2018. According to our results, polarization appears to have a negative effect on the economic growth of developing countries. The same results were observed when we analyzed all the countries collectively. An inverse relationship was also established between polarization and social capital in developed countries. Meanwhile, polarization does not have any significant impact on democracy and education for any of the countries under study. It was also determined that when treated independently, democracy, social capital, education, and GDP per capita all appear to have a varying yet negative effect on polarization.

International Co-operation as a Key Tool to Prevent IUU Fishing and Disputes over It

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 439-448
Author(s):  
Barbara Hutniczak ◽  
Frank Meere
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Iuu Fishing ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Abstract This paper highlights three major concerns pertaining to legal frameworks aimed at elimination of IUU fishing across the globe. First, gaps persist even among developed countries and there is room for improvement at national level and scope for cross-country exchange of experiences. Second, to avoid undermining its own efforts directed towards sustainable exploitation of marine resources, all states should be interested in supporting their counterparts in closing regulatory gaps in fisheries regulations. International collaboration can result in improved management of fishery resources in developing countries. Third, the adoption of best practices at a national level does not necessarily go hand in hand with introducing state-of-the-art measures at the regional level. States with well-developed national legal frameworks have an opportunity to have a positive impact on the development of conservation and management measures at the regional level, but the move towards best practice is slow.

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