scholarly journals Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaberi Koner
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Public Toilets

By the end of the Millennium Development Goal’s target year, 2015, India had been declared as a country, which has made moderate progress in terms of improvement in basic sanitation provision for all. Yet open defecation is still a regular practice of a significant proportion of the population in both urban and rural areas. The Indian government has been trying to address this problem for the last three decades through different programmes. However, though the effort is laudable, in reality, the countrywide situation is not so praiseworthy. Lack of sanitation provisions affects people in different ways with different intensities along the lines of class, gender, age, disability, and marginality. In Darjeeling city, due to lack of proper sanitation facilities, a significant portion of the population uses public toilets, which are less in number compared to the demand. People face a variety of difficulties and hurdles in using public toilets, and as a result, continue to practice open defecation during the night and early morning. Among the users, women and adolescent girls suffer more than the others. Moreover, in this city, a significant portion of the population faces acute water crisis during the dry months. This empirical study tries to explore the different ways through which women and adolescent girls are affected by the lack of safe sanitation facilities within the house premises. The article also argues that lack of sanitation provision should be considered as a matter of violence against women and adolescent girls because the situation makes them vulnerable to the risk of being violated or sexually abused.

Faecal sludge management in low income areas: a case study of three districts in the Ashanti region of Ghana

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Appiah-Effah ◽  
Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko ◽  
Samuel Fosu Gyasi ◽  
Esi Awuah
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ashanti Region ◽  
Toilet Facility ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Public Toilets ◽  
Faecal Sludge

The challenge of faecal sludge management (FSM) in most developing countries is acute, particularly in low income areas. This study examined the management of faecal sludge (FS) from household latrines and public toilets in three districts in the Ashanti region of Ghana based on household surveys, key informant interviews and field observations. Communities did not have designated locations for the disposal and treatment of FS. For household toilets, about 31 and 42% of peri-urban and rural respondents, respectively, with their toilets full reported that they did not consider manual or mechanical desludging as an immediate remedy, although pits were accessible. Households rather preferred to close and abandon their toilets and use public toilets at a fee or practise open defecation. For the public toilets, desludging was manually carried out at a fee of GHC 800–1,800 and the process usually lasted 8–14 days per toilet facility. The study showed that FSM has not been adequately catered for in both peri-urban and rural areas. However, respondents from the peri-urban areas relatively manage their FS better than their rural counterparts. To address the poor FSM in the study communities, a decentralized FS composting is a potential technology that could be used.

Household consumption expenditure and inequality: evidence from Nigerian data

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Nwosu ◽  
Obed Ojonta ◽  
Anthony Orji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Inequality Decomposition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose Enhancing household consumption and reducing inequality are among the fundamental goals of many developing countries. The purpose of this study therefore is to disaggregate household consumption expenditure into food and non-food and, thus, decompose inequality into within- and between-groups. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts generalised entropy (GE) measures. Second, the study uses regression-based inequality decomposition to ascertain the determinants of inequality in food and non-food expenditure using household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as covariates. Findings The results show that non-food expenditure is the major source of inequality in household consumption expenditure in both urban and rural areas with inequality coefficients of above 0.6 compared to about 0.4 for food expenditure. The decompositions also show that within-group inequalities for non-food and food expenditure are, respectively, 0.97 and 0.365 using the Theil index, while between-group inequalities for non-food and food are, respectively, 0.016 and 0.035. Furthermore, the regression-based inequality decompositions show that variables such as living in rural areas, household size, household dwelling and household dwelling characteristics account for the significant proportion of inequality in food and non-food expenditure. Originality/value The policy implication of the findings, among others, is that policies should focus on addressing inequality within rural and urban areas, especially with respect to non-food expenditure than in inequality existing between urban and rural areas. These non-food expenditures include expenditure in education, health, energy, accommodation, water and sanitation.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Sustainable Services

The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.

scholarly journals A study on WASH practices and under five (U5) morbidity pattern using remote sensing and geographical information system in Udupi Taluk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogish Channa Basappa ◽  
Shreemathi S Mayya ◽  
Jagadeesha Pai B ◽  
Varalakshmi Chandra Sekaran
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
World Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Millennium development goals seven (MDG-7) emphasizes about environmental sustainability. Globally one in five habitually defecates in open and globally, about 13% of world population collects water from unprotected sources; most of the Asian cities fail to meet national water quality standards. MDG Goal-4 targets reducing child mortality. Under the age group of five years diarrhoea is the second biggest cause of death cause by poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices. Worldwide unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene leads to 80% of diarrhoea.India accounts to 60% of world’s open defecation, only 31% of population use improved sanitation, in rural areas it’s about 21%. In India diarrhoea kills one child per minute. Diarrhoea and respiratory infection are the leading cause of deaths in India. Over 40% of the diarrhoea and 30% of the respiratory infection among children can be reduced, particularly by practicing hand wash with soap after contacted with excreta. An adequate water supply and basic sanitation are important elements of primary health care. This study is an attempt to fill the gap in understanding WASH practices and morbidity pattern among under five children in Udupi taluk.The objective of the study was to assess the morbidity pattern and factors associated with it among U5 children, to identify water, sanitation and hygiene practices in the community and to map morbidity patterns of U5 children in relation to water sources. A cross sectional study was conducted in between February 2015 to June 2015 across Udupi taluk among 258 children between the age group of three to 59 months, mixed method study design approach was used.Of the 258 children, 55.4% participants were female. Majority of the participants lived in nuclear families (64.7%). The current illness of ARI was 7.5% followed by pneumonia (4.7%) and diarrhoea (2.8%). Prevalence of ARI over a period of three months was 76.4% followed by fever 56.2% and diarrhoea (22.1%). Most of the parents preferred private setting for treatment of their children. On assessing weight for age 16.5% children were underweight and 8.8% were thin on assessing weight for length. Boys were thinner compare to female. Most of the households used improved sources of drinking water (95.3%) and adequate sanitary facilities (89.5%). Among them 58.1% drew water from protected dug wells. For drinking purpose, 24% of participants travelled outside the premises to fetch water from improved source, and at household level 61.6% used adequate water treatment methods. A minimal number of participants practiced open defecation of about 5%. Almost the participants washed their hands before feeding the child (98.8%) and 56.1% used water and soap. Logistic regression showed children less than 2 year were 4.26 times more likely to suffer from diarrhoea compared to the age group of 2 to 5 years. Association of fever and cough showed statistical significance. Qualitative data showed cause of diarrhoea was mainly due to food poisoning, unhygienic food; eating food from outside food and the main organism was viral followed by bacteria. Fever and cough were due to cross infection.

scholarly journals How Self-Objectification Impacts Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls in Costa Rica

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Monge-Rojas ◽  
Tamara Fuster-Baraona ◽  
Carlos Garita-Arce ◽  
Marta Sánchez-López ◽  
Uriyoán Colon-Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Female Stereotypes ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Self Objectification

Background:In Latin America, more than 80% of adolescent girls are physically inactive. Inactivity may be reinforced by female stereotypes and objectification in the Latin American sociocultural context.Methods:We examined the influence of objectification on the adoption of an active lifestyle among 192 adolescents (14 and 17 years old) from urban and rural areas in Costa Rica. Analyses of 48 focus-groups sessions were grounded in Objectification Theory.Results:Vigorous exercises were gender-typed as masculine while girls had to maintain an aesthetic appearance at all times. Adolescents described how girls were anxious around the prospect of being shamed and sexually objectified during exercises. This contributed to a decrease in girls’ desire to engage in physical activities. Among males, there is also a budding tolerance of female participation in vigorous sports, as long as girls maintained a feminine stereotype outside their participation.Conclusion:Self-objectification influenced Costa Rican adolescent girls’ decisions to participate in physical activities. Interventions may include: procuring safe environments for physical activity where girls are protected from fear of ridicule and objectification; sensitizing boys about girl objectification and fostering the adoption of a modern positive masculine and female identities to encourage girls’ participation in sports.

Reproductive Health Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Adolescent Girls in Urban and Rural Areas of Bangladesh

Anthropos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Farzana Karim ◽  
Muhammad Zakaria ◽  
N. M. Sajjadul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
College Going ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

This study aims at assessing the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning reproductive health (RH) among adolescent college-going girls in the urban and rural areas of Chittagong District, Bangladesh. A college-based cross-sectional study was conducted among college-going girls (N = 792) of four colleges attending Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) classes (eleven/twelve classes) in Chittagong District. Data were collected using a structured and self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square (χ2) and independent-samples t-test were conducted to make the comparison between urban and rural participants. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. The authors’ interpretation of the findings was also informed by anthropological as well as qualitative considerations. Mothers were reported to be the key informants of reproductive health for the adolescent girls of both urban and rural areas. Besides, urban respondents were more likely than rural respondents (p < .001) to feel comfortable during the discussion on RH with mother/sister/relative; to communicate frequently with their mothers; to discuss RH issues regularly; to have prior knowledge on menstruation. Moreover, this study also found significant differences (p < .05) regarding most of the items addressing RH knowledge, attitude, and practice between adolescent girls in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh due to the existing socio-cultural disparities between the areas of residence.

Policy Approaches to Promote Women Entrepreneurship in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
Nishi Tyagi ◽  
Rinkal Sharma ◽  
Pallavi Jain
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship ◽  
Successful Women ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Women are traditionally regarded as homemakers and are restricted to household affairs and family customs. At the same time, the Indian society is a male-dominated one in the sociological setup, and the women are considered weak and dependent. The major problems of women's entrepreneurship development in India are poor degree of financial freedom for rural women, lack of direct ownership of the property, low risk bearing ability, and lack of contact with successful women entrepreneurs. Through their diligent work, determination, integrity, and dedication, these ambitious women are making a reputation for themselves and gained wealth. The primary objective of this chapter is to discuss the status and problems along with the solutions of women entrepreneurs in India. It also includes the significance of women's entrepreneurship and analyzes the policies of the Indian government for women in urban and rural areas. It will initiate a dialogue with policymakers on how to foster enhanced innovation in women-owned enterprises in India.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Sustainable Services

The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.

Heavy metals and microbial loads in raw fecal sludge from low income areas of Ashanti Region of Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Appiah-Effah ◽  
Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko ◽  
Eric Ofosu Antwi ◽  
Esi Awuah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Ashanti Region ◽  
Fecal Sludge ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Public Toilets ◽  
Microbial Quantities

This study was carried out to determine the heavy metals and microbial loads of raw public toilet sludge from low income areas (peri-urban and rural) of Ashanti Region of Ghana. Fecal sludges were sampled from public toilets. Methods outlined in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaters were used for the analyses of fecal sludge samples. Range of heavy metals concentrations were found as 0.039–5.216 mg/l and 0.010–1.488 mg/l for peri-urban and rural areas, respectively. These concentrations were in the order of Mn &gt; &gt;Cu &gt; &gt;Fe &gt; &gt;Zn &gt; &gt;Pb &gt; &gt;Ar &gt; &gt;Cd and Zn &gt; &gt;Mn &gt; &gt;Fe &gt; &gt;Cu &gt; &gt;Pb &gt; &gt;Ar &gt; &gt;Cd for peri-urban and rural areas, respectively. The range of bacteria loads was measured as 1.4 × 106–4.5 × 107CFU/100 ml for peri-urban and 0.2 × 106–4.5 × 107CFU/100 ml for rural areas. Similarly, range of helminths was determined as 1–18 eggs/100 ml for both peri-urban and rural areas. The study showed that the levels of heavy metals and microbial quantities were generally higher in peri-urban compared to rural areas. However, fecal sludge from these low income areas are not recommended for direct use in agriculture unless they are given further treatment. Composting is recommended as a promising and suitable method for effective treatment of fecal sludge resulting in a hygienically safe and economically profitable product.

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