scholarly journals A study on WASH practices and under five (U5) morbidity pattern using remote sensing and geographical information system in Udupi Taluk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogish Channa Basappa ◽  
Shreemathi S Mayya ◽  
Jagadeesha Pai B ◽  
Varalakshmi Chandra Sekaran
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
World Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Millennium development goals seven (MDG-7) emphasizes about environmental sustainability. Globally one in five habitually defecates in open and globally, about 13% of world population collects water from unprotected sources; most of the Asian cities fail to meet national water quality standards. MDG Goal-4 targets reducing child mortality. Under the age group of five years diarrhoea is the second biggest cause of death cause by poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices. Worldwide unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene leads to 80% of diarrhoea.India accounts to 60% of world’s open defecation, only 31% of population use improved sanitation, in rural areas it’s about 21%. In India diarrhoea kills one child per minute. Diarrhoea and respiratory infection are the leading cause of deaths in India. Over 40% of the diarrhoea and 30% of the respiratory infection among children can be reduced, particularly by practicing hand wash with soap after contacted with excreta. An adequate water supply and basic sanitation are important elements of primary health care. This study is an attempt to fill the gap in understanding WASH practices and morbidity pattern among under five children in Udupi taluk.The objective of the study was to assess the morbidity pattern and factors associated with it among U5 children, to identify water, sanitation and hygiene practices in the community and to map morbidity patterns of U5 children in relation to water sources. A cross sectional study was conducted in between February 2015 to June 2015 across Udupi taluk among 258 children between the age group of three to 59 months, mixed method study design approach was used.Of the 258 children, 55.4% participants were female. Majority of the participants lived in nuclear families (64.7%). The current illness of ARI was 7.5% followed by pneumonia (4.7%) and diarrhoea (2.8%). Prevalence of ARI over a period of three months was 76.4% followed by fever 56.2% and diarrhoea (22.1%). Most of the parents preferred private setting for treatment of their children. On assessing weight for age 16.5% children were underweight and 8.8% were thin on assessing weight for length. Boys were thinner compare to female. Most of the households used improved sources of drinking water (95.3%) and adequate sanitary facilities (89.5%). Among them 58.1% drew water from protected dug wells. For drinking purpose, 24% of participants travelled outside the premises to fetch water from improved source, and at household level 61.6% used adequate water treatment methods. A minimal number of participants practiced open defecation of about 5%. Almost the participants washed their hands before feeding the child (98.8%) and 56.1% used water and soap. Logistic regression showed children less than 2 year were 4.26 times more likely to suffer from diarrhoea compared to the age group of 2 to 5 years. Association of fever and cough showed statistical significance. Qualitative data showed cause of diarrhoea was mainly due to food poisoning, unhygienic food; eating food from outside food and the main organism was viral followed by bacteria. Fever and cough were due to cross infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban and rural areas of puducherry, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
SGanesh Kumar ◽  
Anindo Majumdar ◽  
Veera Kumar ◽  
BijayNanda Naik ◽  
Kalaiselvi Selvaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION AND LAND PRICE USING MULTITEMPORAL DATA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W7 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
K. Kumagai ◽  
H. Uematsu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
World Population ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Land Price ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Multitemporal Data

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Japanese cities are facing a rapidly aging society with birthrates, lower than the average rates of developed world. Population decline generates many problems such as depopulation in rural areas. One of the measures implemented is to define core areas for maintaining sufficient population density given current and predicted population dynamics. On the other hand, there is a potential for the surroundings of the core areas to be run-down because vacancies generate many problems such as crime, susceptibility to fire, and other negative events. There have been, however, few measures concerning the spatial distribution of parks and open spaces around the core areas. We applied a hedonic approach with a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to the analysis of the relationship between the assessed values of land and geographical information in order to estimate the importance of landscape factors: the spatial continuity of vegetation distributions, public parks, and the local averages of NDVI. It was shown that the number of points where the spatial continuity of vegetation distributions makes positive impacts on nearby land prices is gradually increasing during years 2000 and 2015, while the average of land price continues to fall.</p>

scholarly journals Water, sanitation and hygiene practices among adult women in a rural area of Kolar district, South India: a community based survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2388
Author(s):  
Nagesh Ramya ◽  
Mahendra M. Reddy ◽  
Prasanna B. T. Kamath
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Background: In developing countries, monitoring and assessing the change in water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) practices still remains to be a challenge especially in rural areas. The objective of the study was to assess the practices related to WaSH and factors associated with good WaSH practices among rural adult women belonging to Kolar district of Karnataka, India.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in a village of Kolar district during July - October 2018. Socio-demographic details and water related characteristics were collected from an adult female of the household using a pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. The WaSH practices were captured using a set of 15 questions designed after a thorough literature search. WaSH score was categorised into good practice or not based on cut-off value of WaSH score ≥third quartile.Results: Out of total 108 households enlisted a total of 82 households (76%) comprising of 464 individuals was surveyed. The number of people reporting good WaSH practices was 40 (48.8%). Multivariable logistic regression model containing all independent variables studied showed statistical significance with respect to family type alone (nuclear family having statistically significance compared to three generation family; Odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval) =11.9 (2.7-52.0).Conclusions: One in two women had good WaSH practice and among the individual components use of soap after defecation was practiced in less than one in ten women under study. 

scholarly journals Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors on the Prevalence of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in the Rural Community of Dangila District, Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bizuayehu Hailu ◽  
Wu Ji-Guo ◽  
Tadesse Hailu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Background. Under-five diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Despite the tremendous achievement in reducing child mortality and morbidity in the last two decades, diarrhea is still the major causes of morbidity and mortality in resource-limited countries like Ethiopia due to the absence of clean water and poor sanitation and hygiene. Objective. This study aimed to assess the association of water, sanitation, and hygiene on the prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children in the rural community of Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 419 under-five children from October to December 2021 in Dangila district, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, environmental, and behavioral data. Data were entered into Epi Info and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive analysis was used to calculate the prevalence of diarrhea. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to compute the association of water, sanitation, and hygiene with diarrhea. Statistical significance was considered if P < 0.05 . Results. Among 419 participants, the prevalence of diarrhea was 106 (25.3%). The absence of handwashing habit of children (AOR = 7.70; 95% CI: 2.71–21.79) and caregivers after toilet (AOR = 19.10; 95% CI: 5.46–66.52), absence of latrine (AOR = 3.87; 95% CI: 1.24–12.08), playing with soil (AOR = 8.40; 95% CI: 4.58–36.66), and eating soil (AOR = 6.24; 95% CI: 1.99–19.78) were significantly associated with under-five diarrhea. Children who drink unprotected water were 2.21 times (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI: 0.51–9.69) more exposed to under-five diarrhea than who drink protected water, but it is not statistically significant ( P = 0.29 ). Conclusion. The prevalence of under-five diarrhea is high in Dangila district. The absence of clean water and poor handwashing practice and the absence of latrine are the main factors associated with diarrhea. Therefore, strengthening water, sanitation, and hygiene strategy in the rural community should be prioritized.

scholarly journals Having a latrine facility is not a guarantee for eliminating open defecation owing to socio-demographic and environmental factors: The case of Machakel district in Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257813
Author(s):  
Abathun Temesgen ◽  
Mesafint Molla Adane ◽  
Amsalu Birara ◽  
Tebkew Shibabaw
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Household Heads

Background Open defecation practice problem is rampant in most rural areas of developing countries, including Ethiopia. To combat this problem, the Ethiopian government implemented different sanitation interventions including Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH). The CLTSH approach is mainly aimed to eradicate open defecation practice through mobilizing the community to construct a latrine facility and utilize it. Although this intervention has significantly improved households’ access to a latrine facility, its impact on bringing behavioral change such as avoiding open defecation is not well studied. Objective Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of open defecation among households having their latrine and its determinant factors in rural settings in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Machakal district from September 1 to 30, 2019. A total of 472 household heads who had a latrine facility and systematically selected from six rural Kebeles of the district, were involved in the study. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and observational checklist tools through face-to-face interviews and observation methods. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were run to identify the factors that influence open defecation practice. During the multivariable analysis, statistical significance was declared at the p-value of <0.05 with 95% CI. Results The prevalence of open defecation practice among household heads who had latrine facility was 27.8% (95% CI, [23.1–32.8]). Female gender (AOR = 2.94, 95% CI [1.13–7.68]), not attending of formal education (AOR = 3.10, CI 95% [1.34–7.13]), having >5 family members (AOR = 1.72, CI 95% [1.05–2.80]), presence of under-five child (AOR = 3.64 CI 95% [2.14–6.21]), preferring leaf as anal cleaning material (AOR = 3.18, CI 95% [1.67–6.08]), having unclean latrine (AOR = 2.15, CI 95% [1.34–3.44]), and having latrine that needs maintenance (AOR = 2.50 CI 95% [1.52–4.11]) variables were associated with open defecation practice. Conclusions Among the total respondents, finding more than a quarter of open defecators is concerning for a district that achieved greatly in terms of latrine coverage. This indicates the above-mentioned factors contributed to influence household heads to defecate openly despite having latrines. Therefore, the government and partners need to focus on designing strategies that effectively address determinant factors of open defecation.

scholarly journals Situation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Diarrhoeal Disease After Open Defecation Free Declaration and Associated Factors of Makwanpur District, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simrin Kafle ◽  
Bandana Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Impact

Background: Makwanpur district was declared Open Defecation Free in 2013 as the movement started in Nepal since 2003 to address the high burden of diarrhoeal disease among under five children. As the water supply, sanitation and hygiene situation of the district is not known after the declaration, the need for this study was visualized.Methods: It was a cross sectional study among randomly sampled 178 households using interview and observation. Water, sanitation and hygiene situation was assessed in terms of related facilities, knowledge and practices of mothers. Results were compared with the standard open defecation free criteria of Nepal. Five years trend of diarrhoeal disease was analysed from the health facility records to assess the impact of declaration.Results: Of the total households 92% had toilets and 90% had access to improved water source. About 79% mothers had high knowledge on safe water, sanitation and hygiene and 43% practiced hand washing with soap at critical times. Proper disposal of solid and liquid waste was found among 32% and 46% of households respectively. About 68% of households had good water, sanitation and hygiene situation and was found to be significantly associated with related knowledge among mothers irrespective of their economic status. Diarrhoeal disease among under five children was found declining after open defecation free declaration.Conclusions: Water, sanitation and hygiene status in the study area is found lower than the criteria for open defecation free declaration. However, diarrhoeal disease among children under five is declining after the declaration.

scholarly journals The Association Between Diarrheal Morbidity and ODF Status Among Under Five Children in Southeast, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sintayehu Megersa ◽  
Tomas Benti ◽  
Biniyam Sahiledengle ◽  
Kedir Hussien Abegaz ◽  
Endalkachew Birhanu
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Diarrheal Morbidity ◽  
Free Status

Abstract Background: Diarrheal disease remains one of the leading killers of children around the world. Most cases of diarrhea spread in settings with poor hygiene and lack of access to clean drinking water and sanitation. In Ethiopia, diarrheal disease is more common and kills almost fifteen thousand under-five children in year 2016. Therefore, this study determined diarrheal morbidity among under five children and its association with open defecation free status.Methods: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 732 households that had at least one under-five children. Multistage sampling technique was used to select households. Informed verbal consent was obtained from study participant. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diarrheal morbidity among under five children. Odd ratios with 95% confidence interval were reported and p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Results: A total of 709 mothers or caregivers of under-five children were interviewed making the response rate 97%. The past two-week diarrhea morbidity in the study area was 20.2%. Multivariable analysis showed that unsanitary disposal of children`s feces (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]= 2.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.66, 4.30), exclusive breast feeding (AOR=0.43 [0.26, 0.71), mother not attend formal education (AOR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.15) and child age (AOR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.04. 3.57) were significantly associated with diarrheal disease. Conversely, there is no association between open defecation free status and childhood diarrhea among under-five children (AOR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.55, 1.44).Conclusions: The prevalence of diarrhea was slightly higher among children from non-open defecation free households when compared to children living in open defecation free households. However, open defecation free status was not significantly associated with diarrhea morbidity during multivariable logistic analysis.

scholarly journals Situation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Diarrhoeal Diseases After Open Defecation Free Declaration

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Simrin Kafle ◽  
Bandana Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Impact

Background: Makwanpur district was declared Open Defecation Free in 2013 as the movement started in Nepal since 2003 to address the high burden of diarrhoeal disease among under five children. As the water supply, sanitation and hygiene situation of the district is not known after the declaration, the need for this study was visualized.Methods: It was a cross sectional study among randomly sampled 178 households using interview and observation. Water, sanitation and hygiene situation was assessed in terms of related facilities, knowledge and practices of mothers. Results were compared with the standard open defecation free criteria of Nepal. Five years trend of diarrhoeal disease was analysed from the health facility records to assess the impact of declaration.Results: Of the total households 92% had toilets and 90% had access to improved water source. About 79% mothers had high knowledge on safe water, sanitation and hygiene and 43% practiced hand washing with soap at critical times. Proper disposal of solid and liquid waste was found among 32% and 46% of households respectively. About 68% of households had good water, sanitation and hygiene situation and was found to be significantly associated with related knowledge among mothers irrespective of their economic status. Diarrhoeal disease among under five children was found declining after open defecation free declaration.Conclusions: Water, sanitation and hygiene status in the study area is found lower than the criteria for open defecation free declaration. However, diarrhoeal disease among children under five is declining after the declaration.Keywords: Diarrhoeal disease; Makwanpur; ODF; WASH.

scholarly journals Proximate, intermediate, and distal predictors of under-five mortality in Chad: analysis of the 2014–15 Chad demographic and health survey data

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽  
Eugene Budu ◽  
Ebenezer Kwesi Armah-Ansah ◽  
Ebenezer Agbaglo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Health Survey Data

Abstract Background Under-five mortality in Chad reached a minimum value of 119 deaths per 1000 live births in 2018, compared with a maximum of 250 in 1972. Despite this decline in the  mortality trend, for every six children in Chad, one dies before the age of five. This study, therefore, investigated the proximate, intermediate, and distal determinants of under-five mortality in Chad. Methods We used data from the 2014–15 Chad's Demographic and Health Survey. Data of 7782 children below 5 years were used for the study. Both descriptive and multivariable hierarchical logistic regression analyses were performed. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. Results Under-five mortality was found to be 130 deaths per 1000 live births in Chad, with variations across the various population sub-groups. For distal predictors, the likelihood of death was higher in children born in the FChari Baguirmi region (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI: 1.81–8.14). Children whose mothers belonged to the Baguirmi/Barma ethnic group (AOR = 8.04, 95% CI: 1.75–36.99) were more likely to die before the age of five. On the contrary, the likelihood of under-five mortality was low among children born in rural areas (AOR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55–0.97). With the intermediate predictors, the likelihood of under-five deaths was higher among children whose mothers had no formal education (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.06–2.77). Regarding the proximate predictors, the odds of under-five deaths was higher among male children (AOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.05–1.63) and first rank children (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.13–2.21). Conclusion The study found that the determinants of under-five mortality in Chad are region of residence, place of residence, ethnicity, education, sex of child, and birth rank. These findings show that both socio-economic and proximate factors explain the disparities in under-five mortality in Chad. The identification of these factors can be pivotal towards the design of evidence-based interventions intended to improve child survival. Therefore, improving maternal education while refocusing and re-packaging existing strategies to target selected sub-regional populations with high under-five mortality is urgently required.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document