Fat Loss in Continuous Enteral Feeding of the Preterm Infant: How Much, What and When is it Lost?

Human milk fat is a concentrated source of energy and provides essential and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. According to previous experiments, human milk fat is partially lost during continuous enteral nutrition. However, these experiments were done over relatively short infusion times, and a complete profile of the lost fatty acids was never measured. Whether this lost happens considering longer infusion times or if some fatty acids are lost more than others remain unknown. Pooled breast milk was infused through a feeding tube by a peristaltic pump over a period of 30 minutes and 4, 12 and 24 hours at 2 ml/hour. Adsorbed fat was extracted from the tubes, and the fatty acid composition was analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total fat loss (average fatty acid loss) after 24 hours was 0.6 ± 0.1%. Short-medium chain (0.7%, p=0.15), long chain (0.6%, p=0.56) saturated (0.7%, p=0.4), monounsaturated (0.5%, p=0.15), polyunsaturated fatty (0.7%, p=0.15), linoleic (0.7%, p=0.25), and docosahexaenoic acids (0.6%, p=0.56) were not selectively adsorbed to the tube. However, very long chain fatty (0.9%, p=0.04), alpha-linolenic (1.6%, p=0.02) and arachidonic acids (1%, p=0.02) were selectively adsorbed and therefore lost in a greater proportion than other fatty acids. In all cases, the magnitude of the loss was clinically low.

Download Full-text

Lipid Profile, Lipase Bioactivity, and Lipophilic Antioxidant Content in High Pressure Processed Donor Human Milk

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11091972 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1972 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wesolowska ◽

Brys ◽

Barbarska ◽

Strom ◽

Szymanska-Majchrzak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

High Pressure ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Induction Time ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Human Milk Fat

Human milk fat plays an essential role as the source of energy and cell function regulator; therefore, the preservation of unique human milk donors’ lipid composition is of fundamental importance. To compare the effects of high pressure processing (HPP) and holder pasteurization on lipidome, human milk was processed at 62.5 °C for 30 min and at five variants of HPP from 450 MPa to 600 MPa, respectively. Lipase activity was estimated with QuantiChrom™ assay. Fatty acid composition was determined with the gas chromatographic technique, and free fatty acids content by titration with 0.1 M KOH. The positional distribution of fatty acid in triacylglycerols was performed. The oxidative induction time was obtained from the pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Carotenoids in human milk were measured by liquid chromatography. Bile salt stimulated lipase was completely eliminated by holder pasteurization, decreased at 600 MPa, and remained intact at 200 + 400 MPa; 450 MPa. The fatty acid composition and structure of human milk fat triacylglycerols were unchanged. The lipids of human milk after holder pasteurization had the lowest content of free fatty acids and the shortest induction time compared with samples after HPP. HPP slightly changed the β-carotene and lycopene levels, whereas the lutein level was decreased by 40.0% up to 60.2%, compared with 15.8% after the holder pasteurization.

Download Full-text

Arachidonic Acid in Human Milk

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12030626 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 626 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Norman Salem ◽

Peter Van Dael

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Membrane Phospholipids ◽

Long Chain

Breastfeeding is universally recommended as the optimal choice of infant feeding and consequently human milk has been extensively investigated to unravel its unique nutrient profile. The human milk lipid composition is unique and supplies specifically long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in particular, arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n–6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n–3). Arachidonic acid (ARA) is the most predominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in human milk, albeit at low concentrations as compared to other fatty acids. It occurs predominantly in the triglyceride form and to a lesser extent as milk fat globule membrane phospholipids. Human milk ARA levels are modulated by dietary intake as demonstrated by animal and human studies and consequently vary dependent on dietary habits among mothers and regions across the globe. ARA serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and endocannabinoids that also occur in human milk. A review of scientific and clinical studies reveals that ARA plays an important role in physiological development and its related functions during early life nutrition. Therefore, ARA is an important nutrient during infancy and childhood and, as such, appropriate attention is required regarding its nutritional status and presence in the infant diet. Data are emerging indicating considerable genetic variation in encoding for desaturases and other essential fatty acid metabolic enzymes that may influence the ARA level as well as other LC-PUFAs. Human milk from well-nourished mothers has adequate levels of both ARA and DHA to support nutritional and developmental needs of infants. In case breastfeeding is not possible and infant formula is being fed, experts recommend that both ARA and DHA are added at levels present in human milk.

Download Full-text

Determination oftrans-fatty acid isomers in human milk fat by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Chinese Journal of Chromatography ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1123.2016.01003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 520

Author(s):

Qi LIN ◽

Guobo LI ◽

Pin GE ◽

Rongxian XU ◽

Guobin LIN

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Human Milk Fat

Download Full-text

Production of human milk fat substitutes enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids using immobilized commercial lipases and Candida parapsilosis lipase/acyltransferase

Journal of Molecular Catalysis B Enzymatic ◽

10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.026 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 65 (1-4) ◽

pp. 122-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Carla Tecelão ◽

Joana Silva ◽

Eric Dubreucq ◽

Maria H. Ribeiro ◽

Suzana Ferreira-Dias

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Candida Parapsilosis ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Human Milk Fat Substitutes ◽

Fat Substitutes ◽

Human Milk Fat

Download Full-text

A novel FADS2 isoform identified in human milk fat globule suppresses FADS2 mediated Δ6-desaturation of omega-3 fatty acids

Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids ◽

10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 138 ◽

pp. 52-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kumar S.D. Kothapalli ◽

Hui Gyu Park ◽

Xiaoxian Guo ◽

Xuepeng Sun ◽

James Zou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Milk Fat Globule ◽

Fat Globule ◽

Human Milk Fat

Download Full-text

COMPONENT FATTY ACIDS OF EARLY AND MATURE HUMAN MILK FAT

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71964-9 ◽

1944 ◽

Vol 154 (1) ◽

pp. 255-265

Author(s):

A. Richard Baldwin ◽

Herbert E. Longenecker

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Human Milk Fat

Download Full-text

Furanoid F-Acid F6 Uniquely Induces NETosis Compared to C16 and C18 Fatty Acids in Human Neutrophils

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom8040144 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 144 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Meraj Khan ◽

Cecil Pace-Asciak ◽

Jassim Al-Hassan ◽

Mohammad Afzal ◽

Yuan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Arabian Gulf ◽

Dienoic Acid ◽

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Human Neutrophils ◽

Long Chain

Various biomolecules induce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation or NETosis. However, the effect of fatty acids on NETosis has not been clearly established. In this study, we focused on the NETosis-inducing ability of several lipid molecules. We extracted the lipid molecules present in Arabian Gulf catfish (Arius bilineatus, Val) skin gel, which has multiple therapeutic activities. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the lipid fraction-3 from the gel with NETosis-inducing activity contained fatty acids including a furanoid F-acid (F6; 12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid) and common long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid (PA; C16:0), palmitoleic acid (PO; C16:1), stearic acid (SA; C18:0), and oleic acid (OA; C18:1). Using pure molecules, we show that all of these fatty acids induce NETosis to different degrees in a dose-dependent fashion. Notably, F6 induces a unique form of NETosis that is rapid and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by both NADPH oxidase (NOX) and mitochondria. F6 also induces citrullination of histone. By contrast, the common fatty acids (PA, PO, SA, and OA) only induce NOX-dependent NETosis. The activation of the kinases such as ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) is important for long-chain fatty acid-induced NETosis, whereas, in F-acid-induced NETosis, Akt is additionally needed. Nevertheless, NETosis induced by all of these compounds requires the final chromatin decondensation step of transcriptional firing. These findings are useful for understanding F-acid- and other fatty acid-induced NETosis and to establish the active ingredients with therapeutic potential for regulating diseases involving NET formation.

Download Full-text

Fatty acids composition of selected mammals’ milk

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120002670 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Renata Pietrzak-Fiecko ◽

Anna Malwina Kamelska-Sadowska

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

The Body ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Small Individual ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Human Milk Fat

AbstractOne of main nutritional components in milk are fat. Fats are the main source of energy used by the body. The most important components are fatty acids (FA), which have important biological functions e.g. anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, reducing blood pressure. What is more, milk fat in human diet shows health-promoting properties (1, 2). The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acids composition in selected mammals’ milk. A total of 84 milk samples of cow (Holstein-Frisian breed, n = 20), mare (Polish cold-blooded horse, n = 20); sheep (Kamieniecka breed, n = 12), goat (White goat breed, n = 12) were collected from small individual farms located in the north-eastern region of Poland. The samples of human milk (n = 20) were collected from women aged: 21–37, in the 2nd-4th month of lactation.The fatty acid composition was determined after the acids were transformed into methyl esters according to the IDF Standard method and gas chromatography using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector. The average share of saturated FA (ΣSFA) in sheep, goat and cow milk fat were 77.5%, 75.5% and 67.7%, respectively, while in human and mare milk fat this value was about 47.0% ΣSFA. Human milk fat was characterized with the highest share of monounsaturated FA (ΣMUFA) 43.6%, while in the fat of other mammals this value was from 19.0 to 31.0%. The highest share of polyunsaturated FA (ΣPUFA; 22.0%) was found in mare milk. In human milk fat the value of ΣPUFA were higher (10%), than in milk of other mammals (3–5%). The lowest value of ΣSFA was observed in human and mare milk which could influence its health-promoting properties. The high share of other essential unsaturated FA indicates high dietary value of human milk. The share of fatty acids in mare milk similar to that in human milk makes it the most suitable in human nutrition.

Download Full-text