Hydrotreating of Jatropha-derived Bio-oil over Mesoporous Sulfide Catalysts to Produce Drop-in Transportation Fuels

The bio-oil was largely produced by thermal pyrolysis of Jatropha-derived biomass wastes (denoted as Jatropha bio-oil) using a Pilot Plant with a capacity of 20 kg h-1 at Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Thailand. Jatropha bio-oil is an unconventional type of bio-oil, which is mostly composed of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid amides and derivatives, and consequently it contained large amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen ~ 20 wt.%, nitrogen ~ 5 wt.%, sulfur ~ 1000 ppm.). The heteroatoms, nitrogen especially, are highly poisonous to the metal or sulfide catalysts for upgrading of Jatropha bio-oil. To overcome this technical problem, we reported a stepwise strategy for hydrotreating of 100 wt% Jatropha bio-oil over mesoporous sulfide catalysts of CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and NiMo/γ-Al2O3 to produce drop-in transport fuels, such as gasoline- and diesel-like fuels. This study is very different from our recent work on co-processing of Jatropha bio-oil (ca. 10 wt%) with petroleum distillates to produce a hydrotreated oil as a diesel-like fuel (Chen et al., Catalysts 2018, 8, 59; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8020059). Jatropha bio-oil was pre-treated through a slurry-type high pressure reactor under severe condition, resulting in a pre-treated Jatropha bio-oil with relatively low amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen < 20 wt.%, nitrogen < 2 wt.%, sulfur < 500 ppm.). The light and middle distillates of pre-hydrotreated Jatropha bio oil was then separated by distillation at temperature below 240 oC, and the temperature of 240-360 oC. Deep hydrotreating of light distillates over sulfide CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was performed on a batch-type high pressure reactor at 350 oC and 7 MPa of H2 gas for 5 h. The hydrotreated oil was a gasoline-like fuel, which contained 29.5 vol.% of n-paraffins, 14.4 vol.% of iso-paraffins, 4.5 vol.% of olefins, 21.4 vol. % of naphthene compounds and 29.6 wt.% of aromatic compounds, and little amounts of heteroatoms (nearly no oxygen and sulfur, and less than 50 ppm of nitrogen), corresponding to an octane number of 44, and it would be suitable for blending with petro-gasoline. The hydrotreating of middle distillates over sulfide NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using the same reaction condition produced a hydrotreating oil with diesel-like composition, low amounts of heteroatoms (no oxygen and less than 50 ppm of sulfur and nitrogen), and a cetane number of 60, which would be suitable for use in drop-in diesel fuel.

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Hydrotreating of Jatropha-derived Bio-oil over Mesoporous Sulfide Catalysts to Produce Drop-in Transportation Fuels

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9050392 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 392 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shih-Yuan Chen ◽

Takehisa Mochizuki ◽

Masayasu Nishi ◽

Hideyuki Takagi ◽

Yuji Yoshimura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Technical Problem ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Sulfide Catalysts ◽

Fatty Acid Amides ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Middle Distillates ◽

Al2o3 Catalyst

The bio-oil was largely produced by thermal pyrolysis of Jatropha-derived biomass wastes (denoted as Jatropha bio-oil) using a pilot plant with a capacity of 20 kg h-1 at Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Thailand. Jatropha bio-oil is an unconventional type of bio-oil, which is mostly composed of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid amides, and derivatives, and consequently, it contains large amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen ~20 wt.%, nitrogen ~ 5 wt.%, sulfur ~ 1000 ppm.). The heteroatoms, especially nitrogen, are highly poisonous to the metal or sulfide catalysts for upgrading of Jatropha bio-oil. To overcome this technical problem, we reported a stepwise strategy for hydrotreating of 100 wt.% Jatropha bio-oil over mesoporous sulfide catalysts (CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and NiMo/γ-Al2O3) to produce drop-in transport fuels, such as gasoline- and diesel-like fuels. This study is very different from our recent work on co-processing of Jatropha bio-oil (ca. 10 wt.%) with petroleum distillates to produce a hydrotreated oil as a diesel-like fuel. Jatropha bio-oil was pre-treated through a slurry-type high-pressure reactor under severe conditions, resulting in a pre-treated Jatropha bio-oil with relatively low amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen < 20 wt.%, nitrogen < 2 wt.%, sulfur < 500 ppm.). The light and middle distillates of pre-hydrotreated Jatropha bio-oil were then separated by distillation at a temperature below 240 °C, and a temperature of 240–360 °C. Deep hydrotreating of light distillates over sulfide CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was performed on a batch-type high-pressure reactor at 350 °C and 7 MPa of H2 gas for 5 h. The hydrotreated oil was a gasoline-like fuel, which contained 29.5 vol.% of n-paraffins, 14.4 vol.% of iso-paraffins, 4.5 vol.% of olefins, 21.4 vol.% of naphthene compounds and 29.6 wt.% of aromatic compounds, and little amounts of heteroatoms (nearly no oxygen and sulfur, and less than 50 ppm of nitrogen), corresponding to an octane number of 44, and it would be suitable for blending with petro-gasoline. The hydrotreating of middle distillates over sulfide NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using the same reaction condition produced a hydrotreating oil with diesel-like composition, low amounts of heteroatoms (no oxygen and less than 50 ppm of sulfur and nitrogen), and a cetane number of 60, which would be suitable for use in drop-in diesel fuel.

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Effect of Anaerobic Digestate on the Fatty Acid Profile and Biodiesel Properties of Chlorella sorokiniana Grown Heterotrophically

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su14010561 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 561

Author(s):

George Papapolymerou ◽

Athanasios Kokkalis ◽

Dorothea Kasiteropoulou ◽

Nikolaos Gougoulias ◽

Anastasios Mpesios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Fatty Acid Distribution ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽

Growth Media ◽

Carbon Uptake ◽

Anaerobic Digestate ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Ignition Quality

The growth kinetics and the lipid and protein content of the microalgal species Chlorella sorokiniana (CS) grown heterotrophically in growth media containing glycerol and increasing amounts of anaerobic digestate (AD) equal to 0%, 15%, 30%, and 50% was studied. The effect of the AD on the fatty acid (FA) distribution of the bio-oil extracted from the CS, as well as on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) properties such as the saponification number (SN), the iodine value (IV), the cetane number (CN), and the higher heating value (HHV) was also estimated. The percentage of AD in the growth medium affects the rate of carbon uptake. The maximum carbon uptake rate occurs at about 30% AD. Protein and lipid content ranged from 32.3–38.4% and 18.1–23.1%, respectively. Fatty acid distribution ranged from C10 to C26. In all AD percentages the predominant fatty acids were the medium chain FA C16 to C18 constituting up to about 89% of the total FA at 0% AD and 15% AD and up to about 54% of the total FA at 30% AD and 50% AD. With respect to unsaturation, monounsaturated FA (MUFA) were predominant, up to 56%, while significant percentages, up to about 38%, of saturated FA (SFA) were also produced. The SN, IV, CN, and HHV ranged from 198.5–208.3 mg KOH/g FA, 74.5–93.1 g I/100 g FAME, 52.7–56.1, and 39.7–40.0 MJ/kg, respectively. The results showed that with increasing AD percentage, the CN values tend to increase, while decrease in IV leads to biofuel with better ignition quality.

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Physisorption of bio oil nitrogen compounds onto montmorillonite

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics ◽

10.1039/d1cp01880a ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (38) ◽

pp. 21840-21851

Author(s):

Maisa Vuorte ◽

Susanna Kuitunen ◽

Maria Sammalkorpi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Md Simulations ◽

Nitrogen Compounds ◽

Partial Charge ◽

Fatty Acid Amides ◽

Charge Distributions ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Adsorption Energies

Adsorption energies and geometries for N-heterocycles and fatty acid amides from triglyceride solvent onto Na-montmorillonite are determined via MD simulations and matched to DFT derived MEP and partial charge distributions.

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A new method for quantifying the blocking of coated paperboard

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj9.5.29 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

PAULINE SKILLINGTON ◽

YOLANDE R. SCHOEMAN ◽

VALESKA CLOETE ◽

PATRICE C. HARTMANN

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Film Thickness ◽

External Factors ◽

Additive Concentration ◽

Pressure Surface ◽

Fatty Acid Amides ◽

Coated Surfaces ◽

Definite Period

Blocking is undesired adhesion between two surfaces when subjected to pressure and temperature constraints. Blocking between two coated paperboards in contact with each other may be caused by inter-diffusion, adsorption, or electrostatic forces occurring between the respective coating surfaces. These interactions are influenced by factors such as the temperature, pressure, surface roughness, and surface energy. Blocking potentially can be reduced by adjusting these factors, or by using antiblocking additives such as talc, amorphous silica, fatty acid amides, or polymeric waxes. We developed a method of quantifying blocking using a rheometer. Coated surfaces were put in contact with each other with controlled pressure and temperature for a definite period. We then measured the work necessary to pull the two surfaces apart. This was a reproducible way to accurately quantify blocking. The method was applied to determine the effect external factors have on the blocking tendency of coated paperboards, i.e., antiblocking additive concentration, film thickness, temperature, and humidity.

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Synthesis, Quantification, and Characterization of Fatty Acid Amides from In Vitro and In Vivo Sources

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092543 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2543

Author(s):

Ruidong Ni ◽

Suzeeta Bhandari ◽

Perry R. Mitchell ◽

Gabriela Suarez ◽

Neel B. Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Apis Mellifera ◽

Chemical Synthesis ◽

Acid Amide ◽

Fatty Acid Amides ◽

Fatty Acid Amide

Fatty acid amides are a diverse family of underappreciated, biologically occurring lipids. Herein, the methods for the chemical synthesis and subsequent characterization of specific members of the fatty acid amide family are described. The synthetically prepared fatty acid amides and those obtained commercially are used as standards for the characterization and quantification of the fatty acid amides produced by biological systems, a fatty acid amidome. The fatty acid amidomes from mouse N18TG2 cells, sheep choroid plexus cells, Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera, and Tribolium castaneum are presented.

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GC Analysis of Primary Fatty Acid Amides in Animal Fat

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology ◽

10.1002/ejlt.202000323 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2000323

Author(s):

Milica Jovanovic ◽

Sigurd Schober ◽

Martin Mittelbach

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Gc Analysis ◽

Fatty Acid Amides ◽

Animal Fat

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Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

Journal of Applied Phycology ◽

10.1007/s10811-021-02420-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ikumi Umetani ◽

Eshetu Janka ◽

Michal Sposób ◽

Chris J. Hulatt ◽

Synne Kleiven ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Fatty Acid Production ◽

Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

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Feasibility of unsaturated fatty acid feedstocks as green alternatives in bio‐oil refinery

Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining ◽

10.1002/bbb.1979 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 690-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jong Yeol Jeon ◽

Yohan Han ◽

Young‐Wun Kim ◽

Youn‐Woo Lee ◽

Sukwon Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Oil Refinery ◽

Bio Oil

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Mechanical characterization of porous asphalt mixes modifying the asphalt with fatty acid amides -FAA-

Ingeniería e Investigación ◽

10.15446/ing.investig.v37n1.57158 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vanessa Senior Arrieta ◽

Jorge Eliecer Córdoba Maquilon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Mechanical Characterization ◽

Experimental Methodology ◽

Chemical Additives ◽

Asphalt Mixes ◽

Porous Asphalt ◽

Fatty Acid Amides ◽

Pavement Structures ◽

And Performance

Porous asphalt mixes (PAM), form a special road surface for asphalt pavement structures, have a special particle size distribution that lets infiltrate to the runoff storm water through of it because of its voids content about 20 %. Many researchers conducted studies and have concluded that the use of modified asphalts is completely necessary to design PAM. Organic and chemical additives and special procedures as foamed asphalt have enhanced the performance of PAM, during their service life. This paper is focused on the mechanical characterization of PAM and how the asphalt modified with fatty acid amides, influenced on their behavior and performance. Based on an experimental methodology with laboratory tests aimed at establishing a comparison between porous asphalt mixes, using for its design and production a penetration 60-70 pure asphalt and another one asphalt modified with fatty acid amides.

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