scholarly journals Tree Wind Breaks in Central Asia and Their Effects on Agricultural Water Consumption

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Thevs ◽  
Alina Joana Gombert ◽  
Eva Strenge ◽  
Kumar Aliev ◽  
Begaiym Emileva
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Crop Water Consumption ◽  
Reduced Water

Across Central Asia, agriculture largely depends on irrigation due to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. Water is abstracted from rivers, which are largely fed by glacier melt. In the course of climate change, glaciers melt down so that a reduced glacier volume and reduced water runoffs are expected being available for irrigation. Tree wind breaks are one option to reduce water consumption in irrigated agriculture and build resilience against climate change. This paper therefore assessed water consumption of major crops (cotton, wheat, corn, rice, potato, and barley) in Kyrgyzstan and adjacent areas in combination with tree wind breaks. Crop water consumption was assessed through the Penman Monteith approach. Tree wind break types investigated were single rows from poplars and multiple rows with undergrowth by elm and poplar, respectively. Tree water consumption was determined through sapflow measurements. Seasonal ETo for field crops was 876 mm to 995 mm without wind breaks and dropped to less than half through multiple row wind breaks with undergrowth (50 m spacing). Tree water consumption was 1125 mm to 1558 mm for poplar and 435 mm for elm. Among the wind break crop systems, elm wind breaks resulted in highest reductions of water consumption, followed by single row poplars, at spacing of 50 m and 100 m, respectively. Yet, elm grows much slower than poplar so that poplars might be more attractive for farmers. Furthermore, single row wind breaks might by much easier to be integrated into the agrarian landscape, as they consume less space.

scholarly journals Tree Wind Breaks in Central Asia and Their Effects on Agricultural Water Consumption

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Niels Thevs ◽  
Alina Gombert ◽  
Eva Strenge ◽  
Roland Lleshi ◽  
Kumar Aliev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Single Row

Across Central Asia, agriculture largely depends on irrigation due to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. Water is abstracted from rivers, which are largely fed by glacier melt. In the course of climate change, glaciers melt down so that a reduced glacier volume and reduced water runoffs are expected to be available for irrigation. Tree wind breaks are one option to reduce water consumption in irrigated agriculture and build resilience against climate change. This paper therefore assesses the water consumption of major crops in Kyrgyzstan and adjacent areas, i.e., cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in combination with tree wind breaks. Crop water consumption was assessed through the Penman Monteith approach. Tree wind break types investigated were single rows from poplars (Populus spec.) and multiple rows with understory vegetation by elm (Ulmus minor L.) and poplar, respectively. Tree water consumption was determined through sapflow measurements. The seasonal reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for field crops was 876–995 mm without wind breaks and dropped to less than half through multiple row wind breaks with understory vegetation (50 m spacing). Tree water consumption was 1125–1558 mm for poplar and 435 mm for elm. Among the wind break crop systems, elm wind breaks resulted in the highest reductions of water consumption, followed by single row poplars, at spacing of 50 and 100 m, respectively. However, elm grows much slower than poplar, so poplars might be more attractive for farmers. Furthermore, single row wind breaks might by much easier to be integrated into the agrarian landscape as they consume less space.

Estimating Crop Consumption of Irrigation Water for the Conterminous U.S.

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-1002
Author(s):  
Narayanan Kannan ◽  
Sujoy B. Roy ◽  
John S. Rath ◽  
Carrie S. Munill ◽  
Robert A. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Watershed Model ◽  
Crop Water Consumption ◽  
The U.S

Abstract. Water consumption for crop irrigation is the largest single use of water in the U.S. but is poorly quantified because of limitations in data and the inherent challenges in measuring water consumption. In this study, water consumption for irrigated agriculture was estimated across the U.S. to improve understanding of water budgets in different regions. Published data on cropping patterns and water application were used in conjunction with a national-scale analysis to estimate water application and crop water consumption using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) watershed model. Crop water consumption estimates were based on evapotranspiration, with supporting information on the diversity of crops, irrigated area, water quantity and source, and local weather conditions. Quantification of water consumption supports broader analyses of the food-energy-water nexus and allows evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation water use at different spatial scales. Focusing on 2005 data, it is estimated that 60% of water reported as withdrawn from various sources is applied to fields, indicating a potentially large and poorly understood conveyance loss that occurs in a small number of states. Of the field-applied irrigation water, roughly 65% is directly used by crops or is lost in the field, with large regional variations. This may be compared to consumption estimates in prior studies that ranged from 16% to 90%. Areas that dominate the national aggregate estimate of crop water consumption include California’s Central and Imperial Valleys, areas overlying the Ogallala Aquifer in the central U.S., the Lower Colorado Basin, and the eastern part of the Pacific Northwest Basin. Keywords: Crop water use, Irrigated agriculture, SWAT, Watershed model, Water withdrawal.

Impacts of recent climate change on dry-land crop water consumption in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone of China

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyu Zhao ◽  
Yaling Liu ◽  
Zhihua Pan ◽  
Pingli An ◽  
Xuebiao Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Recent Climate Change ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Crop Water Consumption

scholarly journals Evolution of Crop Water Productivity in the Nile Delta over Three Decades (1985–2015)

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia M. El-Marsafawy ◽  
Atef Swelam ◽  
Ashraf Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Crop Water Productivity ◽  
Winter Vegetables

Estimating crop water productivity (CWP) for spatially variable climatic conditions in Egypt is important for the redistribution of crop planting to optimize production per unit of water consumed. The current paper aims to estimate maximum CWP trends under conditions of the Northern Nile Delta over three decades to choose crops that exhibit a higher productivity per unit of water and positive trends in the CWP. The Kafr El Sheikh Governorate was selected to represent the Northern Nile Delta Region, and mean monthly weather data for the period of 1985 to 2015 were collected to calculate standardized reference evapotranspiration and crop water use for a wide array of crops grown in the region using the CROPWAT8.0 model. The CWP was then calculated by dividing crop yield by seasonal water consumption. The CWP data range from 0.69 to 13.79 kg·m−3 for winter field crops, 3.40 to 10.69 kg·m−3 for winter vegetables, 0.29 to 6.04 kg·m−3 for summer field crops, 2.38 to 7.65 kg·m−3 for summer vegetables, 1.00 to 5.38 kg·m−3 for nili season crops (short-season post summer), and 0.66 to 3.35 kg·m−3 for orchards. The crops with the highest CWP values (kg·m−3) over three decades in descending order are: sugar beet (13.79), potato (w2) (10.69), tomato (w) (10.58), eggplant (w) (10.05), potato (w1) (9.98), cucumber (w) (9.81), and cabbage (w) (9.59). There was an increase in CWP of 41% from the first to the second and 22% from the second to the third decade. The CWP increase is attributed to a small decrease in water consumption and to a considerable increase in crop yield. The yield increases are attributed mainly to the planting of higher yielding varieties and/or the application of better agronomic practices.

scholarly journals Winter wheat crop water consumption and its effect on yields in southern Romania, in the very dry 2019-2020 agricultural year

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 12309
Author(s):  
Mihai BERCA ◽  
Valentina-Ofelia ROBESCU ◽  
Roxana HOROIAS
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop ◽  
Crop Water Consumption

Researches on winter wheat in the south part of Romanian Plain during the dry years 2019 and 2020 have been focused on the crop water consumption issue in excessive conditions of air and soil drought. The wheat crop water consumption in the research sites (Calarasi and Teleorman counties), for the entire vegetation period, autumn – spring – summer, is between 1000 and 1050 m3 of water for each ton of wheat produced. Only in the spring-summer period, the wheat extracts a quantity of about 5960 m3 ha-1, i.e. 851 m3 t-1. The useful water reserve is normally located at about 1500 m3/ha-1, at a soil depth of 0-150 cm. In the spring of 2020, it has been below 400 m3 ha-1, so that at the beginning of May the soil moisture had almost reached the wilting coefficient (WC). Wheat plants have been able to survive the thermal and water shock of late spring - early summer, due to enhanced thermal alternation between air and soil. For a period of about 34 days, this alternation brought the plants 1-1.5 mm water, i.e. approximately 442 m3 ha-1, which allowed the prolongation of the plant’s agony until the rains of the second half of May. Yields have been, depending on the variety, between 1500 and 3000 kg ha-1, in average, covering only 60% of the crop costs. Other measures to save water in the soil have also been proposed in the paper.

Study of vertical water flows contribution to the crop water consumption in suka kollus using a mixed drainage system

2018 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genaro Serrano-Coronel ◽  
René Chipana-Rivera ◽  
María Fátima Moreno-Pérez ◽  
José Roldán-Cañas
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Crop Water Consumption

The Regulation and Management of Water Resources in Groundwater Over-extraction Area based on ET

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
fawen li ◽  
Wenhui Yan ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Rengui Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Crop Water Consumption

Abstract Because of the shortage of water resources, the phenomenon of groundwater over-extraction is widespread in many parts of the world, which has become a hot issue to be solved. The traditional idea of water resources management only considering blue water (stream flow) can't meet the demand of sustainable utilization of water resources. Blue water accounts for less than 40% of total rainfall, while green water (evapotranspiration) accounts for more than 60% of total rainfall. In the natural environment, vegetation growth mainly depends on green water, which is often neglected. Obviously, the traditional water resources management without considering green water has obvious deficiencies, which can't really reflect the regional water consumption situation in the water resources management. And only by limiting water consumption can achieve the real water saving. In addition, the mode of water resources development and utilization has changed from "supply according to demand" to "demand according to supply". In this background, for many regions with limited water resources, it is impossible to rely on excessive water intake for development, and sustainable development of regional can only be realized by truly controlling water demand. This paper chooses Shijin Irrigation District in the North China Plain as the research area, where agricultural water consumption is high and groundwater over-extraction is serious, and ecological environment is bad. In order to alleviate this situation, comprehensive regulation of water resources based ET is necessary. Therefore, this paper focuses on the concept of ET water resources management and includes green water into water resources assessment. Based on the principle of water balance, the target ET value of crops in the study area is calculated, and the ET value is taken as the target of water resources regulation. The actual water consumption is calculated by Penman-Monteith formula, and reduction of crop water consumption is obtained according to the difference between actual ET and target ET. The reduction in crop water consumption leads to a reduction in demand for water supply, which reduces groundwater extraction. The results of this study can provide necessary technical support for solving the problem of groundwater over-extraction and realizing real water saving.

scholarly journals Changes in Climatic Water Availability and Crop Water Demand for Iraq Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleem A. Salman ◽  
Shamsuddin Shahid ◽  
Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan ◽  
Mohammed Sanusi Shiru ◽  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Mk Test ◽  
Crop Water Demand

Decreases in climatic water availability (CWA) and increases in crop water demand (CWD) in the background of climate change are a major concern in arid regions because of less water availability and higher irrigation requirements for crop production. Assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in CWA and CWD is important for the adaptation of irrigated agriculture to climate change for such regions. The recent changes in CWA and CWD during growing seasons of major crops have been assessed for Iraq where rapid changes in climate have been noticed in recent decades. Gridded precipitation of the global precipitation climatology center (GPCC) and gridded temperature of the climate research unit (CRU) having a spatial resolution of 0.5°, were used for the estimation of CWA and CWD using simple water balance equations. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test and one of its modified versions which can consider long-term persistence in time series, were used to estimate trends in CWA for the period 1961–2013. In addition, the changes in CWD between early (1961–1990) and late (1984–2013) periods were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank test. The results revealed a deficit in water in all the seasons in most of the country while a surplus in the northern highlands in all the seasons except summer was observed. A significant reduction in the annual amount of CWA at a rate of −1 to −13 mm/year was observed at 0.5 level of significance in most of Iraq except in the north. Decreasing trends in CWA in spring (−0.4 to −1.8 mm/year), summer (−5.0 to −11 mm/year) and autumn (0.3 to −0.6 mm/year), and almost no change in winter was observed. The CWA during the growing season of summer crop (millet and sorghum) was found to decrease significantly in most of Iraq except in the north. The comparison of CWD revealed an increase in agricultural water needs in the late period (1984–2013) compared to the early period (1961–1990) by 1.0–8.0, 1.0–14, 15–30, 14–27 and 0.0–10 mm for wheat, barley, millet, sorghum and potato, respectively. The highest increase in CWD was found in April, October, June, June and April for wheat, barley, millet, sorghum and potato, respectively.

Deficit irrigation enhances contribution of shallow groundwater to crop water consumption in arid area

2017 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Gao ◽  
Yining Bai ◽  
Zailin Huo ◽  
Xu Xu ◽  
Guanhua Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Consumption
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