scholarly journals Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilara Caglayan ◽  
Nikolaus Weber ◽  
Heidi Ursula Heinrichs ◽  
Jochen Linßen ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Salt Domes ◽  
Suitability Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Storage Potential ◽  
Salt Caverns ◽  
And Storage

The role of hydrogen in a future energy system with a high share of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) is regarded as crucial in order to balance fluctuations in electricity generation. These fluctuations can be compensated for by flexibility measures such as the expansion of transmission, flexible generation, larger back-up capacity and storage. Salt cavern storage is the most promising technology due to its large storage capacity, followed by pumped hydro storage. For the underground storage of chemical energy carriers such as hydrogen, salt caverns offer the most promising option owing to their low investment cost, high sealing potential and low cushion gas requirement. This paper provides a suitability assessment of European subsurface salt structures in terms of size, land eligibility and storage capacity. Two distinct cavern volumes of 500,000 m3 and 750,000 m3 are considered, with preference being given for salt caverns over bedded salt deposits and salt domes. The storage capacities of individual caverns are estimated on the basis of thermodynamic considerations based on site-specific data. The results are analyzed using three different scenarios: onshore and offshore salt caverns, only onshore salt caverns and only onshore caverns within 50 km of the shore. The overall technical storage potential across Europe is estimated at 84.8 PWhH2, 27% of which constitutes only onshore locations. Furthermore, this capacity decreases to 7.3 PWhH2 with a limitation of 50 km distance from shore. In all cases, Germany has the highest technical storage potential, with a value of 9.4 PWhH2, located onshore only in salt domes in the north of the country. Moreover, Norway has 7.5 PWhH2 of storage potential for offshore caverns, which are all located in the subsurface of the North Sea Basin.

scholarly journals The Deltah Lab, a New Multidisciplinary European Facility to Support the H2 Distribution & Storage Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3272
Author(s):  
Sara Stelitano ◽  
Alberto Rullo ◽  
Luigi Piredda ◽  
Elisabetta Mecozzi ◽  
Luigi Di Vito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Life Tests ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Complementary Techniques ◽  
H2 Effect ◽  
Empty Condition ◽  
New Facility

The target for European decarburization encourages the use of renewable energy sources and H2 is considered the link in the global energy system transformation. So, research studies are numerous, but only few facilities can test materials and components for H2 storage. This work offers a brief review of H2 storage methods and presents the preliminary results obtained in a new facility. Slow strain rate and fatigue life tests were performed in H2 at 80 MPa on specimens and a tank of AISI 4145, respectively. Besides, the storage capacity at 30 MPa of a solid-state system, they were evaluated on kg scale by adsorption test. The results have shown the H2 influence on mechanical properties of the steel. The adsorption test showed a gain of 26% at 12 MPa in H2 storage with respect to the empty condition. All samples have been characterized by complementary techniques in order to connect the H2 effect with material properties.

scholarly journals Optimized design and simulation of a hybrid storage system based on hydrogen as an energy carrier

2022 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Maria Alessandra Ancona ◽  
Michele Bianchi ◽  
Lisa Branchini ◽  
Francesco Catena ◽  
Andrea De Pascale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
And Storage

The integration of renewable energy sources into the electricity system can contribute to the development of a low-carbon economy. However, due to the intermittency and non-programmability of these sources, problems related to the management of local electricity grids may occur. A possible solution or limitation to these issues is given by the electrical storage. In addition, in the next future, domestic micro-grids are expected to play a fundamental role in electric power networks, driving both the academic and industrial research interests in developing highly efficient and reliable conversion and storage technologies. In this study, the behavior of a small-scale hybrid energy system for hydrogen production and storage has been predicted, by means of a developed calculation model, and the operational strategy of the system has been optimized with the aim to maximize the hydrogen production. In addition, with the aim to maximize the overall solar-to-hydrogen chain efficiency, the whole system model has been applied to different operating scenarios, to identify the optimal management strategy to control it.

scholarly journals The concept of hydrogen-methane blends storage in underground mine excavations – gas permeability of concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
D. Gajda ◽  
S. Liu ◽  
M. Lutyński
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Underground Mine ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Excess Power ◽  
Salt Caverns ◽  
Power To Gas

Power–to–gas technology gives the possibility to store the excess power from renewable energy sources by converting electrical energy into gas such as eg. hydrogen. There is however a problem with accessibility of sites where pure hydrogen can be stored. Hence, the idea of blending hydrogen with methane and use underground mine excavations to increase the storage capacity, apart from salt caverns. However, hydrogen has strong capability to diffuse through different materials, including steel and some minerals. The paper proposes a concept of hydrogen/methane blends storage in abandoned underground mine excavations. Research is focused on permeability of concrete as a barrier for stored gases. Gas permeability from two methods: pulse – decay and steady – state, were compared. Gas permeability of investigated concrete and geopolymers depends on the composition and pressure conditions, including axial stress. A significant improvement of tightness of the concrete can be achieved, using a synthetic compounds.

scholarly journals Exergy as Criteria for Efficient Energy Systems—A Spatially Resolved Comparison of the Current Exergy Consumption, the Current Useful Exergy Demand and Renewable Exergy Potential

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Sejkora ◽  
Lisa Kühberger ◽  
Fabian Radner ◽  
Alexander Trattner ◽  
Thomas Kienberger
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Exergy Consumption

The energy transition from fossil-based energy sources to renewable energy sources of an industrialized country is a big challenge and needs major systemic changes to the energy supply. Such changes require a holistic view of the energy system, which includes both renewable potentials and consumption. Thereby exergy, which describes the quality of energy, must also be considered. In this work, the determination and analysis of such a holistic view of a country are presented, using Austria as an example. The methodology enables the calculation of the spatially resolved current exergy consumption, the spatially resolved current useful exergy demand and the spatially resolved technical potential of renewable energy sources (RES). Top-down and bottom-up approaches are combined in order to increase accuracy. We found that, currently, Austria cannot self-supply with exergy using only RES. Therefore, Austria should increase the efficiency of its energy system, since the overall exergy efficiency is only at 34%. The spatially resolved analysis shows that in Austria the exergy potential of RES is rather evenly distributed. In contrast, the exergy consumption is concentrated in urban and industrial areas. Therefore, the future energy infrastructure must compensate for these spatial discrepancies.

scholarly journals The Knowledge of People About the Use of Renewable Energy and Environmental Awareness in Their Area, Irbid Governorate as a Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-371
Author(s):  
Samia Ayyoub Salim Ayyoub ◽  
Nuha Mahmoud Mesleh Radaydeh
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Energy System ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government

In the global effort to curb energy consumption and promote a sustainable lifestyle for our societies, we must strive to lower our energy needs in all aspects of our lives. One of the biggest contributors to our energy requirements are the buildings we spend most of our time inside. Buildings’ energy consumption can take many forms, such as, air conditioning, heating, ventilation, and lighting systems in order to create a comfortable environment for the users. One way of reducing buildings’ energy consumption is the use of renewable resource for energy. The main aim of this research is to measure and assess the public perceptions, knowledge and awareness of the concept of renewable energy, with specific regards to the use of solar photovoltaic cells, as well as investigate the desire to spend on the installation of renewable energy sources. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire applied in Irbid governorate in the north of Jordan. The statistical SPSS program was used to analyze closed-ended questionnaires and obtain numerical results based on arithmetical averages and percentages. The results show people are adequately aware of the benefits of renewable energy and most would like to have photovoltaic cells installed. However, 54.35% of the study sample live in apartments and do not have the space for the installation. 70.1% are open to the idea of sharing the solar energy system with their neighbors. 50% thought that the photovoltaic cells affected the aesthetics of the architecture style of the buildings especially the more traditional styles. It is concluded that the government needs to build a large-scale solar energy project to sustainably produce electricity instead of relying on individuals who generally lack the ability or the space for such systems, taking in note that the general public supports such concepts.

scholarly journals Salt Cavern Exergy Storage Capacity Potential of UK Massively Bedded Halites, Using Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4728
Author(s):  
David Evans ◽  
Daniel Parkes ◽  
Mark Dooner ◽  
Paul Williamson ◽  
John Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Salt Caverns

The increasing integration of large-scale electricity generation from renewable energy sources in the grid requires support through cheap, reliable, and accessible bulk energy storage technologies, delivering large amounts of electricity both quickly and over extended periods. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) represents such a storage option, with three commercial facilities using salt caverns for storage operational in Germany, the US, and Canada, with CAES now being actively considered in many countries. Massively bedded halite deposits exist in the UK and already host, or are considered for, solution-mined underground gas storage (UGS) caverns. We have assessed those with proven UGS potential for CAES purposes, using a tool developed during the EPSRC-funded IMAGES project, equations for which were validated using operational data from the Huntorf CAES plant. From a calculated total theoretical ‘static’ (one-fill) storage capacity exceeding that of UK electricity demand of ≈300 TWh in 2018, filtering of results suggests a minimum of several tens of TWh exergy storage in salt caverns, which when co-located with renewable energy sources, or connected to the grid for off-peak electricity, offers significant storage contributions to support the UK electricity grid and decarbonisation efforts.

Future wind energy resources in the North Sea as predicted by CMIP6 models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea N. Hahmann ◽  
Alfredo Peña ◽  
Sara C. Pryor ◽  
Graziela Luzia
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Wind Resources

<p>Net carbon dioxide emissions have to be brought down to zero in the coming decades to hold the rise in global temperature in this century below the 2°C from pre-industrial levels. This target implies a fundamental transformation of the global energy system that will have to rely heavily on renewable energy sources. Among these, the harvesting of electricity from the wind plays an important role. Yet, climate change itself can impact the supply of renewable energy. Therefore, national climate mitigation plans need to make informed decisions regarding any changes to future extractable wind resources to consider the possible risks.</p><p>In this work, we explore the changes in wind climatology over the North Sea in the different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) emission scenarios as identified by the output of a selection of CMIP6 simulations. Many northern European countries rely on the wind resources of the North Sea for climate mitigation. As a first step, however, we validate various aspects of the wind speed and direction and their variability in the historical CMIP6 simulations as compared to multiple long-term reanalyses. The work also includes calculations of annual energy production for existing and planned wind farms in the North Sea and how these could change in the coming decades.</p>

scholarly journals Potential Exergy Storage Capacity of Salt Caverns in the Cheshire Basin Using Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dooner ◽  
Jihong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Salt Caverns ◽  
Full Charge

As the number of renewable energy sources connected to the grid has increased, the need to address the intermittency of these sources becomes essential. One solution to this problem is to install energy storage technologies on the grid to provide a buffer between supply and demand. One such energy storage technology is Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), which is suited to large-scale, long-term energy storage. Large scale CAES requires underground storage caverns, such as the salt caverns situated in the Cheshire Basin, UK. This study uses cavern data from the Cheshire Basin as a basis for performing an energy and exergy analysis of 10 simulated CAES systems to determine the exergy storage potential of the caverns in the Cheshire Basin and the associated work and power input and output. The analysis revealed that a full charge of all 10 caverns could store 25.32 GWh of exergy, which can be converted to 23.19 GWh of work, which requires 43.27 GWh of work to produce, giving a round trip efficiency of around 54%. This corresponds to an input power of 670.07 GW and an output power of 402.74 GW. The Cheshire Basin could support around 100 such CAES plants, giving a potential total exergy storage capacity of 2.53 TWh and a power output of 40 TW. This is a significant amount of storage which could be used to support the UK grid. The total exergy destroyed during a full charge, store, and discharge cycle for each cavern ranged from 299.02 MWh to 1600.00 MWh.

scholarly journals Combined solar power and storage as cost-competitive and grid-compatible supply for China’s future carbon-neutral electricity system

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (42) ◽  
pp. e2103471118
Author(s):  
Xi Lu ◽  
Shi Chen ◽  
Chris P. Nielsen ◽  
Chongyu Zhang ◽  
Jiacong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Power ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Storage

As the world’s largest CO2 emitter, China’s ability to decarbonize its energy system strongly affects the prospect of achieving the 1.5 °C limit in global, average surface-temperature rise. Understanding technically feasible, cost-competitive, and grid-compatible solar photovoltaic (PV) power potentials spatiotemporally is critical for China’s future energy pathway. This study develops an integrated model to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of the technology-economic-grid PV potentials in China during 2020 to 2060 under the assumption of continued cost degression in line with the trends of the past decade. The model considers the spatialized technical constraints, up-to-date economic parameters, and dynamic hourly interactions with the power grid. In contrast to the PV production of 0.26 PWh in 2020, results suggest that China’s technical potential will increase from 99.2 PWh in 2020 to 146.1 PWh in 2060 along with technical advances, and the national average power price could decrease from 4.9 to 0.4 US cents/kWh during the same period. About 78.6% (79.7 PWh) of China’s technical potential will realize price parity to coal-fired power in 2021, with price parity achieved nationwide by 2023. The cost advantage of solar PV allows for coupling with storage to generate cost-competitive and grid-compatible electricity. The combined systems potentially could supply 7.2 PWh of grid-compatible electricity in 2060 to meet 43.2% of the country’s electricity demand at a price below 2.5 US cents/kWh. The findings highlight a crucial energy transition point, not only for China but for other countries, at which combined solar power and storage systems become a cheaper alternative to coal-fired electricity and a more grid-compatible option.

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