Evaluation of Sources and Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil and Groundwater

Research subjects of this study are four representative locations in the industrial complex, in the city of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (∑16PAHs), humus and pH were determined. The main objective of the paper is to determine the concentration levels, to assess the probable sources of PAHs contamination in soil and groundwater and to determine the ecological risk. The ∑16PAHs in soil (at depths of 30 cm, 100 cm, 200 cm, 300 cm and 400 cm) ranged from 0.99 to 2.24 mg/kg, from 0.34 to 0.46, from 0.24 to 0.32, from 0.13 to 0.27 and from 0.13 to 0.47, with mean values of 1.70 mg/kg, 0.40 mg/kg, 0.28 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. The ∑16PAHs in groundwater ranged from 0.23 to 4.50 mg/m3, with a mean value of 1.42 mg/m3. Surface soil and groundwater are heavily contaminated. All values of ∑PAHs in soil layers were lower in the depths of the soil. Factor analysis indicates three sources of contamination, i.e. principal component (PC) PC1 (pyrogenic), PC2 (petrogenic) and PC3 (biomass), with 52.39%, 26.14% and 8.46% of the total variance, respectively. ∑PAH and PAHs indicate high ecological risk for most PAHs, which decreases with soil depth.

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Evaluation of Sources and Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil and Groundwater

10.20944/preprints202002.0224.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Predrag Ilić ◽

Dragana Nešković Markić ◽

Ljiljana Stojanović Bjelić

Keyword(s):

Ecological Risk ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Mean Value ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Mean Values ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Banja Luka ◽

The City

Research subjects of this study are four representative locations in the industrial complex, in the city of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), humus and pH were determined. The main objective of the paper is to determine the concentration levels, to assess the probable sources of PAHs contamination in soil and groundwater and to determine the ecological risk. The ∑16PAHs in soil (at depths of 30 cm, 100 cm, 200 cm, 300 cm and 400 cm) ranged from 0.99 to 2.24 mg/kg, from 0.34 to 0.46, from 0.24 to 0.32, from 0.13 to 0.27 and from 0.13 to 0.47, with mean values of 1.70 mg/kg, 0.40 mg/kg, 0.28 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. The ∑16PAHs in groundwater ranged from 0.23 to 4.50 mg/m3, with mean value of 1.42 mg/m3. Surface soil and groundwater are heavily contaminated. All values of ∑PAHs in soil layers were lower in the depths of the soil. Factor analysis indicates three sources of contamination, RC1 (pyrogenic), RC2 (petrogenic) and RC3 (biomass), with 52.39%, 26.14% and 8.46% of total variance, respectively. ∑PAH and PAHs indicate high ecological risk for most PAHs, which decreases with soil depth.

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Source Identification and Ecological Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils and Groundwater

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S ◽

10.2478/eces-2021-0024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 355-363

Author(s):

Predrag Ilić ◽

Svetlana Ilić ◽

Dragana Nešković Markić ◽

Ljiljana Stojanović Bjelić ◽

Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Ecological Risk ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Industrial Emissions ◽

Mean Values ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Banja Luka

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed from anthropogenic activities, i.e. industrial emissions, incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and other fossil fuels and other industrial and domestic activities. Research areas of this study are four representative locations in the industrial complex, in the city of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main objective of the paper is to determine the ecological risk and to assess probable sources of PAHs contamination in soil and groundwater. The results of this study reflect the effects of coal combustion (pyrogenic origin), petrogenic and biomass origin and may provide basic data for the remediation of PAHs in the location. The ecological risk in soil (at depths of 30, 100, 200, 300 and 400 cm) and groundwater is determined. The mean values of ecological risk in soil and groundwater decreased with soil depth. Values of RQ(NCs) for groundwater were found at high ecological risk, for Ant, Chr, DahA, Acy, Pyr, BaA, Phe, Flo, Nap, Ace and Fluo, with values 28.57, 20.59, 300.00, 242.86, 185.71, 1700.0, 76.67, 53.33, 15.83, 100.00 and 57.14, respectively. ∑16PAH indicated high ecological risk for most PAHs, which decreased with soil depth. The value of RQ(NCs) for ΣPAHs in groundwater indicates high ecological risk (ΣPAHs ≥ 800 and RQ(MPCs) ≥ 1). This is the first study on the ecological risk of PAHs in soil and groundwater in industrial soils in Banja Luka and provides baseline information for further studies and additional investigations of this industrial complex.

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Improved Weighted Page Ranking Algorithm Based on Principal Component Analysis and Map Reduce Frame work for Web Access

Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology ◽

10.51983/ajcst-2019.8.2.2144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 32-39

Author(s):

T. Mylsami ◽

B. L. Shivakumar

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Web Mining ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Mean Value ◽

Ranking Algorithm ◽

Mean Values ◽

Page Ranking ◽

The Web

In general the World Wide Web become the most useful information resource used for information retrievals and knowledge discoveries. But the Information on Web to be expand in size and density. The retrieval of the required information on the web is efficiently and effectively to be challenge one. For the tremendous growth of the web has created challenges for the search engine technology. Web mining is an area in which applies data mining techniques to deal the requirements. The following are the popular Web Mining algorithms, such as PageRanking (PR), Weighted PageRanking (WPR) and Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search (HITS), are quite commonly used algorithm to sort out and rank the search results. In among the page ranking algorithm uses web structure mining and web content mining to estimate the relevancy of a web site and not to deal the scalability problem and also visits of inlinks and outlinks of the pages. In recent days to access fast and efficient page ranking algorithm for webpage retrieval remains as a challenging. This paper proposed a new improved WPR algorithm which uses a Principal Component Analysis technique called (PWPR) based on mean value of page ranks. The proposed PWPR algorithm takes into account the importance of both the number of visits of inlinks and outlinks of the pages and distributes rank scores based on the popularity of the pages. The weight values of the pages is computed from the inlinks and outlinks with their mean values. But in PWPR method new data and updates are constantly arriving, the results of data mining applications become stale and obsolete over time. To solve this problem is a MapReduce (MR) framework is promising approach to refreshing mining results for mining big data .The proposed MR algorithm reduces the time complexity of the PWPR algorithm by reducing the number of iterations to reach a convergence point.

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Intra-line and inter-line genetic diversity in sire lines of the Old Kladruber horse based on microsatellite analysis of DNA

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/1437-cjas ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 163-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

L. Vostrý ◽

O. Kracíková ◽

B. Hofmanová ◽

V. Czerneková ◽

T. Kott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Dna Analysis ◽

Genetic Difference ◽

Principal Component ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Mean Value ◽

Pedigree Information ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean ◽

Coefficient Of Relationship

The Old Kladruber horse is the oldest original Czech horse breed – gene resource, with pedigree records spanning three centuries. Because the population is closed, there is a concern about the loss of genetic variation. The genetic diversity within and amongst sire lines was evaluated using microsatellite markers and based on pedigree information. The DNA analysis, covering 16 microsatellite loci, revealed that the genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity = 0.637, genetic diversity = 0.678 and the mean number of alleles = 8.25) for the Old Kladruber horse is consistent with other populations of horses. Inter-line genetic difference in sire lines reached the mean value (the F<sub>ST</sub> values ranged from 0.020 to 0.017). Differences amongst the sire lines were identified using genetic distances and principal component analysis. One gene cluster comprised black variation sire lines, while the second cluster included the sire lines of the grey variation. In the subjects monitored, the average inbreeding coefficient of 0.076 was estimated on the basis of pedigree information. The highest mean values of the coefficient of relationship were estimated within the colour variations. When comparing the genetic distance and the average coefficient of relationship, differences were found out. These results are useful for the development of breeding strategies which consider classical horse breeding as well as recent achievements of population and conservation genetics.

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Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Profiles by Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Methodologies and Applications for Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4010-8.ch008 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 102-116

Author(s):

D. J. Marino ◽

E. A. Castro ◽

L. Massolo ◽

A. Mueller ◽

O. Herbarth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Emission Sources ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Data Set ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

The City ◽

Sampling Times ◽

Sample Identity

In the present study, statistical methods based on multivariate analyses such as the Descriptive Discriminant Analysis (DDA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to determine relationships between particle sizes and the composition of the associated semi-volatile compounds, in addition to evaluating these observations in relation to the emission sources, study areas, sampling campaigns and season. Results from the DDA showed that the PAHs distributions give the best discrimination capacity within the data set, whereas the PAH distribution in intermediate particle fractions incorporates noise in the statistical analysis. The PCA was useful in identifying the main emission sources in each study area. It showed that in the city of La Plata the most important pollution sources are traffic emissions and the industrial activity associated with oil and petrochemical plants. In Leipzig, the main sources are those associated with traffic and also a power plant. The combined PCA and DDA methods applied to PAH distributions is a valuable tool in characterizing types of emissions burdens and also in obtaining a differentiation of sample identity according to study areas and sampling times.

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Estimating fine root longevity in a temperate Norway spruce forest using three independent methods

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp08195 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Dirk Gaul ◽

Dietrich Hertel ◽

Christoph Leuschner

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Fine Root ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Mean Value ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Organic Layer ◽

Mean Values ◽

Root Longevity ◽

Fine Root Longevity

The importance of root systems for C cycling depends crucially on fine root longevity. We investigated mean values for fine root longevity with root diameter, root C/N ratio and soil depth using radiocarbon (14C) analyses in a temperate Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] forest. In addition, we applied sequential soil coring and minirhizotron observations to estimate fine root longevity in the organic layer of the same stand. The mean radiocarbon age of C in fine roots increased with depth from 5 years in the organic layer to 13 years in 40–60 cm mineral soil depth. Similarly, the C/N ratios of fine root samples were lowest in the organic layer with a mean value of 24 and increased with soil depth. Roots >0.5 mm in diameter tended to live longer than those being <0.5 mm in diameter. By far the strongest variability in fine root longevity estimates was due to the chosen method of investigation, with radiocarbon analyses yielding much higher estimates (5.4 years) than sequential soil coring (0.9 years) and minirhizotron observations (0.7 years). We conclude that sequential soil coring and minirhizotron observations are likely to underestimate mean fine root longevity, and radiocarbon analyses may lead to an overestimation of mean root longevity.

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Concentrations, Distribution, Sources and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Soils from Wuhan, Central China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15122873 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 2873 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ababo Tadesse ◽

Tekleweini Gereslassie ◽

Qiang Xu ◽

Xiaojun Tang ◽

Jun Wang

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Ecological Risk ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Risk Index ◽

Principal Component ◽

Central China ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration

This study aimed to determine the concentration levels, potential sources and ecological risks of eleven trace elements, namely Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Sb, Cd, Zn, Hg and Pb, in the soil from Huangpi district, Wuhan, Central China. Soil samples were collected from eighteen sites at soil depths of 1–10 and 10–20 cm and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer ICP-MS (Thermo X SERIES 2, Scientific and Innovative Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China). The recorded mean concentration of the elements were in a decreasing order of Fe > Co > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Sb > Zn > Hg. The mean concentration of trace elements, soil pH and total organic carbon (TOC) were higher at a soil depth of 1–10 cm. The obtained mean concentration of Cr, Co, As, Cd, Ni, Cu, Hg and Pb were above the soil background values of Wuhan and Hubei Province. The mean concentration values of Co, Ni and Cd, exceeded the recommended FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)/ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Centre) (2004) and WHO/FAO (2001) values. Pearson’s correlation analysis illustrated that there was a strong and significant correlation between trace elements, whereas, a weak positive and negative correlation between elements and soil properties (pH and TOC). The principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) result indicated that the concentration of trace elements in Huangpi soil were originated from anthropogenic sources. Potential ecological risk index (RI) of this study revealed that there is a high ecological risk of trace elements in the soil. Enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) of trace elements for this study indicated that the study area is strongly contaminated with Cd and Co. Generally, the finding of this research showed that Huangpi soil is contaminated.

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Legacy and Emerging Pollutants in an Urban River Stretch and Effects on the Bacterioplankton Community

Water ◽

10.3390/w13233402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 3402

Author(s):

Andrea Visca ◽

Anna Barra Caracciolo ◽

Paola Grenni ◽

Ludovica Rolando ◽

Livia Mariani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Plant ◽

Principal Component ◽

Contaminated Site ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Bacterioplankton Community ◽

River Contamination ◽

River Stretch ◽

Emerging Compounds ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

The City

River contamination is due to a chemical mixture of point and diffuse pollution, which can compromise water quality. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and emerging compounds such as pharmaceuticals and antibiotics are frequently found in rivers flowing through big cities. This work evaluated the presence of fifteen priority PAHs, eight pharmaceuticals including the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), together with their main antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and the structure of the natural bacterioplankton community, in an urbanized stretch of the river Danube. SMX and diclofenac were the most abundant chemicals found (up to 20 ng/L). ARGs were also found to be detected as ubiquitous contaminants. A principal component analysis of the overall microbiological and chemical data revealed which contaminants were correlated with the presence of certain bacterial groups. The highest concentrations of naphthalene were associated with Deltaproteobacteria and intI1 gene. Overall, the most contaminated site was inside the city and located immediately downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. However, both the sampling points before the river reached the city and in its southern suburban area were still affected by emerging and legacy contamination. The diffuse presence of antibiotics and ARGs causes particular concern because the river water is used for drinking purposes.

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Identification of emission sources of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the vicinity of the industrial zone of the city of Novi Sad

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind120113062j ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 337-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natasa Jovcic ◽

Jelena Radonic ◽

Maja Turk-Sekulic ◽

Mirjana Vojinovic-Miloradov ◽

Srdjan Popov

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Heavy Traffic ◽

Principal Component ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Emission Sources ◽

Industrial Zone ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Novi Sad ◽

The City

Data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air accessed at selected locations in the vicinity of the industrial zone of the city of Novi Sad, Serbia, have been presented and analyzed in order to determine seasonal and spatial variations and to identify emission sources of particle-bound PAHs. Previous studies have demonstrated that the major contributors of PAHs in urban areas are the emissions from vehicle exhaust, and emissions releases from industrial processes like aluminium production, creosote and wood preservation, waste incineration, cement manufacture, petrochemical and related industries, commercial heat/power production etc. The sampling campaigns have been conducted at three sampling sites, during the two 14-day periods. The first site was situated near industrial area, with a refinery, power plant and heavy-traffic road in the vicinity. The second site was located nearby the heavy traffic area, especially busy during the rush hour. The third site was residential district. Summer sampling period lasted from June 26th to July 10th 2008, while sampling of ambient air during the winter was undertaken from January 22nd to February 5th 2009. Eighty-four (84) air samples were collected using a high volume air sampler TCR Tecora H0649010/ECHO. 16 US EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in all samples using a gas chromatographer with a mass spectrometer as a detector (Shimatzu MDGC/GCMS-2010). The total average concentrations of PAHs ranged from 1.21 to 1.77 ng/m3 during the summer period and from 6.31 to 7.25 ng/m3 in the winter. Various techniques, including diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA), have been used to define and evaluate potential emission sources of PAHs. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that vehicles, diesel or/and gasoline, industrial and combustion emissions were sources of PAHs in the vicinity of the industrial zone. Additionally, principal component analysis was used to constrain the potential sources. The results showed that vehicles are the predominant source of particle-bound PAHs during the whole year, and stationary sources (thermal power and heating plant, oil refinery, individual furnaces) during the winter period.

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