scholarly journals SARS-Corona Virus-2 May Initially Infect Brainstem through Trigeminal Ganglion-Latency May Be Present-A New Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riffat Mehboob ◽  
Fridoon Jawad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Main Culprit ◽  
Orofacial Region ◽  
Neurokinin 1 ◽  
New Perspective

Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (SARS-Cov-2) is an acute respiratory and infectious disease. This perspective aims to provide the basic understanding of the inflammation caused by SARS-Cov-2 and relation to trigeminal ganglion (TG). Virus enters through the mucous membranes of orofacial region and reach the TG where it resides and take control of its peptides including Substance P (SP).SP is the main neuropeptide, neuromodulator and neuro-hormone of TG, associated with nociception and inflammation under noxious stimulus. SP release is triggered and consequently, it affects the immune cells, blood vessels to release the mediators for inflammation. Cytokine storming is initiated and cause respiratory distress, bronchoconstriction and death in complicated cases. Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK-1R) antagonist and glucocorticoids may be used to alleviate the symptoms and treat this infection. SP is the main culprit seem to be involved in the triggering of inflammatory pathways in SARS-Cov-2 infection. It has direct association with cardiorespiratory rhythm, sleep-wake cycle, nociception, ventilator responses and regulates many important physiological and pathological roles. Its over-secretion should be blocked by NK-1R antagonist. However, experimental work leading to clinical trials are mandatory for further confirmation.

scholarly journals Substance P/ Neurokinin-1 Receptor, Trigeminal Ganglion, Latency, and Coronavirus Infection-Is There Any Link?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riffat Mehboob ◽  
Maher Kurdi ◽  
Ahmed Bamaga ◽  
Njoud Aldardeir ◽  
Hisham Nasief ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Neurokinin 1 Receptor ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Main Culprit ◽  
Orofacial Region ◽  
Nociceptive Pathway ◽  
Neurokinin 1

Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2) is an acute respiratory and infectious disease. This perspective aims to provide a basic understanding of the inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its relation to the trigeminal ganglion (TG). The virus enters through the mucous membranes of the orofacial region and reaches the TG, where it resides and takes control of its peptides including Substance P (SP). SP is the main neuropeptide, neuromodulator, and neuro-hormone of TG, associated with nociception and inflammation under noxious stimulus. SP release is triggered and, consequently, affects the immune cells and blood vessels to release the mediators for inflammation. Hence, cytokine storm is initiated and causes respiratory distress, bronchoconstriction, and death in complicated cases. Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK-1R) is the receptor for SP and its antagonists, along with glucocorticoids, may be used to alleviate the symptoms and treat this infection by blocking this nociceptive pathway. SP seems to be the main culprit involved in the triggering of inflammatory pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. It may have a direct association with cardio-respiratory rhythm, sleep-wake cycle, nociception, and ventilatory responses and regulates many important physiological and pathological functions. Its over-secretion should be blocked by NK-1R antagonist. However, experimental work leading to clinical trials are mandatory for further confirmation. Here, it is further proposed that there is a possibility of latency in SARS-CoV-2 virus infection if it is acting through TG, which is the main site for other viruses that become latent.

scholarly journals Peripheral Tramadol in Dentistry: A New Use for an Old Drug

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Daniel Chavarría DDS, MSc, PhD ◽  
Amaury Pozos DDS, MSc, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Analgesic Drug ◽  
Orofacial Region ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Inflammatory Action

Tramadol is a well known central acting analgesic drug, used in a wide variety of treatments within health sciences; including dentistry. Due to its lack of anti-inflammatory action and some adverse effects related mainly to opioid receptors agonism, it is not use as a routine alternative; keeping mainly for patients allergic to non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drugs or as an adjuvant to manage severe odontogenic pain.  Since new available evidence supports the possible analgesic effect of this drug when is applied locally in different sites, recent reports have been done to explore the same effect in the orofacial region, especially to improve the local management of odontogenic pain. This new perspective article summarize some of the current efforts develop to explore the peripheral Tramadol in dentistry; “a new use for an old drug”. 

scholarly journals HIV-1/Mycobacterium tuberculosisCoinfection Immunology: How Does HIV-1 Exacerbate Tuberculosis?

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1407-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin R. Diedrich ◽  
JoAnne L. Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Hypotheses ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) andMycobacterium tuberculosishave become intertwined over the past few decades in a “syndemic” that exacerbates the morbidity and mortality associated with each pathogen alone. The severity of the coinfection has been extensively examined in clinical studies. The extrapolation of peripheral evidence from clinical studies has increased our basic understanding of how HIV increases susceptibility to TB. These studies have resulted in multiple hypotheses of how HIV exacerbates TB pathology through the manipulation of granulomas. Granulomas can be located in many tissues, most prominently the lungs and associated lymph nodes, and are made up of multiple immune cells that can actively containM. tuberculosis. Granuloma-based research involving both animal models and clinical studies is needed to confirm these hypotheses, which will further our understanding of this coinfection and may lead to better treatment options. This review examines the data that support each hypothesis of how HIV manipulates TB pathology while emphasizing a need for more tissue-based experiments.

scholarly journals Neutrophils in cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumin Xiong ◽  
Liaoliao Dong ◽  
Lin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Single Function ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractIn recent years, neutrophils have attracted increasing attention because of their cancer-promoting effects. An elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is considered a prognostic indicator for patients with cancer. Neutrophils are no longer regarded as innate immune cells with a single function, let alone bystanders in the pathological process of cancer. Their diversity and plasticity are being increasingly recognized. This review summarizes previous studies assessing the roles and mechanisms of neutrophils in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and relapse. Although the findings are controversial, the fact that neutrophils play a dual role in promoting and suppressing cancer is undeniable. The plasticity of neutrophils allows them to adapt to different cancer microenvironments and exert different effects on cancer. Given the findings from our own research, we propose a reasonable hypothesis that neutrophils may be reprogrammed into a cancer-promoting state in the cancer microenvironment. This new perspective indicates that neutrophil reprogramming in the course of cancer treatment is a problem worthy of attention. Preventing or reversing the reprogramming of neutrophils may be a potential strategy for adjuvant cancer therapy.

The management of herpes zoster

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (15) ◽  
pp. 57-58
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Specific Virus

Zoster (shingles) is an acute infectious disease caused by a specific virus, probably identical with varicella (chickenpox) virus, for which there is no specific treatment. However the two diseases differ in their pathogenesis. Herpes zoster consists of two clinical elements - the lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the eye and mouth, and those of the nervous system which are primarily responsible for the characteristic pain.

scholarly journals P2X3 receptor upregulation in trigeminal ganglion neurons through TNFα production in macrophages contributes to trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Momoko Koizumi ◽  
Sayaka Asano ◽  
Akihiko Furukawa ◽  
Yoshinori Hayashi ◽  
Suzuro Hitomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Mechanical Allodynia ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Orofacial Region ◽  
Whisker Pad ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

Abstract Background Trigeminal neuralgia is a characteristic disease that manifests as orofacial phasic or continuous severe pain triggered by innocuous orofacial stimulation; its mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we established a new animal model of trigeminal neuralgia and investigated the role of P2X3 receptor (P2X3R) alteration in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) via tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signaling in persistent orofacial pain. Methods Trigeminal nerve root compression (TNC) was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Changes in the mechanical sensitivity of whisker pad skin, amount of TNFα in the TG, and number of P2X3R and TNF receptor-2 (TNFR2)-positive TG neurons were assessed following TNC. The effects of TNFR2 antagonism in TG and subcutaneous P2X3R antagonism on mechanical hypersensitivity following TNC were examined. Results TNC induced unilateral continuous orofacial mechanical allodynia, which was depressed by carbamazepine. The accumulation of macrophages showing amoeboid-like morphological changes and expression of TNFα in the TG was remarkably increased following TNC treatment. The number of P2X3R- and TNFR2-positive TG neurons innervating the orofacial skin was significantly increased following TNC. TNFα was released from activated macrophages that occurred in the TG following TNC, and TNFR2 antagonism in the TG significantly diminished the TNC-induced increase in P2X3R-immunoreactive TG neurons. Moreover, subcutaneous P2X3R antagonism in the whisker pad skin significantly depressed TNC-induced mechanical allodynia. Conclusions Therefore, it can be concluded that the signaling of TNFα released from activated macrophages in the TG induces the upregulation of P2X3R expression in TG neurons innervating the orofacial region, resulting in orofacial mechanical allodynia following TNC.

scholarly journals Function, Oxidative, and Inflammatory Stress Parameters in Immune Cells as Predictive Markers of Lifespan throughout Aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Martínez de Toda ◽  
Carmen Vida ◽  
Luis Sanz San Miguel ◽  
Mónica De la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Nk Activity ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Inflammatory Stress ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
New Perspective

According to the oxidative-inflammatory theory of aging, there is a link between the function, the oxidative-inflammatory stress state of immune cells, and longevity. However, it is unknown which immune cell parameters can predict lifespan and if there would be any changes in this prediction, depending on the age of the subject. Therefore, a longitudinal study in mice was performed analysing immune function (chemotaxis of macrophages and lymphocytes, phagocytosis of macrophages, natural killer (NK) activity, and lymphoproliferation capacity), antioxidant (catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations), oxidant (oxidized glutathione (GSSG), superoxide anion, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations), and inflammation-related markers (basal release of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) in peritoneal leukocytes from mice at the adult, mature, old, very old, and long-lived ages (40, 56, 72, 96, and 120±4 weeks of age, respectively). The results reveal that some of the investigated parameters are determinants of longevity at the adult age (lymphoproliferative capacity, lymphocyte chemotaxis, macrophage chemotaxis and phagocytosis, GPx activity, and GSH, MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 concentrations), and therefore, they could be proposed as markers of the rate of aging. However, other parameters are predictive of extreme longevity only at the very old age (NK activity, CAT and GR activities, and IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations), and as such, they could reflect some of the adaptive mechanisms underlying the achievement of high longevity. Nevertheless, although preliminary, the results of the present study provide a new perspective on the use of function, redox, and inflammatory parameters in immune cells as prognostic tools in aging research and represent a novel benchmark for future work aimed at prediction of lifespan.

scholarly journals Peripheral Tramadol in Dentistry: A New Use for an Old Drug

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Daniel Chavarría DDS, MSc, PhD ◽  
Amaury Pozos DDS, MSc, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Analgesic Drug ◽  
Orofacial Region ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Inflammatory Action

Tramadol is a well known central acting analgesic drug, used in a wide variety of treatments within health sciences; including dentistry. Due to its lack of anti-inflammatory action and some adverse effects related mainly to opioid receptors agonism, it is not use as a routine alternative; keeping mainly for patients allergic to non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drugs or as an adjuvant to manage severe odontogenic pain.  Since new available evidence supports the possible analgesic effect of this drug when is applied locally in different sites, recent reports have been done to explore the same effect in the orofacial region, especially to improve the local management of odontogenic pain. This new perspective article summarize some of the current efforts develop to explore the peripheral Tramadol in dentistry; “a new use for an old drug”. 

THE SITUATION OF SMALLPOX IN SHEEP AND GOATS INTHE MOSCOW REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
I.L. LEONTIEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Sheep Breeding ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Highly Virulent

The article is devoted to smallpox of sheep and goats, an infectious disease caused by a highly virulent virus. The disease is characterized by fever, intoxication, development of papular-pustular rash on the skin and mucous membranes. The disease causes huge damage to sheep breeding, due to losses from death, forced slaughter of animals, reduced productivity, and the cost of veterinary and sanitary and security-quarantine measures. Specifi c treatments for sheep pox patients have not been developed.

scholarly journals Emerging roles for platelets as immune and inflammatory cells

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 123 (18) ◽  
pp. 2759-2767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig N. Morrell ◽  
Angela A. Aggrey ◽  
Lesley M. Chapman ◽  
Kristina L. Modjeski
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Wall Interactions

AbstractDespite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also immune cells that initiate and accelerate many vascular inflammatory conditions. Platelets are linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, malaria infection, transplant rejection, and rheumatoid arthritis. In some contexts, platelet immune functions are protective, whereas in others platelets contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. In this review, we will discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with the innate and acquired arms of the immune system and platelet-vessel wall interactions that drive inflammatory disease. There have been many recent publications indicating both important protective and adverse roles for platelets in infectious disease. Because of this new accumulating data, and the fact that infectious disease continues to be a leading cause of death globally, we will also focus on new and emerging concepts related to platelet immune and inflammatory functions in the context of infectious disease.

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