scholarly journals On the Fundamental Particles and Reactions of Nature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Bin Bao ◽  
Nicholas P. Bao
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
White Hole ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Degeneracy Pressure ◽  
The Universe

There are unsolved problems related to inflation, gravity, dark matter, dark energy, missing antimatter, and the birth of the universe. Some of them can be better answered by assuming the existence of aether and hypoatoms. Both were created during the inflation in the very early universe. While aether forms vacuum, hypoatoms, composed of both matter and antimatter and believed to be neutrinos, form all observable matter. In vacuum, aether exists between the particle-antiparticle dark matter form and the dark energy form in a dynamic equilibrium: A + A-bar = gamma + gamma. The same reaction stabilizes hypoatoms and generates a 3-dimensional sink flow of aether that causes gravity. Based on the hypoatom structure, the singularity does not exist inside a black hole; the core of the black hole is a hypoatom star or neutrino star. By gaining enough mass, ca. 3 X 1022 Msun, to exceed neutrino degeneracy pressure, the black hole collapses or annihilates into the singularity, thus turning itself into a white hole or a Big Bang. The universe is anisotropic and nonhomogeneous. Its center, or where the Big Bang happened, is at about 0.671 times the radius of the observable universe at the Galactic coordinates (l, b) ~ (286°, -42°). If we look from the Earth to the center of the universe, the universe is rotating clockwise.

scholarly journals On the Fundamental Particles and Reactions of Nature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Bin Bao ◽  
Nicholas Bao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
Dark Matter Halo ◽  
Constant Density ◽  
White Hole ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Degeneracy Pressure

There are unsolved problems related to inflation, gravity, dark matter, dark energy, and the fate of the universe. Some of them can be better answered by assuming the existence of aether and hypoatoms. Both were created during the inflation in the very early universe. While aether forms vacuum, hypoatoms form all observable matter. In vacuum, aether exists between the particle-antiparticle form and the energy form in a dynamic equilibrium: A + A-bar = gamma + gamma, resulting in quantum phenomena and a character of negative pressure. The proposed hypoatom has an antimatter nucleus, with an equal mass of matter particles of aether in its perimeter, so the enigma of missing antimatter does not exist. At hypoatoms, the forward reaction of the aether annihilation dominates. With constant-density dark energy, the annihilation constantly consumes the aether in vacuum, producing a sink flow of aether that warps spacetime, and thus generates gravity and a dark matter halo in the vicinity of massive objects. The hypoatom is believed to be a neutrino n1, with a mass of 5 meV. Based on the hypoatom structure, singularities do not exist inside black holes; their cores are hypoatom stars or neutrino stars. By gaining enough mass, ca. , to exceed neutrino degeneracy pressure, a black hole collapses or annihilates into the singularity, thus turning itself into a white hole or a new Big Bang.

scholarly journals A Physico-Chemical Approach To Understanding Cosmic Evolution: Thermodynamics  Of Expansion And Composition Of The Universe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Melendres
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
State Parameter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Cooling Phase ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Abstract We present a physico-chemical approach towards understanding the mysteries associated with the Inflationary Big Bang model of Cosmic evolution based on a theory that space consists of energy quanta. We use thermodynamics to elucidate the expansion of the universe, its composition, and the nature of dark energy and dark matter. The universe started from an atomic size volume of space quanta at very high temperature. Upon expansion and cooling, phase transitions resulted in the formation of fundamental particles, and matter which grow into stars, galaxies, and clusters due to gravity. From cooling data on the universe, we constructed a thermodynamic phase diagram of composition of the universe, from which we obtained a correlation between dark energy and the energy of space. Using Friedmann’s equations, our Quantum Space model fitted well the WMAP data on cosmic composition with an equation of state parameter, w= -0.7. The expansion of the universe was adiabatic and decelerating during the first 7 billion years after the Big Bang. It accelerated due to the dominance of dark energy at 7.25 x 109 years, in good agreement with BOSS measurements. Dark Matter is identified as a plasma form of matter similar to that which existed before recombination and during reionization.

scholarly journals Quantum Space and the Evolution of the Dark Universe

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Melendres
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
State Parameter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Quantum Space ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

We present a model of space that considers it to be a quantized dynamical entity which is a component of the universe along with matter and radiation. The theory is used together with  thermodynamic data  to provide a new view of cosmic  evolution  and an insight into the nature of dark energy and dark matter.           Space is made up of energy quanta. The universe started from an atomic size volume at very high  temperature and pressure near the Planck epoch. Upon expansion  and  cooling, phase transitions occurred  resulting in the formation of radiation,  fundamental particles, and matter. These  nucleate and grow into stars, galaxies, and clusters. From a phase diagram of cosmic  composition,  we  obtained  a correlation between   dark energy  and the energy of space. Using  the Friedmann  equations, data from WMAP studies of  the composition of the universe  at 3.0 x 105 (a=5.25 x 10-2) years  and at present (a=1), are well fitted by our  model with an equation of state parameter, w= -0.7.  The accelerated expansion of the universe, starting at about 7  billion years, determined by  BOSS measurements,  also correlates well with the dominance of dark energy  at 7.25 x 109 years ( a= 0.65). The expansion  can be  attributed to Quintessence with a  space force  arising from a quantum space field.  From our phase diagram, we also find a correlation suggesting  that  dark matter is a plasma form of matter similar to that  which existed during the photon epoch  immediately prior to recombination.         Our Quantum Space  Model leads to a  universe which  is  homogeneous and isotropic without the need for inflation. The thermodynamics of expansion is consistent with  BOSS data  that  show the process  to be  adiabatic and the rate of expansion  decelerating  during  the first  6  billion years after the Big Bang.  However, it  became non-adiabatic and accelerating thereafter. This  implies  an influx  of energy from a source outside the universe; it warrants consideration as a possible factor  in  the accelerated expansion of the universe.  

Gravitational collapse of dark matter interacting with dark energy: Black hole formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1750142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasrat Hussain Shah ◽  
Quaid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Gravitational Collapse ◽  
Anisotropic Pressure ◽  
Spherically Symmetric ◽  
Hole Formation ◽  
White Hole ◽  
De Formula ◽  
Symmetric Star

In this work, we study the gravitational collapsing process of a spherically symmetric star constitute of Dark Matter (DM), [Formula: see text], and Dark Energy (DE) [Formula: see text]. In this model, we use anisotropic pressure with Equation of State (EoS) [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. It reveals that gravitational collapse of DM and DE with interaction leads to the formation of the black hole. When [Formula: see text] (phantoms), dust and phantoms could be ejected from the death of white hole. This emitted matter again undergoes to collapsing process and becomes the black hole. This study gives the generalization for isotropy of pressure in the fluid to anisotropy when there will be interaction between DM and DE.

scholarly journals Dual Cosmic Horizon Radius of Spacetime Curvature of a Multi-Path Connected Cosmic Topology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed B. Al-Fadhli
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Large Angle ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Horizon Radius ◽  
Spacetime Curvature ◽  
The Universe

The necessity of the dark energy and dark matter in the present universe could be a consequence of the antimatter elimination assumption in the early universe. In this research, I derive a new model to obtain the cosmic horizon radius and the potential cosmic topology utilising a new construal of space geometry inspired by large-angle correlations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). A version of the Big Bounce theory is utilised to avoid the Big Bang singularity and inflationary constraints, and to tune the initial conditions of the curvature density. The mathematical derivation of a positively curved universe governed by only gravity revealed two cosmic horizon solutions. Although the positive horizon is conventionally associated with the evolution of the matter universe, the negative horizon solution could imply additional evolution in the opposite direction. This possibly suggests that the matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe, as in the visualised Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The cosmic horizon radius is found to be accountable for the universal space curvature. By implementing this model, we find a decelerated stage of expansion during the first 10 Gyr, which is followed by a second stage of an accelerated expansion; potentially matching the tension in Hubble parameter measurements. In addition, the model predicts a final time-reversal stage of spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch of a cyclic universe. The predicted density is 1.14. Other predictions are (1) a calculable flow rate of the matter side towards the antimatter side at the accelerated stage; conceivably explaining the dark flow observation, (2) a time-dependent spacetime curvature over horizon evolution, which could influence the galactic rotational speed; possibly explaining the high speed of stars, and (3) evolvable spacetime internal voids at the accelerated stage, which could contribute in continuously increasing the matter and antimatter densities elsewhere in both sides respectively. These findings may indicate the existence of the antimatter as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe instead of the dark energy or dark matter.

scholarly journals ‘G-d’s Physics’ (CUFT) New “Atom” & Purposeful Universe!

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Computational Formula ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Unified Field Theory ◽  
Unified Field ◽  
The Universe

Note: Dr. Bentovish (Bentwich) is seeking scientific collaboration and validation of this New ‘G-d’s Physics’ (Computational Unified Field Theory) Paradigm’s Empirical “Critical Predictions” involving precise Astronomical/Cosmological Measurements, as well as time-sensitive Accelerators validations. Twenty-first Century Theoretical Physics is at a state of crisis akin to pre-Einstein’s 1905 Relativistic “Paradigmatic Shift: its two primary “pillars”, Relativity Theory (RT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) seem contradictory and up to 95% of all mass and energy in the universe is unaccounted for (termed: “dark-matter” and “dark-energy”); A New “Computational Unified Field Theory” (CUFT) discovered over the past eight years – also called: “G-d’s Physics’ Paradigm was shown to resolve this apparent RT-QM inconsistency and discard “dark-matter”, “dark-energy” as “superfluous” (i.e., non-existent)! This article delineates this New ‘G-d’s Physics’ Paradigm’s new “Atom”, e.g., basic “building-block” of the physical universe associated with its discovery of the singular (higherordered) “Universal Computational Principle” (UCP) which simultaneously computes every exhaustive spatial pixel in the universe at the incredible rate of “c2 /h”=1.36-50 sec! This New ‘G-d’s Physics’ Paradigm “Atom” is shown to challenge and negate some of the basic assumptions of RT’s & QM’s Old ‘Material-Causal’ Paradigm, including: the “Big-Bang” Model, Einstein’s Equations, the “Speed of Light Barrier” and opens new exciting possibilities including “time-reversal”, and a complete integration of “space”, “time”, “energy” and “mass” within a new exhaustive “Universal Computational Formula” (which integrates and transcends key components of RT & QM); The New ‘G-d’s Physics Paradigm reveals a new Purposeful Universe which possesses multiple possible “future/s” associated with the “Moral Choices” of Human-beings, and which is directed towards an ultimate “Perfected State” (Morally, Spiritually and Physically)!

scholarly journals A transition between bouncing hyper-inflation to ΛCDM from diffusive scalar fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (20) ◽  
pp. 1850119 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Benisty ◽  
Eduardo I. Guendelman
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Diffusion Constant ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Energy Tensor ◽  
Stress Energy ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Universe

We consider the history of the universe from a possible big bang or a bounce into a late period of a unified interacting dark energy–dark matter model. The model is based on the Two Measures Theories (TMT) which introduces a metric independent volume element and this allows us to construct a unification of dark energy and dark matter. A generalization of the Two Measures Theories gives a diffusive nonconservative stress-energy–momentum tensor in addition to the conserved stress-energy tensor which appear in Einstein equations. These leads to a formulation of interacting DE–DM dust models in the form of a diffusive-type interacting Unified Dark Energy and Dark Matter scenario. The deviation from [Formula: see text]CDM is determined by the diffusion constant [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text] the model is indistinguishable from [Formula: see text]CDM. Numerical solutions of the theories show that in some [Formula: see text] the evolution of the early universe is governed by Stiff equation of state or the universe bounces to hyper-inflation. But all of those solutions have a final transition to [Formula: see text]CDM as a stable fixed point for the late universe.

scholarly journals The building blocks of the universe

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anslyn J. John
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The State ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ◽  
Ordinary Matter ◽  
Special Collection ◽  
The Universe

I review the state of knowledge of the composition of the universe for a non-specialist audience. The universe is built up of four components. These are radiation, baryonic (ordinary) matter, dark matter and dark energy. In this article, a quick outline of the theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis is presented, and the origin of the elements is explained. Cosmology requires the presence of dark matter, which forms most of the mass of the universe, and dark energy, which drives the acceleration of the expansion. The dark sector is motivated, and possible explanations are stated.Contribution: As part of this special collection on building blocks, the building blocks of the universe are discussed and unsolved problems and proposed solutions are highlighted.

scholarly journals Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5292-5295
Author(s):  
Yuanjie Li ◽  
Lihong Zhang ◽  
Peng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Time Quantum ◽  
The Universe

This paper points out that not only all quantum-ghost puzzles occur in the Time Quantum Worm Hole, but also the dark matter in the universe is hidden in it. Dark energy is the contribution of the Planck black hole left behind by the early universe.

The Big Bang: status and prospects

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW R. LIDDLE
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Figures ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The 20th century saw the establishment of the first quantitative theory seeking to describe the behaviour of the Universe as a whole – the Big Bang. This sets up a framework within which there has been great success in interpreting a wide range of observations, including the abundances of light chemical elements, the existence and spectrum of the cosmic microwave radiation, and the formation and evolution of galaxies. At the end of the 20th century, the surprising conclusion of the Big Bang theory is that 95% of the Universe is made of two different unknown types of material whose nature remains unclear: dark matter and dark energy. Needless to say, this is a major challenge for science. At the beginning of the 21st century, cosmology appears poised to enter a high-precision era, where the key quantities of cosmology will be determined to two or more significant figures. If cosmologists are on the right track, this will confirm the existence of dark matter and dark energy; if not, it will force us to revise our current picture of the Universe. Either way, the prospect is for exciting years ahead in cosmology.

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