An Experimental Study of Shear Resistance for Multisize Polypropylene Fiber Concrete Beams

To study the influence of polypropylene fibers with different thicknesses on concrete beams, inclined section shear tests of polypropylene fiber concrete beams were carried out. The cracking load, ultimate load, midspan deflection, reinforcement, and strain of polypropylene fiber concrete beams and conventional reinforced-concrete beams under shear were compared and analyzed. The load-bearing capacity of the rectangular beams was improved significantly by polypropylene fiber addition. Compared with conventional reinforced-concrete beams, the limit shear load of concrete beams with polypropylene fibers and multisize polypropylene concrete beams that were reinforced with three types of fibers increased by 8.67% and 17.07%, respectively. By mixing polypropylene fibers into concrete beams, the initial crack shear force of the beam was improved, the number of cracks was increased and the crack width was reduced, which can increase the beam ductility, inhibit crack formation and increase the strength. The computational formula of the shear ultimate bearing capacity of polypropylene fiber–concrete beams was revised according to composite material theory, and the calculated results were consistent with the test values.

Unified Functional Method for Solving General Polynomial Equations of Degree Less Than Five

A unified method for solving that incorporate a computational formula that relate the coefficients of the depressed equation and the coefficients of the standard polynomial equation is proposed in this study. This is to ensure that this method is valid for all It shall apply the undetermined parameter method of auxiliary function to obtain solutions to these polynomial equations of degree less than five in one variable. In particular, the result of our work is a unification and improvement on the work of several authors in the sense that only applicable for the case of polynomial equation of degree one. Finally, our results improve and generalize the result by applying standard formula methods for solving higher degree polynomials. It is recommended that the effort should be made toward providing other variant methods that are simpler and friendly.

Experimental Study on Thermal Conductivity of Organic-Rich Soils under Thawed and Frozen States

Thermal properties are important for featuring the water-heat transfer capacity of soil. They are also key to many processes in earth sciences, such as the land surface processes and ecological and geoenvironmental dynamics and their changes in permafrost regions. With loose and porous structures, the organic matter layer in soil strata substantially influences soil thermal conductivity. So far, thermal conductivity of mineral soils has been explored extensively and in depth, but there are only limited studies on that of organic soils. In this study, influences of soil temperature, soil moisture saturation (SMS), and soil organic matter (SOM) content on soil thermal conductivity were analyzed on the basis of laboratory experiments on the silt-organic soil mixtures of varied mixing ratios. Results show that soil thermal conductivity declines slowly with the lowering temperatures from 10 to 0°C; however, it increases and finally stabilizes when temperature further lowers from 0 to -10°C. It is important to note that thermal conductivity peaks in the temperature range of -2~0°C (silty and organic-poor soil) and -5~0°C (organic-rich soil), possibly due to phase changes of ice/water in warm permafrost. Under both thawed and frozen states, soil thermal conductivity is positively related with SMS. However, with rising SOM content, the growth rate of soil thermal conductivity with SMS slows gradually. Given the same SMS, soil thermal conductivity declines exponentially with increasing SOM content. Based on the experimental and theoretical analyses, a new empirical computational formula of soil thermal conductivity is established by taking into account of the SOM content, SMS, and soil temperature. The results may help better parameterize in simulating and predicting land surface processes and for optimizing frozen soil engineering designs and provide theoretical bases for exploring the dynamic mechanisms of environmental changes in cold regions under a changing climate.

Effect of Pyrolysis Reactions on Coal and Biomass Gasification Process

Thermodynamic analysis of a gasification process was conducted assuming that it is composed of two successive stages, namely: pyrolysis reaction followed by a stage of gasification reaction. This approach allows formulation the models of selected gasification processes dominating in industrial applications namely: Shell (coal), SES (coal), and DFB (dual fluid bed, biomass) gasification. It was shown that the enthalpy of fuel formation is essential for the correctness of computed results. The specific computational formula for a wide range of fuels enthalpy of formation was developed. The following categories were evaluated in terms of energy balance: total reaction enthalpy of gasification process, enthalpy of pyrolysis reaction, enthalpy of gasification reaction, heat demand for pyrolysis reaction, and heat demand for gasification reactions. The discussion of heat demand for particular stages of gasification related to the various processes was performed concluding the importance of the pyrolysis stage.

Pipe pressure of mining wet shot crete flowing in pipes

In order to explore the pressure change law of mining wet shotcrete in pipes, the rheological model was built based on rheology principle, and the computational formula of rheological parameters of wet shotcrete was deduced with the linear regression. 100 m full-scale pipeline platform of wet shotcrete was designed and built to study the relationship of pressure and other factors including flow rate, water cement ratio, mix proportion, and pipe bends. Results show: pipe pressure increases with the increase in flow rate and declines with the increase in water-cement ratio, the pressure may fluctuate with a high water cement ratio which can cause cement overhydration and bleeding separation. It will be more beneficial to transport materials if the continuous grading and straight pipe were considered. According to the tests of mix proportion 1:1.5:2.25, the pressure drop is 0.032 MPa·m−1 and the bend pressure drop is 1.3 times higher than in the straight line. We also conclude that solid phase pressure is bigger than liquid phase pressure and they both decline along the pipe based on FLUENT simulation. Finally, the formula of on-way resistance used in mine production was deduced.

Cooperative strategic games

The value is a solution concept for n‐person strategic games, developed by Nash, Shapley, and Harsanyi. The value of a game is an a priori evaluation of the economic worth of the position of each player, reflecting the players' strategic possibilities, including their ability to make threats against one another. Applications of the value in economics have been rare, at least in part because the existing definition (for games with more than two players) consists of an ad hoc scheme that does not easily lend itself to computation. This paper makes three contributions: We provide an axiomatic foundation for the value; exhibit a simple formula for its computation; and extend the value—its definition, axiomatic characterization, and computational formula—to Bayesian games. We then apply the value in simple models of corruption, oligopolistic competition, and information sharing.

From Thermodynamic Entropy to Knowledge Entropy

The purpose of this paper is to present the evolution of the concept of entropy from engineering to knowledge management, going through information theory, linguistic entropy, and economic entropy. The concept of entropy was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in thermodynamics in 1865 as a measure of heat transfer between two solid bodies which have different temperatures. As a natural phenomenon, heat flows from the body with a higher temperature toward the body with a lower temperature. However, Rudolf Clausius defined only the change in entropy of the system and not its absolute entropy. Ludwig Boltzmann defined later the absolute entropy by studying the gas molecules behavior in a thermal field. The computational formula defined by Boltzmann relates the microstates of a thermal system with its macrostates. The more uniform the probability distribution of the microstates is the higher the entropy is. The second law of thermodynamics says that in open systems, when there is no intervention from outside, the entropy of the system increases continuously. The concept of entropy proved to be very powerful, fact for which many researchers tried to extend its semantic area and the application domain. In 1948, Claude E. Shannon introduced the concept of information entropy, having the same computational formula as that defined by Boltzmann, but with a different interpretation. This concept solved many engineering communications problems and is used extensively in information theory. Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen used the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics in economics and business. Today, many researchers in economics use the concept of entropy for analyzing different phenomena. The present paper explores the possibility of using the concept of knowledge entropy in knowledge management.

‘G-d’s Physics’ (CUFT) New “Atom” & Purposeful Universe!

Note: Dr. Bentovish (Bentwich) is seeking scientific collaboration and validation of this New ‘G-d’s Physics’ (Computational Unified Field Theory) Paradigm’s Empirical “Critical Predictions” involving precise Astronomical/Cosmological Measurements, as well as time-sensitive Accelerators validations. Twenty-first Century Theoretical Physics is at a state of crisis akin to pre-Einstein’s 1905 Relativistic “Paradigmatic Shift: its two primary “pillars”, Relativity Theory (RT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) seem contradictory and up to 95% of all mass and energy in the universe is unaccounted for (termed: “dark-matter” and “dark-energy”); A New “Computational Unified Field Theory” (CUFT) discovered over the past eight years – also called: “G-d’s Physics’ Paradigm was shown to resolve this apparent RT-QM inconsistency and discard “dark-matter”, “dark-energy” as “superfluous” (i.e., non-existent)! This article delineates this New ‘G-d’s Physics’ Paradigm’s new “Atom”, e.g., basic “building-block” of the physical universe associated with its discovery of the singular (higherordered) “Universal Computational Principle” (UCP) which simultaneously computes every exhaustive spatial pixel in the universe at the incredible rate of “c2 /h”=1.36-50 sec! This New ‘G-d’s Physics’ Paradigm “Atom” is shown to challenge and negate some of the basic assumptions of RT’s & QM’s Old ‘Material-Causal’ Paradigm, including: the “Big-Bang” Model, Einstein’s Equations, the “Speed of Light Barrier” and opens new exciting possibilities including “time-reversal”, and a complete integration of “space”, “time”, “energy” and “mass” within a new exhaustive “Universal Computational Formula” (which integrates and transcends key components of RT & QM); The New ‘G-d’s Physics Paradigm reveals a new Purposeful Universe which possesses multiple possible “future/s” associated with the “Moral Choices” of Human-beings, and which is directed towards an ultimate “Perfected State” (Morally, Spiritually and Physically)!