scholarly journals 594 Effect of Water Stress during the Harvest Period on the Carbohydrate Reserves of Mature Almond Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 549C-549
Author(s):  
Gaston Esparza ◽  
Ted M. DeJong ◽  
Steve A. Weinbaum
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Whole Tree

The effect of water stress during the harvest period on carbohydrate reserves at the end of the growing season was studied for mature, field-grown almond trees. The following irrigation treatments were imposed during 1995, 1996, and 1997: a) full irrigation (FI) (irrigation every 3–7 days), b) moderate stress (MS) (18 days of irrigation cut-off), and c) severe stress (SS) (35, 47, and 53 days of irrigation cut-off for 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively). Midday stem (Yms) and predawn leaf (Ypd) water potentials were monitored during each season's stress. Three trees of contrasting treatments (FI vs. SS) were excavated on 10 Dec. 1997 and divided into tree components for dry weight and TNC concentration determination. Although there was no significant difference in whole-tree biomass between the excavated FI and SS trees, total new stem growth of SS trees was half of FI trees. TNC concentrations in the organs of SS trees were significantly reduced compared to FI trees. Total calculated whole tree TNC content for SS trees was 26.1% less than FI trees. The difference in TNC content between FI and SS trees was larger for roots (34.9%) than for the aerial parts (21.1%) indicating the higher sensitivity of roots for reflecting reserve status. Although roots constituted just 13.4% of the whole tree biomass, they stored 36.4% of TNC. Only roots exhibited a clear association between the minimum values of Yms and Ypd during the season and TNC concentration of 12 non-excavated additional trees that were subsampled at the end of the growing season.

scholarly journals The Effect of Water Stress on Translocation in Relation to Photosynthesis and Growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Effect Of Water

Photosynthetic rate, leaf and root extension, dry weight changes, and the translocation of labelled photosynthates were followed in L. temulentum plants subjected to water shortage at a time when the eighth leaf was expanding.

Effect of water stress on growth, water use efficiency and gas exchange as related to osmotic adjustment of two halophytes Atriplex spp.

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumelkheir Belkheiri ◽  
Maurizio Mulas
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Use Efficiency

Atriplex halimus L. is known in the Mediterranean basin and along the coastal areas of Sardinia for its adaptability to salinity, although less information is available on the resistance of this species to water stress in absence of salinity. The effect of water stress on growth and water utilisation was investigated in two Atriplex species: A. halimus originating of south Sardinian island and the exotic species Atriplex nummularia Lindl., originating in Australia and widely used in land restoration of arid areas. Water stress was applied to young plants growing in 20 L pots with a sufficient water reserve to store a potentially sufficient water reserve to maintain substrate near to field capacity (30%) between irrigations. Watering was at 70% (control) or 40% (stress) of field capacity. In order to simulate the grazing by livestock, four plant biomass cuttings were conducted at times T0, T1, T2 and T3, corresponding to one cutting at the end of well watered phase (T0) before water stress induction, two cuttings after cycles of 5 weeks each during full summer (T1) and late summer (T2) and one cutting during autumn (T3). All plants remained alive until the end of treatment although growth was strongly reduced. Leaf dry weight (DW) and water use efficiency (WUE) were determined for all cuttings; relative water content (RWC), turgid weight : dry weight ratio (TW : DW), water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), CO2 assimilation, osmotic adjustment (OA), abscisic acid (ABA) and sugar accumulation were determined for the late summer cutting at T2. Water stress induced a decrease in DW, RWC, Ψw, Ψs, TW : DW and CO2 assimilation for both species, but an increase in WUE expressed in terms of dry matter production and a high accumulation of ABA and total sugars mainly for A. halimus. This suggests a more developed adaptive mechanism in this selection. Indeed, the clone was selected from the southern part of the island, where natural populations of saltbush are more exposed to abiotic stresses, mainly the water stress generated not by salinity. A. nummularia showed a greater OA and a positive net solute accumulation as than A. halimus, suggesting that water stress resistance in A. halimus is linked to a higher WUE rather than a greater osmotic adjustment.

scholarly journals Maize Genotypes With Different Zinc Efficiency in Response to Low Zinc Stress and Heterogeneous Zinc Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqin Xu ◽  
Xuejie Wang ◽  
Huaqing Zhu ◽  
Futong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Zinc Efficiency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Zn Stress

All over the world, a common problem in the soil is the low content of available zinc (Zn), which is unevenly distributed and difficult to move. However, information on the foraging strategies of roots in response to heterogeneous Zn supply is still very limited. Few studies have analyzed the adaptability of maize inbred lines with different Zn efficiencies to different low Zn stress time lengths in maize. This study analyzed the effects of different time lengths of low Zn stress on various related traits in different inbred lines. In addition, morphological plasticity of roots and the response of Zn-related important gene iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIPs) were studied via simulating the heterogeneity of Zn nutrition in the soil. In this report, when Zn deficiency stress duration was extended (from 14 to 21 days), under Zn-deficient supply (0.5 μM), Zn efficiency (ZE) based on shoot dry weight of Wu312 displayed no significant difference, and ZE for Ye478 was increased by 92.9%. Under longer-term Zn deficiency, shoot, and root dry weights of Ye478 were 6.5 and 2.1-fold higher than those of Wu312, respectively. Uneven Zn supply strongly inhibited the development of some root traits in the -Zn region. Difference in shoot dry weights between Wu312 and Ye478 was larger in T1 (1.97 times) than in T2 (1.53 times). Under heterogeneous condition of Zn supply, both the –Zn region and the +Zn region upregulated the expressions of ZmZIP3, ZmZIP4, ZmZIP5, ZmZIP7, and ZmZIP8 in the roots of two inbred lines. These results indicate that extended time length of low-Zn stress will enlarge the difference of multiple physiological traits, especially biomass, between Zn-sensitive and Zn-tolerant inbred lines. There were significant genotypic differences of root morphology in response to heterogeneous Zn supply. Compared with split-supply with +Zn/+Zn, the difference of above-ground biomass between Zn-sensitive and Zn-tolerant inbred lines under split-supply with –Zn/+Zn was higher. Under the condition of heterogeneous Zn supply, several ZmZIP genes may play important roles in tolerance to low Zn stress, which can provide a basis for further functional characterization.

scholarly journals OF SOME FIELD TRAITS OF WHEAT TO ABA UNDER EFFECT OF WATER STRESS RESPONSE

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashim & Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference

Two field experiments were carried out at the field crop research station- Abu-Ghraib of agricultural researches office during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 to investigate effect of water irrigation quantities and ABA concentrations soaking and spraying on some morphological traits of wheat cultivar bahooth 10. Split plot arrangement by RCBD with three replicates for each experiment. First trial included for water irrigation volumes which control treatment (irrigation 50% of the water available), 70% and 40% from control treatment as well as rainy treatment (germination irrigation + rainfed) which occupied main plots while ABA soaking concentration (0, 1, 2, and 3) micromoles which occupied sub plots. Second experiment included same irrigation treatments which occupied main plots while ABA spraying concentration (0, 30, 60 and 90) micromoles occupied sub plots. Irrigation treatment 70% of first experiment produced plant height was 97.08 cm and flag leaf area 46.35 cm-2 and dry weight at 100% anthesis 1144.57 gm m-2.  For second experiment control treatment gave highest values for duration from planting to 100% anthesis 113.41 and 111.50 day, number of tillers 388.95 and 403.18 tiller m-2 , the crop growth rate 10.61 and 11.31 g m-2 day for both season respectively with no significant difference with 70% of control treatment for both seasons. Soaking concentration 3 micromoles attained the highest value of number of tillers 338.58 and 354.20 tiller m-2, dry matter at 100% anthesis 970.10 and 1102.43 gm m-2, day the crop growth rate 8.85 and 10.16 gm-2 . day for both seasons respectively .While spraying 90 micromoles concentration gave the lowest values for plant height 82.63 and 88.22 cm, but the highest value for number of tillers 336.67 and 384.92 tiller m-2 , for both season , day the crop growth rate 9.13 and 9.05 g m-2 day for first season with did not differ significantly from 60 micromoles . Therefore could be conclude to capability of irrigation with 70% from full irrigation without signification effect in growth traits, as well as can be treat plant wheat with ABA concentration 3 and 60 micromoles soaking and spraying respectively to improve their ability to tolerance water stress .

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PANCREAS–DRY WEIGHT, FAT CONTENT, PROTEASE, AND AMYLASE ACTIVITY

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Protease Activity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pancreatic Protease ◽  
The Difference

Results of experiments to investigate the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on pancreas dry weight and on the crude fat content and hydrolase activity of the gland are presented. Chlortetracycline fed at a level of 20 g. per ton of feed caused an increase in rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization by pigs between the ages of 9 and 17 weeks. An effect on the pancreas was indicated by significant increases in: (a) dry weight, (b) total protease and amylase activity, and (c) amylase activity per gram dry matter of the glands from animals receiving the supplemented ration. The difference remained significant after adjustment for body weight by covariance in the case of amylase activity but not for dry weight or protease activity, indicating that the effect of chlortetracycline on amylase activity was more pronounced than that on rate of gain of pigs, pancreas dry weight, or pancreatic protease activity. No significant difference in the crude fat content of the pancreas attributable to the inclusion of chlortetracycline in the ration was observed.

scholarly journals Long-Term Correlation between Water Deficit and Quality Markers in HydroSOStainable Almonds

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leontina Lipan ◽  
Marina Cano-Lamadrid ◽  
Francisca Hernández ◽  
Esther Sendra ◽  
Mireia Corell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Quality Markers ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Positive Correlations

Global warming enhances the rainfall and temperature irregularity, producing a collapse in water resources and generating an urgent need for hydro-sustainable thinking in agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the water stress of almond trees and quality parameters of fruits, after 3 years of experiments, with the objective of establishing quality markers necessary in the certification process of hydroSOStainable almonds. The results showed positive correlations among the stress integral (SI) and dry weight, color coordinates (L*, a* and b*), minerals (K, Fe, and Zn), organic acids (citric acid), sugars (sucrose, fructose, and total sugars), antioxidant activity, and fatty acids [linoleic acid, polyunsaturated (PUFA)/monounsaturated (MUFA) ratio, PUFA and SFA, among others]. As well as negative correlations of SI with water activity, weight (almond, kernel, and shell), kernel size, minerals (Ca and Mg), fatty acids (oleic acid, oleic/linoleic ratio, MUFA, and PUFA/SFA ratio), and sensory attributes (size, bitterness, astringency, benzaldehyde, and woody). Finally, this research helped to prove key quality parameters that can be used as makers of hydroSOStainable almonds. In addition, it was demonstrated that controlling water stress in almond trees by using deficit irrigation strategies can lead to appropriate yields, improve the product quality, and consequently, lead to a final added value.

Lowered pulmonary arterial pressure prevents edema after endotoxin in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1008-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Allen ◽  
R. E. Drake ◽  
J. Katz ◽  
J. C. Gabel ◽  
G. A. Laine
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
The Difference

Escherichia coli endotoxin causes increased capillary membrane permeability and increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in sheep. If the pulmonary hypertension extends to the level of the microvasculature, then the increased microvascular pressure may contribute to the pulmonary edema caused by endotoxin. We tested the hypothesis that reducing the pulmonary hypertension would reduce the amount of edema caused by endotoxin. Twelve sheep were chronically instrumented with catheters to measure PAP, left atrial pressure, and central venous pressure. The sheep were divided into two groups. One group (E) of six sheep received an intravenous infusion of 4 micrograms/kg of E. coli endotoxin. The second group (E + SNP) received the same dose of endotoxin as well as a continuous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to reduce PAP. Three hours after the endotoxin infusions, the sheep were terminated and the extravascular fluid-to-blood-free dry weight ratios of the lungs were determined (EVF). The base-line PAP was 17.5 +/- 2.7 mmHg. A two-way analysis of variance demonstrated a significant difference (P less than 0.01) in PAP between the E and E + SNP groups. Although PAP in each group varied as a function of time, the difference between the two groups did not. The mean PAP for the E + SNP group (20.9 +/- 1.5 mmHg) was lower than the E group PAP of 27.3 +/- 2.1 mmHg after the endotoxin spike. Furthermore, the E + SNP group EVF (3.9 +/- 0.2) was significantly less than the EVF of the E group (4.7 +/- 0.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Effect of water stress on nitrogen fixation and nodule structure of common bean

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lucrecia Gerosa Ramos ◽  
Richard Parsons ◽  
Janet Irene Sprent ◽  
Euan Kelvin James
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Peribacteroid Membrane ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of water stress on N2 fixation and nodule structure of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars Carioca and EMGOPA-201. Plants were harvested after five and eight days of water stress. Carioca had lower nodule dry weight on both water stress periods; shoot dry weight was lower at five days water stress and did not differ from control after eight days stress. Both cultivars had lower nitrogenase activity than control after five and eight days water stress. For both cultivars, after eight days stress bacteroid membranes were damaged. Carioca presented more pronounced damage to infected tissue, with host cell vacuolation and loss of the peribacteroid membrane at five days after stress; at eight days after stress, there was degradation of cytoplasm host cells and senescence of bacteroids, with their release into intercellular spaces. Intensity of immunogold-labeling of intercellular cortical glycoprotein with the monoclonal antibodies MAC 236/265 was different for both cultivars.

scholarly journals Response of Short Duration Tropical Legumes and Maize to Water Stress: A Glasshouse Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossain Sohrawardy ◽  
Md. Lokman Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
And Performance

The study was conducted as a pot experiment in the tropical glasshouse to evaluate the response of grain legumes (Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, andLablab purpureus) in comparison to maize (Zea mays) and estimate their potential and performance. Two experiments were established using completely randomized design. Physiological measurements (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic activities, and transpiration rates) were measured using LCpro instrument. Scholander bomb was used for the measurement of plant cell water potential. Significant difference was observed in different plant species with increase of different water regimes. Among the legumes,L. purpureusshowed better response in water stressed conditions. At the beginning, in dry watered treatment the photosynthetic rate was below 0 µmol m−2 s−1and in fully watered condition it was 48 µmol m−2 s−1. In dry treatment, total dry weight was 10 g/pot and in fully watered condition it was near to 20 g/pot inP. vulgaris. The study concludes that water stress condition should be taken into consideration for such type of crop cultivation in arid and semiarid regions.

COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND TRIAZINE-RESISTANT Brassica

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. A. HOBBS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Assimilation

In spaced field plantings, triazine-resistant types of Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L. had a carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER) 28% lower in 1983 and 25% lower in 1984 than normal (triazine-susceptible) types. In plots simulating agronomic spacings in 1984, the difference between CER in normal and resistant types was 17% for B. campestris, 14% for B. napus and 13% for B. juncea L. Differences were apparent throughout the season and were not associated with any particular stage of growth. Resistant progeny from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible plants of B. napus exhibited reduced CER at all levels of photosynthetically active radiation and at all temperatures. There was no significant difference between plant types for chlorophyll a + b content or chlorophyll a/b ratio. Shoot dry weight, stomatal resistance and specific leaf weight were higher in the normal types, but there was no difference between types in either relative growth rate or net assimilation rate. The reduced biomass was not therefore linked to reduced CER.Key words: Carbon dioxide exchange rate, herbicide, oilseed, rapeseed

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